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One of the great challenges that many participants in foreign exchange (FX) markets face is sifting through the often overwhelming amount of information that is available. Media outlets stream updates on international politics, economics, and other factors that move FX prices twenty-four hours a day. It is difficult to work out what is and what is not important. This book helps its reader overcome these challenges by combining the insights gained from a market practitioner who has traded FX at Goldman Sachs, PIMCO, and Barclays Investment Bank, with textbook-level modern financial macroeconomic theory. The book covers macroeconomics relating to exchange rate determination. While you could obtain this information from a disparate set of sources―textbooks, academic literature, industry research notes, conversations with other market practitioners, and theories cited in media reports―this book brings all of these sources together to translate the information into concrete FX views that are firmly rooted in the macroeconomic theory of risk premiums, interest rates, and inflation, among other topics. The book promotes time consistent thought that avoids the daily temptation to jump from that day's economic narrative to the next. Of particular interest to buy- and sell-side industry practitioners, finance and economics graduate students, academics, and others interested in FX markets, this book teaches its readers how to do this and improve their own trading and understanding of the FX markets.

Over the last few years, we have witnessed an upsurge of enthusiasm about cryptocurrencies and, more generally, the so-called blockchain technology. In this new and updated edition, the authors explore what exactly these new technologies entail and promise. They argue that to understand the potential challenges and further developments in the market, one needs to develop an understanding of what needs these innovations fulfill and what business models are consistent with their use. For that, we need to sufficiently understand both the technology and how it affects the economic forces at play.This book goes beyond the headlines that say “blockchain will decentralize everything” and provides in-depth, rigorous analysis of what can be effectively decentralized and how this decentralization will work. The book draws not only on the general knowledge of digital currencies and blockchain technologies, but also on recent academic research on the topic. Featuring a fully updated chapteron cryptocurrencies and new chapters on smart contracts and enterprise blockchains, this book is critical reading for those interested in how technology developments impact business and society.

Designing Interest and Tax Penalty Regimes

Digital currencies are a fairly new phenomenon brought about by the spectacular rise of the internet. While Bitcoin is the most famous, there are numerous other digital currencies—from Amazon Coin to Zetacoin. Beyond Bitcoin explores the economic forces underlying the design of their features and their potential. Halaburda and Sarvary argue that digital currencies are best understood by considering the economic incentives driving their creators and users. The authors present a framework that will allow systemic analysis of this dynamic environment and support further discussion of the design of digital currencies'features and the competition in the market.

This paper analyses the extent to which financial integration impacts the manner in which terms of trade affect business cycles in emerging economies. Using a s mall open economy model, we show that as capital account openness increases in an economy that faces trade shocks, business cycle volatility reduces. For an economy with limited financial openness, and a relatively open trade account, a model with exogenous terms of trade shocks is able to replicate the features of the business cycle.

ical) and to self-fulfilling currency crisis, respectively. Research stressing the former approach was pioneered by Krugman (1979) and Flood and Garber (1984). According to this line of research, the failure of governments to adopt domestic monetary and fiscal policies consistent with their stated exchange rate targets leads to a gradual diminution of reserves and eventually a stock adjustment that depletes reserves suddenly in one attack (Sachs, Tornell, and Velasco, 1996, page 47). The result is either a devaluation of the exchange rate or a switch to floating. Subsequent work of this genre has specified a number of other channels, in addition to that involving inconsistent and unsustainable monetary and fiscal policies, that can precipitate an attack: 1. Inconsistency between external and internal objectives. The stances of monetary and fiscal policies may be consistent with the authorities'exchange rate target, but domestic economic indicators (such as the unemployment rate) may be inconsistent with internal balance, resulting in pressures on the authorities to relax macroeconomic policies. Private agents, aware of this inconsistency, perceive an opportunity for profits from a currency devaluation and precipitate an attack. 2. Contagion effects. Prior to an attack on another currency (say that of country B), the market may view a country's (say, country A's) exchange rate as consistent with economic fundamentals and, thus, sustainable.

Der Staat privatisiert Universitätskrankenhäuser, Häfen, Bus- und Bahnlinien, Schwimmbäder, Kraftwerke, Straßen, Abfallbetriebe. Fachleute im Internationalen Währungsfonds, in Weltbank, EU, Regierungen, Medien und fast allen Parteien fordern es. – Aber wessen Wohlstand und welche Freiheit fördert dieser Rückzug des Staates? Der Freiheit dient auch freies Wirtschaften. Doch herrscht eine Verwechslung: als bestünde die Freiheit des Menschen in der Ungebundenheit eines seiner Werkzeuge. Jene »Fachleute« verwechseln Freiheit mit der zügellosen Eigendynamik des Abstraktums Geld. Die in den USA 2007 ausgebrochene Finanzmarktkrise wurde seit 2009 zur Euro-Währungskrise und hat bis 2012 bereits mehrere demokratische Regierungen gestürzt. Sie bestimmt unausweichlich Wahlen und Abstimmungen oder verhindert sie sogar, wie im November 2011 das griechische Referendum. Die Regierungen und Parlamente steuern sie, soweit sie sie überhaupt noch steuern, im Interesse der privaten Nutznießer der deregulierten Finanzmärkte. Praktiker aus Recht und Ökonomie, Wissenschaftler verschiedener Fakultäten und entgegengesetztester politischer Sympathien untersuchen in diesem Buch die Privatisierungspraxis und -ideologie en détail, mit Schwerpunkten nicht nur auf der Finanzkrise. Sie schlagen zudem auch den geschichtlichen und philosophischen großen Bogen.

Currency values, prices, consumption and incomes are at the heart of the economic performance of all countries. In order to make a meaningful comparison between one economy and another, economists routinely make use of purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, but while PPP rates are widely used and well understood, they take a lot of effort to produce and suffer from publication delays. Currencies, Commodities and Consumption analyses the strengths and weaknesses of two alternatives to PPP. Firstly, the so-called Big Mac Index, which uses hamburger prices as a standard of measurement, and second, a less well known technique which infers incomes across countries based on the proportion of consumption devoted to food. Kenneth W. Clements uses international macroeconomics, microeconomic theory and econometrics to provide researchers and policy makers with insights into alternatives to PPP rates and make sense of the ongoing instability of exchange rates and commodity prices.

Exchange rate economics is an important field of investigation for academics, professionals and policy-makers. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the theory of and empirical evidence on the determination and effects of exchange rates. The exposition utilizes both diagrammatic and mathematical representations of the underlying models. The book is a comprehensive reference for those engaged in this field of research.

This book explores the exchange rate regime choice and the role played by the exchange rate in the economy. Approaching the classification of exchange rate regimes from theoretical, practical and historical perspectives, the book discusses pertinent case studies, including the choice of exchange rate regime in the post-conflict case of Iraq.

This textbook presents all major topics in international monetary theory, foreign exchange markets, international financial management and investment analysis. It focuses on real-world problems in the sense that it provides guidance on how to solve policy issues as well as how to complete financial assignments across the globe. This in turn helps readers gain an understanding of the theory and refine the framework. This third edition of the book incorporates three new chapters, and most of the chapters from the second edition have been updated to integrate new material, data, and/or the recent developments in the areas. The book can be used in graduate and advanced undergraduate programs in international or global finance, international monetary economics, and international financial management. It is also a valuable reference book for researchers in these areas.

The book presents all major subjects in international monetary theory, foreign exchange markets, international financial management and investment analysis. The book is relevant to real world problems in the sense that it provides guidance on how to solve policy issues as well as practical management tasks. This in turn helps the reader to gain an understanding of the theory and refines the framework. Various topics are interlinked so the book adopts a systematic treatment of integrated materials relating different theories under various circumstances and combining theory with practice. The text examines issues in international monetary policy and financial management in a practical way, focusing on the identification of the factors and players in foreign exchange markets and the international finance arena. The book can be used in graduate and advanced undergraduate programmes in international or global finance, international monetary economics, and international financial management.

The European currency crises of 1992-93, the Mexican crisis of 1994-95, and especially the Asian/global crisis of 1997-98, have all contributed to a heightened interest in the early warning signals of financial crises. This pathbreaking study presents a comprehensive battery of empirical tests on the performance of alternative early warning indicators for emerging-market economies that should prove useful in the construction of a more effective global warning system.Not only are the authors able to draw conclusions about which specific indicators have sent the most reliable early warning signals of currency and banking crises in emerging economies, they also test the out-of-sample performance of the model during the Asian crisis and find that it does a good job of identifying the most vulnerable economies. In addition, they show how the early warning system can be used to construct a'composite'crisis indicator to weigh the importance of alternative channels of cross-country'contagion'of crises, and to generate information about the recovery path from crises.This timely study comes on the eve of impending changes at the International Monetary Fund as that institution reexamines how it reacts to financial crises. Moreover, the study provides'... a wealth of valuable elements for anyone investigating and forecasting adverse developments in emerging markets as well as industrial countries,'according to Ewoud Schuitemaker, vice president of the economics department at ABN AMRO Bank.

The contributors examine the conduct and consequences of national macroeconomic policy in a world of economically independent countries. The book's main themes include the effect of deregulation and financial innovation and of budget deficits on monetary policy, the role of exchange rates in the international transmission of disturbances of a monetary or fiscal origin, the effectiveness of price controls in moderating the economic cost of deflationary maroeconomic policies and the implications of cooperative versus non-cooperative approaches to policy under conditions of economic interdependence.

In the global economy, goods, services, investments, loans, information and people move across national borders with growing freedom and rapidly increasing volumes. Each time such an individual event occurs, parts of two or more nation's moneys change ownership. This book describes the significance of these monetary exchanges, their mechanics, and how money itself affects these cross-border events.