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The new edition of the book readers call the bible for advertising The sixth edition of Hey Whipple, Squeeze This offers a new take on the rapidly evolving industry of creative advertising. Creativity—while critical—is no longer enough to succeed. Updating all the classic creativity training from the first five editions, this updated version now provides the necessary tools to navigate the field's changing technical and social media landscapes. From learning how to tell brand stories to creating content for Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok, Whipple will help sharpen your writing chops, enhance your creativity, and raise the level of your work whether you're new to the business or a practicing professional. In this fully updated edition, you'll explore: How to employ the traditional concepting techniques today's creatives use, as well as new developments in applied creativity and inquiry-based innovation. How to use emerging technologies and the different technical structures of social media platforms to bring brand stories to life. How to go 180˚ against common sense for ideas that have the potential of becoming viral. How to create the kind of portfolio that will get you a job in the industry.

This book explores the 2019 Canadian Federal Election through a political marketing framework. Justin Trudeau's leadership appeal, coupled with the differentiation of Canadian politics from American politics over recent elections, has contributed to a spike in interest for politics in the Canadian context. This collection provides in-depth quantitative and qualitative research of different aspects of this election, including the attempted re-branding of the Conservative Party under Andrew Scheer, the marketing of the NDP with the selection of the first visible minority party leader in Canadian history, the political marketing of the Bloc Québécois, Green Party, and People's Party and, foremost perhaps, the brand maintenance of Trudeau and the Liberal Party of Canada. The book also looks at campaign marketing, and considers how the parties in this election utilized market intelligence, consumer data and vote targeting, and wedge issues during the campaign.

How can I keep people engaged during my presentations? What can I do to my office so that I look forward to coming to it on Monday? How can I improve the productivity of our team, our department, our company? Scientists know. Brain Rules for Work by developmental molecular biologist and author Dr. John Medina, explores the various aspects of work through the lens of peer-reviewed science. Having written New York Times bestselling works Brain Rules, Brain Rules for Baby and Brain Rules for Aging Well, Dr. Medina turns his expertise towards the professional world, guiding us through what brain science and evolutionary biology have to say about topics from office space and work/life balance to power dynamics and work interactions in the time of COVID-19. Medina's charming descriptions and hilarious anecdotes break the science down to practical applications that you can put into use next Monday to improve your work life and the work lives of those around you. You'll learn: Why taking breaks in nature during the workday improves productivity How planning a meeting beforehand makes it more effective Why an open office plan isn't a good office plan How a more diverse team is a more potent team What exactly about talking to co-workers online is so exhausting Why allowing for failure is vital to a company's success What power can do to an executive who has just been promoted Procrastination is not due to laziness, rather an avoidance of negative feelings Which personality tests will help you find the right fit for the job-hint: it's not the Myers-Briggs The surprising source of a leader's charisma And what our work lives will look like in a post-pandemic world Whether you are an employee at a company looking to become successful or an executive who wants to ensure the success of your employees, Brain Rules For Work is both a useful tool and a compelling guide for you and your co-workers.

The foundational and wildly popular go-to resource for influence and persuasion—a renowned international bestseller, with over 5 million copies sold—now revised adding: new research, new insights, new examples, and online applications.In the new edition of this highly acclaimed bestseller, Robert Cialdini—New York Times bestselling author of Pre-Suasion and the seminal expert in the fields of influence and persuasion—explains the psychology of why people say yes and how to apply these insights ethically in business and everyday settings. Using memorable stories and relatable examples, Cialdini makes this crucially important subject surprisingly easy. With Cialdini as a guide, you don't have to be a scientist to learn how to use this science.You'll learn Cialdini's Universal Principles of Influence, including new research and new uses so you can become an even more skilled persuader—and just as importantly, you'll learn how to defend yourself against unethical influence attempts. You may think you know these principles, but without understanding their intricacies, you may be ceding their power to someone else.Cialdini's Principles of Persuasion:ReciprocationCommitment and ConsistencySocial Proof Liking AuthorityScarcityUnity, the newest principle for this editionUnderstanding and applying the principles ethically is cost-free and deceptively easy. Backed by Dr. Cialdini's 35 years of evidence-based, peer-reviewed scientific research—including a three-year field study on what leads people to change—Influence is a comprehensive guide to using these principles to move others in your direction.

This book argues that Donald Trump's election and Presidency represent the triumph of marketing, branding and segmentation in American politics. An early emphasis on political marketing helped Trump secure the presidency, but his use of marketing sharply limited his presidency. President Trump's political marketing strategy privileged emotion—particularly anger—over policy, constraining his ability to represent all Americans or engage in bipartisan negotiation in Congress. Rather than pushing forward realistic legislation and rallying for bipartisan support, Trump's campaign and presidency focused on providing emotional gratification to his target audience, leading those outside this audience to ultimately feel unrepresented and unsettled, further fracturing the already divided electorate. Donald Trump and the Branding of the American Presidency considers the impact of this new age of political marketing through an extensive analysis of the Trump phenomenon and its implications for future elections.

A cada dia, somos bombardeados por estímulos sensoriais gerados pelos diferentes dispositivos tecnológicos presentes na atualidade. E a cada minuto, nosso cérebro é inundado por milhares de imagens, textos e sons: um universo de informações cuja maioria acaba sendo ignorada pela mente humana. Com isso, uma parcela ínfima de conteúdo é capaz de chamar atenção e desencadear alguma reação em nosso comportamento e em nossas escolhas. É nesse contexto em que Darren Bridger apresenta Neuromarketing: como a neurociência aliada ao design pode aumentar o engajamento e a influência sobre os consumidores, reunindo dezenas de insights sobre neuromarketing e técnicas de design baseadas nas mais recentes pesquisas sobre a neurociência. Com uma abordagem prática e profunda, esta obra é um guia prático sobre como utilizar o neuromarketing para obter mais resultados em suas interações com clientes e consumidores. Após a leitura deste livro, profissionais de marketing, comunicação e design serão capazes de desenvolver produtos, marcas, experiências, campanhas e demais iniciativas mais influentes e engajadoras.

Winning in Service Markets: Success through People, Technology, and Strategy is the first practitioner book in the market to cover the key aspects of services marketing and management based on sound academic evidence and knowledge. Derived from the globally leading textbook for Services Marketing by the same author, this book offers a comprehensive overview of extant knowledge on the topic. Accessible and practical, Winning in Service Markets bridges the gap between cutting-edge academic research and industry practitioners, and features best practices and latest trends on services marketing and management from around the world.

For undergraduate and graduate-level courses in Services Marketing Services Marketing is well known for its authoritative presentation and strong instructor support. This edition continues to deliver on this promise. Contemporary Services Marketing concepts and techniques are presented in an Australian and Asia-Pacific context. In this edition, the very latest ideas in the subject are brought to life with new and updated case studies covering the competitive world of services marketing. New design features and a greater focus on Learning Objectives in each chapter make this an even better guide to Services Marketing for students. The strategic marketing framework gives instructors maximum flexibility in teaching. Samples Download the detailed table of contents >Preview sample pages from Services Marketing

In this highly informative and entertaining book, the founder of the vibrant new field of evolutionary consumption illuminates the relevance of our biological heritage to our daily lives as consumers. While culture is important, the author shows that innate evolutionary forces deeply influence the foods we eat, the gifts we offer, the cosmetics and clothing styles we choose to make ourselves more attractive to potential mates, and even the cultural products that stimulate our imaginations (such as art, music, and religion). The book demonstrates that most acts of consumption can be mapped onto four key Darwinian drives-namely, survival (we prefer foods high in calories); reproduction (we use products as sexual signals); kin selection (we naturally exchange gifts with family members); and reciprocal altruism (we enjoy offering gifts to close friends). The author further highlights the analogous behaviors that exist between human consumers and a wide range of animals. For anyone interested in the biological basis of human behavior or simply in what makes consumers tick-marketing professionals, advertisers, psychology mavens, and consumers themselves-this is a fascinating read.

Today's brands face an apparent choice between two evils: continue betting on their increasingly ineffective advertising or put blind faith in the supposedly mystical power of social media, where'likes'stand in for transactions and a mass audience is maddeningly elusive. There has to be a better way... As Lennon and McCartney wrote a half century ago, money can't buy you love. But in today's world, where people have become desensi­tized-even disillusioned-by ad campaigns and marketing slogans, that maxim needs an update: Money can't even buy you like.

Create compelling whiteboard presentations to engage your customers and win their business Whiteboard Selling offers a step-by-step approach to transforming your message and selling style by using powerful visual stories that inspire and engage customers and prospects. Free your sales force from relying on slides and other static sales tools during the sales process. Whiteboard Selling offers practical guidance and skills to enable marketing and sales teams to quickly adopt visual story telling practices that apply to today's fast-moving, competitive selling environment. Explains how to take a sales message inventory Illustrates how to design your visual stories Empowers your sales force to tell the story and extend the reach of visual storytelling Through the power of technology and effective storytelling, you and your team can create and deliver effective presentations that engage your customers, hold their attention, and win their business. Whiteboard Selling shows you how.

Clienti al centro vi insegnerà a padroneggiare le sei discipline della customer experience: Strategia, Conoscenza del cliente, Progettazione, Misurazione, Governance e Cultura. Vedrete come la strategia di customer experience di Holiday Inn ha condotto a una ristrutturazione completa degli alberghi e dei ristoranti, e come American Express ha reinventato la sua cultura del servizio, fidelizzando i clienti attraverso un'esperienza più piacevole. Scoprirete come Boeing ha riprogettato la trasmissione delle informazioni tarandola su misura per le diverse tipologie di clientela. E imparerete che Barclaycard US assegna ogni aspetto della customer experience a un alto dirigente che ha l'autorità per abbattere gli ostacoli interni e risolvere i problemi della clientela che frenano la crescita. L'istinto vi dice già che la customer experience è il segreto del successo: Manning e Bodine ne danno la dimostrazione. E con gli strumenti rigorosi e di comprovata efficacia presentati in questo libro, potrete sfruttare la forza di un management che agisce «dall'esterno verso l'interno».

This book is appropriate for the following courses: Sustainable Enterprise Sustainable Business Practices Sustainability Marketing Society Social Marketing Sustainable Enterprise: A Macromarketing Approach goes beyond the internal firm strategies of micromarketing and the'four Ps'to take a broader perspective focused on the interconnectedness of markets, marketing, and society. In a globalized society concerned with social and environmental sustainability, this book encourages students to think critically about the opportunities and limitations of marketing, as well as its positive and potentially negative effects. Through the presentation of key research findings and actual company cases, Peterson engages students with questions such as: How do firms use sustainability concepts to navigate their firms in global business today? Why do markets change? How can firms conduct business profitably with the environment in mind? How can firms conduct business profitably with poor consumers in mind? Based on the premise that firms using holistic marketing strategies are better able to assess risks and identify opportunities, this text explains how firms can approach the marketplace to benefit the company, key stakeholders, and society at large. The result is a one-of-a-kind book that successfully explores macromarketing for sustainable enterprise. Want to learn more? Visit the author′s blog at www.sustainabiltysage.com

YOUR GUIDE TO A FULFILLING BUSINESS AND PERSONAL FUTURE Based on research by one of the world's largest growth-consulting companies, New Mega Trends identifies the ten most important global trends that will define our future, including business models, smart technology, connectivity and convergence and radical social trends. New Mega Trends will give you the tools to not only identify and evaluate these game-changing trends, but also help you to translate them into market opportunities for your everyday business and personal life. How will we travel to work in the cities of the future? Will Zero be the new big thing? How will we stay connected in the Mega Trends World? Will our Wellness and Well-Being top business agenda? If you are a leader with a corporate vision, or a strategic planner within your organization, or just plain curious about your future, New Mega Trends will provide you with stimulating stories, startling facts and thought-provoking case studies that will not only inform your future but entertain you today.

Caveat venditor—let the seller bewareWhile marketers look for more ways to get personal with customers, including new tricks with “big data,” customers are about to get personal in their own ways, with their own tools. Soon consumers will be able to:• Control the flow and use of personal data• Build their own loyalty programs• Dictate their own terms of service• Tell whole markets what they want, how they want it, where and when they should be able to get it, and how much it should costAnd they will do all of this outside of any one vendor's silo. This new landscape we're entering is what Doc Searls calls The Intention Economy—one in which demand will drive supply far more directly, efficiently, and compellingly than ever before. In this book he describes an economy driven by consumer intent, where vendors must respond to the actual intentions of customers instead of vying for the attention of many.New customer tools will provide the engine, with VRM (Vendor Relationship Management) providing the consumer counterpart to vendors'CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems. For example, imagine being able to change your address once for every company you deal with, or combining services from multiple companies in real time, in your own ways—all while keeping an auditable accounting of every one of your interactions in the marketplace. These tantalizing possibilities and many others are introduced in this book.As customers become more independent and powerful, and the Intention Economy emerges, only vendors and organizations that are ready for the change will survive, and thrive. Where do you stand?

Explores the wide variety of jobs available for those interested in the field of marketing.

A brand new collection of state-of-the-art insights into public relations, from practitioner Deirdre Breakenridge. Master Supercharged PR Techniques Based on the Latest Social and Online Platforms! Three great books help you leverage the latest social media and online platforms to transform the way you do PR--and the results you achieve! In Social Media and Public Relations: Eight New Practices for the PR Professional, social marketing pioneer Deirdre Breakenridge teaches and demonstrates the eight new skills and mindsets you need to build brands and engage customers in a social world. This concise, action-oriented book shows practitioners how to systematically expand their roles, improve their processes, and sharpen their strategies to engage with today's more sophisticated and socialized customers. Next, in Putting the Public Back in Public Relations: How Social Media Is Reinventing the Aging Business of PR, Breakenridge and Brian Solis show how to bring the “public” back into public relations and get results traditional PR people can only dream about. Drawing on their unparalleled experience, they present powerful new ways to build the relationships that matter and reach a new generation of influencers…leverage platforms ranging from Twitter to Facebook…embed yourself in communities that are shaping the future. Finally, in PR 2.0: New Media, New Tools, New Audiences, Breakenridge helps you master the full spectrum of online tools to build meaningful two-way conversations with everyone who matters to you. Choose the right strategies for each PR scenario and environment, keep the best Web 1.0 tools, stop using outmoded, counterproductive tactics, and master new best practices ranging from online newsrooms to advanced research and analytics. From world-renowned leaders in social media and modern public relations Deirdre Breakenridgeand Brian Solis

Consider some big ideas that have become business and cultural phenomena: how Starbucks transformed a declining coffee market by combining an experience destination with a premium product. Or how the established notion that “dolls are for girls” was shattered by a toy line called G.I. Joe. Most people mistakenly think breakthrough ideas are a matter of divine inspiration and luck. This book reveals a step-by-step methodology individuals and organizations can use to develop, create, and nurture the kinds of new products and services that capture the public's imagination. Loaded with examples—and packed with straightforward explanations of the processes that can lead to breakout hits—this book shows readers how to create an idea methodology, encourage free-thinking, keep good ideas, and bring revolutionary, revenue-generating new concepts to market.

Marketing hat heute nicht mehr nur den Kunden als Käufer, sondern den Menschen als Ganzes im Blick. Kunden sind Menschen, die soziale Verantwortung übernehmen und einen Beitrag leisten wollen. Genau das erwarten sie auch von Unternehmen, deren Produkte sie kaufen. Erstmals beschreibt der Marketingpapst Kotler in einer selten erreichten Praxisnähe, wie Unternehmen dieser Erwartung gerecht werden können. Konkrete Handlungsanweisungen und viele Praxisbeispiele veranschaulichen, wie der Unternehmenserfolg mit dem'human spirit'-Marketing langfristig gesichert werden kann.

Understand the next level of marketing The new model for marketing-Marketing 3.0-treats customers not as mere consumers but as the complex, multi-dimensional human beings that they are. Customers, in turn, are choosing companies and products that satisfy deeper needs for participation, creativity, community, and idealism. In Marketing 3.0, world-leading marketing guru Philip Kotler explains why the future of marketing lies in creating products, services, and company cultures that inspire, include, and reflect the values of target customers. Explains the future of marketing, along with why most marketers are stuck in the past Examines companies that are ahead of the curve, such as S. C. Johnson Kotler is one of the most highly recognized marketing gurus, famous for his'4 P's of Marketing'In an age of highly aware customers, companies must demonstrate their relevance to customers at the level of basic values. Marketing 3.0 is the unmatched guide to getting out front of this new tide sweeping through the nature of marketing.

There is an epidemic of unhappiness in the American workplace. A full 70 percent of workers in the United States report that they are disengaged from their jobs. When asked,'Do you have the opportunity to do what you do best every day?'only 20 percent of nearly 2 million employees said yes. It is no wonder that 56 percent of all Americans dream of starting their own business. So why don't they do so? Because starting one's own business is seen as difficult, expensive, and risky.In this extraordinary book, successful Go It Alone! entrepreneur Bruce Judson explains that the conventional wisdom about starting your own business is stunningly wrong. Using the leverage of technology -- e-mail, the World Wide Web, and the remarkable array of off-the-shelf business services now available -- it is dramatically easier to start your own business. Magnified by these new services, it is also possible to create, for the first time, a highly focused business.Bruce Judson shows you the practical steps that will allow nearly any individual to create a business, often using job skills that seem to require an entire corporation for support. It is no longer necessary to spend time on the tasks that don't add value. It is now possible to stay small but reap big profits. Go-it-alone businesses allow the individual the freedom to concentrate on their greatest skills. After reading this book, your motto will be'Do What You Do Best, Let Others Do the Rest.'

All the old rules of marketing are up for grabs. Markets are fragmenting and globalizing; consumers have greater control over when and what media they use; and digital technologies have changed how people shop, work, and relax. But a small number of senior marketing leaders know how to engage consumers and keep them coming back. This book reveals the secrets to their success. Featuring exclusive interviews with top consumer and business-to-business marketers at companies like P&G, Unilever, GE, Nortel and American Express, Secrets of the Marketing Masters offers insight and practical advice, from how to gain the confidence of your colleagues on the senior team to how win your customers'trust. Marketers will discover how to: • build a marketing culture • share results that matter–good and bad • connect with customers on an emotional level • find ways to amplify the customer voice within their company • run marketing like a professional service • cultivate positive word of mouth both on and offline • build customer listening posts • develop forward sensing mechanisms to spot new trends With this real-world, insider advice, readers can discover the techniques that will set them apart from the crowd and create lasting customer loyalty.

In Amazon.com Jeff Bezos built something the world had never seen. He created the most recognized brand name on the Internet, became for a time one of the richest men in the world, and was crowned'the king of cyber-commerce.'Yet for all the media exposure, the inside story of Amazon.com has never really been told. In this revealing, unauthorized account, Robert Spector, journalist and best-selling author, gives us this up-to-date, fast-paced, behind-the-scenes story of the company's creation and rise, its tumultuous present, and its uncertain future.

The newly qualified manager may well be equipped with the skills of the “What” of marketing and management, but not know the “How.” The practicing marketer is well served with guides on strategy, mainly of the “four minute plan” variety, but poorly served in terms of basic advice on implementing the strategy and plans. This book is therefore designed to give clear guidance in managing the marketing function as a practical entity and allowing the new marketer to grasp how the theory can be applied to the job. Written by practitioners who are also active in the marketing education and training sectors it gives the reader a clear overview of-•How the key areas of marketing knowledge can be made operationally effective•How to make marketing practical and measurable•A huge range of examples and vignettes illustrating best practice•A truly international perspectiveThe book will be an invaluable toolkit for the newly qualified and newly appointed marketer trying to apply their knowledge of the theory

For nearly four decades, J. D. Power and Associates has been measuring consumer satisfaction and helping businesses improve profits by paying attention to what customers really want. Their annual awards are widely publicized and valued worldwide for what they say about a company's commitment to its customers. Now, at last, the company has created the definitive book on how to boost profits by increasing customer satisfaction.Although most businesses pay lip service to putting customers first, few actually listen to the voice of the customer and use it as a tangible asset. In this book, J. D. Power and Associates provides an insider's perspective on some of the most successful companies on the planet. Corporate giants such as Toyota and Staples and local legends like Mike Diamond Plumbing all use customer satisfaction as their key to market dominance.Satisfaction opens the vault on years of J. D. Power data, quantifying the elusive links between satisfaction and customer loyalty, market share, and profits. The book provides extensive coverage of the varying touchpoints of consumer satisfaction—covering every type of business from service providers to product manufacturers—and shows companies in detail how to make a commitment to consumers at the highest levels and translate this commitment into strategies and practices.For any business that wants to reap the rewards that come when they truly put the customer first, this is the ultimate guide.

The modern marketing concept, with its focus on creating consumer satisfaction, makes marketing seem beyond reproach. Instead of its successes and failures, Rotfeld focuses on the uses, and frequent abuses, of marketing analysis. His book--a collection of clearly observed and forceful case studies drawn from his personal research and study--deals with the pragmatic realities of marketing and its limitations. He argues that marketing can only serve consumer predispositions. It cannot guarantee satisfaction. When marketers lose sight of this, they actually ignore their market. Rotfeld takes the unusual approach of providing a fundamental view of the relationship between marketing and its customers. He shows what can happen when that relationship is misperceived or its implications are mistaken. Marketing gets misplaced. For marketing practitioners and academics, his book is a unique study of how marketing and consumers interact.As Rotfeld explains: Misplaced Marketing is a term I coined, using `marketing'to refer to the marketing analysis of consumers and `misplaced'to mean either `lost'or `ignored.'Many firms `misplace'marketing in the sense of losing track of what it is and what it can do; many not-for-profit organizations do not use marketing in a way that could improve the results of their efforts. Just because marketing is satisfying consumers does not mean it is above reproach, since Al Capone satisfied many consumers too. Moreover, there are critics who fear marketing power and feel that any service to consumers is a problem for society. This is misplaced marketing in the sense that it is misused, abused, or tied to products that do not serve society's interests. Just because marketing perspectives are misplaced does not mean a product or service will fail, nor does it mean it should be banned. My book gives a perspective to understand the view of business critics and ways to improve business decision-making. The book also provides an unusual examination of the entire relationship of business to its customers.

Strategic market planning in technology-intensive businesses is more complex and is less manageable than in most other organizations. The technology-driven business environment is intensely competitive, complex, and dynamic, and planning needs to be done quickly and often. Winning Market Leadership offers a refreshing new approach to strategic market planning in these very demanding technology-intensive markets. It provides a systematic and highly integrated process for evaluating market opportunities and for developing strategies to lead in chosen markets. Its proven, highly practical approach to strategic market planning has allowed leading companies worldwide to: plan faster, focus on cash-flow and profitability, create'living plans'that reflect changing market conditions and competitive dynamics, involve cross-functional teams effectively, and drive to'yes/no'decisions. The book resulted from project-based executive programs developed by the authors for corporate clients such as IBM, Nortel Networks, National Semiconductor, and General Electric. This strategic market planning process has been refined and tested with over a thousand managers and executives in North America, Europe, and Asia. Winning Market Leadership: Is targeted at managers in technology-intensive businesses such as computers, telecommunications, software, biotechnology, semiconductors, instruments, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Focuses on the key issues and tough choices faced by executives in very demanding technology-intensive markets. Outlines a clear 10-step process for building winning market plans, including: identifying opportunities, understanding the competition, managing critical relationships, understanding the profit dynamic, and more. Features examples from high-tech companies such as Intel, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Glaxo Wellcome, and General Electric. Includes'Key Questions for Executives and Managers'at the end of each chapter that help eliminate'blind spots'in the planning process. Winning Market Leadership is relevant to all executives and managers who play a significant role in developing cross-functional strategic market plans for their business: general managers; marketing managers; strategic planners; managers in business development, engineering, and R&D; and project team leaders.

The CIM Handbook of Strategic Marketing targets senior executives responsible for shaping and managing the company's strategic direction. The strategic dimensions of marketing management are emphasised along with the critical importance of matching the company's capabilities with genuinely attractive market sectors. The Handbook's strategic perspective and pragmatic outlook pervade the text and underpin its practical foundations. The rise of global competition and continuous innovation have redefined market structures, reshaped industries and given customers unprecedented value and choice. In this era of customer sovereignty there is a tremendous amount of pressure on organizations to adopt the principles of the marketing concept and to develop a much sharper strategic focus. The CIM Handbook of Strategic Marketing is a reference source to guide effective marketing practice. It provides supportive material for managers and employees who are building their marketing competence by attending training programmes, and includes contributions from leading academics - such as, Peter Doyle, Malcolm McDonald, Nigel PiercyThe book amounts to a firm blueprint written by leading marketing thinkers for designing and implementing effective marketing strategies and improving business performance.Colin Egan is Professor of Strategic Management at Leicester Business School.Michael J Thomas is Professor of Marketing at the University of Strathclyde Business School.

On t.p.'S'in'Selling'appears as a dollar sign.