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This ambitious book is the first to present a theoretical framework for a unified analysis of both behavioral and traditional economics. It explores the ultimate factors from an evolutionary perspective in addressing why humans are predictably irrational and proposes'adaptive rationality,'a new direction for understanding human behavior. Taking anomalies in ultimatum game experiments as a starting point, this book presents findings from hundreds of experiments. The interdisciplinary nature of the book, which encompasses the latest research across an astonishingly wide range of fields—including game theory, psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, cultural anthropology, biology, and ethology—provides boundless intellectual excitement. While this is an academic book discussing human rationality, it can also be seen as a popular science book that delves deeply into questions such as'What underlies human decision making?'The book stands out for its unique approach, making it an unparalleled reading experience. The original Japanese edition won the Nikkei Prize for Economics Books (the 64th Nikkei-Keizai Tosho Bunka award) in 2021, an accolade bestowed upon an outstanding economics book published in a given year. Furthermore, this edition also received the Takashima Kunio Jiyu Prize Encouragement Award in 2024.

This book sheds new light on the general equilibrium theory of Léon Walras (1834–1910) from a historical perspective. Walras's construction of general equilibrium theory marked the dawn of modern economics, and the theory was greatly developed in the 20th century. However, Walras's own intentions and ideas behind the theory are still not fully understood.This book aims to clarify the intellectual background of Walras's economics by delving into his original writings, which have not received much attention until now. Part 1 of the book reconsiders the relationship between Walras and his predecessors, Adam Smith (1723–1790), Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832), and Achylle Nicolas Isnard (1749–1803), who are believed to have had a decisive influence on Walras's general equilibrium theory. In Part 2, the book explores Walras's views on the labor market, entrepreneurship, and non-selfish human nature, including concepts like sympathy, which have been overlooked in his general equilibrium theory and subsequently misunderstood to this day. Walras's economic thought is one of the foundational sources of modern economics. An accurate and in-depth understanding of it will provide a new perspective on the problems faced by modern economics and open future possibilities for economics as a social science. This book offers new insights not only to researchers and students of the history of economics but also to all those interested in the origins of modern economics.