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This comprehensive compendium discusses the basics of graph theory to its application, focusing on the application of graph theory to mobile communications.A mobile communication connects a mobile terminal and a base station wirelessly, and the base station enables communications all over the world via a wired and satellite communication system. This means that the mobile communication system includes wire and wireless technologies, and also hardware such as analog electric circuits, digital circuits and a software part such as computer algorithms.This useful reference text deeply studies how the network structure influences the performance of the corresponding system.

This book is an introduction to graph theory, presenting most of its elementary and classical notions through an original and rigorous approach, including detailed proofs of most of the results. It covers all aspects of graph theory from an algebraic, topological and analytic point of view, while also developing the theory’s algorithmic parts. The variety of topics covered aims to lead the reader in understanding graphs in their greatest diversity in order to perceive their power as a mathematical tool. The book will be useful to undergraduate students in computer science and mathematics as well as in engineering, but it is also intended for graduate students. It will also be of use to both early-stage and experienced researchers wanting to learn more about graphs.

Many applications in different domains need to calculate the shortest-path between two points in a graph. In this paper we describe this shortest path problem in detail, starting with the classic Dijkstra's algorithm and moving to more advanced solutions that are currently applied to road network routing, including the use of heuristics and precomputation techniques. Since several of these improvements involve subtle changes to the search space, it may be difficult to appreciate their benefits in terms of time or space requirements. To make methods more comprehensive and to facilitate their comparison, this book presents a single case study that serves as a common benchmark. The paper also compares the search spaces explored by the methods described, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, and including an analysis of the number of reached and settled nodes by different methods for a particular topology. Table of Contents: List of Figures / List of Tables / Acknowledgments / Introduction / Graph Theory Basics / Classical Algorithms / Hierarchical Preprocessing-Dependent Approaches / Non-Hierarchical Preprocessing-Dependent Approaches / Analysis and Comparison of Approaches / Conclusions / Bibliography / Authors'Biographies

This book provides an introduction to the inverse eigenvalue problem for graphs (IEP-$G$) and the related area of zero forcing, propagation, and throttling. The IEP-$G$ grew from the intersection of linear algebra and combinatorics and has given rise to both a rich set of deep problems in that area as well as a breadth of “ancillary” problems in related areas. The IEP-$G$ asks a fundamental mathematical question expressed in terms of linear algebra and graph theory, but the significance of such questions goes beyond these two areas, as particular instances of the IEP-$G$ also appear as major research problems in other fields of mathematics, sciences and engineering. One approach to the IEP-$G$ is through rank minimization, a relevant problem in itself and with a large number of applications. During the past 10 years, important developments on the rank minimization problem, particularly in relation to zero forcing, have led to significant advances in the IEP-$G$. The monograph serves as an entry point and valuable resource that will stimulate future developments in this active and mathematically diverse research area.

Graph Theory: An Introduction to Proofs, Algorithms, and ApplicationsGraph theory is the study of interactions, conflicts, and connections. The relationship between collections of discrete objects can inform us about the overall network in which they reside, and graph theory can provide an avenue for analysis.This text, for the first undergraduate course, will explore major topics in graph theory from both a theoretical and applied viewpoint. Topics will progress from understanding basic terminology, to addressing computational questions, and finally ending with broad theoretical results. Examples and exercises will guide the reader through this progression, with particular care in strengthening proof techniques and written mathematical explanations. Current applications and exploratory exercises are provided to further the reader's mathematical reasoning and understanding of the relevance of graph theory to the modern world.FeaturesThe first chapter introduces graph terminology, mathematical modeling using graphs, and a review of proof techniques featured throughout the book The second chapter investigates three major route problems: eulerian circuits, hamiltonian cycles, and shortest paths. The third chapter focuses entirely on trees – terminology, applications, and theory. Four additional chapters focus around a major graph concept: connectivity, matching, coloring, and planarity. Each chapter brings in a modern application or approach. Hints and Solutions to selected exercises provided at the back of the book. AuthorKarin R. Saoub is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia. She earned her PhD in mathematics from Arizona State University and BA from Wellesley College. Her research focuses on graph coloring and on-line algorithms applied to tolerance graphs. She is also the author of A Tour Through Graph Theory, published by CRC Press.

Modern Applications of Graph Theory discusses many cutting-edge applications of graph theory, such as traffic networks, navigable networks and optimal routing for emergency response, placement of electric vehicle charging stations, and graph-theoretic methods in molecular epidemiology. Due to the rapid growth of research in this field, the focus of the book is on the up-to-date development of these applications and the mathematical methods used to tackle them. Ideal for researchers, engineers, transport planners and emergency response specialists who are interested in graph theory applications, Modern Applications of Graph Theory can also be used as teaching material. In addition to up-to-date descriptions of the applications, it includes extensive exercises and their solutions, mimicking practical, real-life situations. Furthermore, there is an introductory chapter, which provides an overview of basic applications and algorithms of graph theory. The book includes over 120 illustrations and tables.

This book gives an overview of research on graphs associated with commutative rings. The study of the connections between algebraic structures and certain graphs, especially finite groups and their Cayley graphs, is a classical subject which has attracted a lot of interest. More recently, attention has focused on graphs constructed from commutative rings, a field of study which has generated an extensive amount of research over the last three decades. The aim of this text is to consolidate this large body of work into a single volume, with the intention of encouraging interdisciplinary research between algebraists and graph theorists, using the tools of one subject to solve the problems of the other. The topics covered include the graphical and topological properties of zero-divisor graphs, total graphs and their transformations, and other graphs associated with rings. The book will be of interest to researchers in commutative algebra and graph theory and anyone interested in learning about the connections between these two subjects.

Graph Theory is a branch of discrete mathematics. It has many applications to many different areas of Science and Engineering. This book provides the most up-to-date research findings and applications in Graph Theory.This book focuses on the latest research in Graph Theory. It provides recent findings that are occurring in the field, offers insights on an international and transnational levels, identifies the gaps in the results, and includes forthcoming international studies and research, along with its applications in Networking, Computer Science, Chemistry, and Biological Sciences, etc.The book is written with researchers and post graduate students in mind.

In this paper the authors introduce a general framework for the study of limits of relational structures and graphs in particular, which is based on a combination of model theory and (functional) analysis. The authors show how the various approaches to graph limits fit to this framework and that the authors naturally appear as “tractable cases” of a general theory. As an outcome of this, the authors provide extensions of known results. The authors believe that this puts these into a broader context. The second part of the paper is devoted to the study of sparse structures. First, the authors consider limits of structures with bounded diameter connected components and prove that in this case the convergence can be “almost” studied component-wise. They also propose the structure of limit objects for convergent sequences of sparse structures. Eventually, they consider the specific case of limits of colored rooted trees with bounded height and of graphs with bounded tree-depth, motivated by their role as “elementary bricks” these graphs play in decompositions of sparse graphs, and give an explicit construction of a limit object in this case. This limit object is a graph built on a standard probability space with the property that every first-order definable set of tuples is measurable. This is an example of the general concept of modeling the authors introduce here. Their example is also the first “intermediate class” with explicitly defined limit structures where the inverse problem has been solved.

The book'Graphs:Theory and Algorithm'is a collection of modern articles features several graph-based methods and algorithms. It also covers important theoretical aspects pertaining to matrix representations of graphs such as the Laplacian and distance matrices which can be used for solving problems such that of the Hamiltonian and shortest path, as well as in finding minimum spanning trees and matching patterns.

Graph Theory presents a natural, reader-friendly way to learn some of the essential ideas of graph theory starting from first principles. The format is similar to the companion text, Combinatorics: A Problem Oriented Approach also by Daniel A. Marcus, in that it combines the features of a textbook with those of a problem workbook. The material is presented through a series of approximately 360 strategically placed problems with connecting text. This is supplemented by 280 additional problems that are intended to be used as homework assignments. Concepts of graph theory are introduced, developed, and reinforced by working through leading questions posed in the problems. This problem-oriented format is intended to promote active involvement by the reader while always providing clear direction. This approach figures prominently on the presentation of proofs, which become more frequent and elaborate as the book progresses. Arguments are arranged in digestible chunks and always appear along with concrete examples to keep the readers firmly grounded in their motivation. Spanning tree algorithms, Euler paths, Hamilton paths and cycles, planar graphs, independence and covering, connections and obstructions, and vertex and edge colorings make up the core of the book. Hall's Theorem, the Konig-Egervary Theorem, Dilworth's Theorem and the Hungarian algorithm to the optional assignment problem, matrices, and latin squares are also explored.

In the world of mathematics and computer science, technological advancements are constantly being researched and applied to ongoing issues. Setbacks in social networking, engineering, and automation are themes that affect everyday life, and researchers have been looking for new techniques in which to solve these challenges. Graph theory is a widely studied topic that is now being applied to real-life problems. The Handbook of Research on Advanced Applications of Graph Theory in Modern Society is an essential reference source that discusses recent developments on graph theory, as well as its representation in social networks, artificial neural networks, and many complex networks. The book aims to study results that are useful in the fields of robotics and machine learning and will examine different engineering issues that are closely related to fuzzy graph theory. Featuring research on topics such as artificial neural systems and robotics, this book is ideally designed for mathematicians, research scholars, practitioners, professionals, engineers, and students seeking an innovative overview of graphic theory.

A teoria dos grafos é um ramo da Matemática de desenvolvimento relativamente recente, que tem crescido de forma explosiva. Para isso, tem contribuído a sua larga aplicação na modelagem de problemas de distribuição, tráfego e organização de processos, além de outros problemas essenciais, característicos da segunda metade do século XX e do início do século XXI. O livro técnico-científico feito ad-hoc, em todo o mundo, foi sempre a porta de entrada para os cursos universitários de nível de graduação. Com a teoria dos grafos não foi diferente: um grande número de autores preparou seus textos de forma a permitir o uso nesse nível, em muitos casos com a adição de capítulos mais sofisticados que permitiriam ao estudante ir adiante. Esta obra é, também, destinada a alunos de graduação: os autores puderam observar a existência de uma demanda reprimida por um livro que permitisse, exatamente, a introdução e alguma prática com os conceitos da teoria e suas aplicações. O uso de grafos traz novos recursos a diversas especialidades de engenharia e, ainda, a administração, ciências sociais, economia e biologia, além das licenciaturas em matemática, física e química. Os autores procuraram apresentar um texto útil à formação nessas diferentes especialidades, dentro das possibilidades trazidas por sua experiência profissional. A contrapartida que esperam, em termos de conhecimento, é exatamente das possíveis omissões por acaso observáveis.

Graphs are usually represented as geometric objects drawn in the plane, consisting of nodes and curves connecting them. The main message of this book is that such a representation is not merely a way to visualize the graph, but an important mathematical tool. It is obvious that this geometry is crucial in engineering, for example, if you want to understand rigidity of frameworks and mobility of mechanisms. But even if there is no geometry directly connected to the graph-theoretic problem, a well-chosen geometric embedding has mathematical meaning and applications in proofs and algorithms. This book surveys a number of such connections between graph theory and geometry: among others, rubber band representations, coin representations, orthogonal representations, and discrete analytic functions. Applications are given in information theory, statistical physics, graph algorithms and quantum physics. The book is based on courses and lectures that the author has given over the last few decades and offers readers with some knowledge of graph theory, linear algebra, and probability a thorough introduction to this exciting new area with a large collection of illuminating examples and exercises. Geometric representations of graphs lead to significant insights in the study of graph properties and their algorithmic aspects. This book is a thorough study of the subject written by the pioneer of many of the results in the area. It is a fascinating manuscript written by a superb mathematician who is also a fantastic expositor. —Noga Alon, Princeton University and Tel Aviv University A beautiful book, rich in intuition, insights, and examples, from one of the masters of combinatorics, geometry, and graph theory. This book presents old friends of graph theory in a new light and introduces more recent developments, providing connections to many areas in combinatorics, analysis, algorithms, and physics. Those of us who know graph theory still have much to learn from this presentation; for those who are new to the field, the book is a wonderful gift and invitation to participate. —Jennifer Chayes, Microsoft Research László Lovász is one of the most prominent experts in discrete mathematics. The book is unique and inspiring for students and researchers as well. The author succeeded to show the wealth and beauty of the subject. —Endre Szemerédi, Rutgers University

This book considers a number of research topics in graph theory and its applications, including ideas devoted to alpha-discrepancy, strongly perfect graphs, reconstruction conjectures, graph invariants, hereditary classes of graphs, and embedding graphs on topological surfaces. It also discusses applications of graph theory, such as transport networks and hazard assessments based on unified networks. The book is ideal for developers of grant proposals and researchers interested in exploring new areas of graph theory and its applications.

This volume contains the proceedings of the AMS Special Session on Unimodularity in Randomly Generated Graphs, held from October 8–9, 2016, in Denver, Colorado. Unimodularity, a term initially used in locally compact topological groups, is one of the main examples in which the generalization from groups to graphs is successful. The “randomly generated graphs”, which include percolation graphs, random Erdős–Rényi graphs, and graphings of equivalence relations, are much easier to describe if they result as random objects in the context of unimodularity, with respect to either a vertex-transient “host”-graph or a probability measure. This volume tries to give an impression of the various fields in which the notion currently finds strong development and application: percolation theory, point processes, ergodic theory, and dynamical systems.

A teoria dos grafos é um ramo da Matemática de desenvolvimento relativamente recente, que tem crescido de forma explosiva. Para isso, tem contribuído a sua larga aplicação na modelagem de problemas de distribuição, tráfego e organização de processos, além de outros problemas essenciais, característicos da segunda metade do século XX e do início do século XXI. O livro técnico-científico feito ad-hoc, em todo o mundo, foi sempre a porta de entrada para os cursos universitários de nível de graduação. Com a teoria dos grafos não foi diferente: um grande número de autores preparou seus textos de forma a permitir o uso nesse nível, em muitos casos com a adição de capítulos mais sofisticados que permitiriam ao estudante ir adiante. Esta obra é, também, destinada a alunos de graduação: os autores puderam observar a existência de uma demanda reprimida por um livro que permitisse, exatamente, a introdução e alguma prática com os conceitos da teoria e suas aplicações. O uso de grafos traz novos recursos a diversas especialidades de engenharia e, ainda, a administração, ciências sociais, economia e biologia, além das licenciaturas em matemática, física e química. Os autores procuraram apresentar um texto útil à formação nessas diferentes especialidades, dentro das possibilidades trazidas por sua experiência profissional. A contrapartida que esperam, em termos de conhecimento, é exatamente das possíveis omissões por acaso observáveis.

The history, formulas, and most famous puzzles of graph theoryGraph theory goes back several centuries and revolves around the study of graphs—mathematical structures showing relations between objects. With applications in biology, computer science, transportation science, and other areas, graph theory encompasses some of the most beautiful formulas in mathematics—and some of its most famous problems. The Fascinating World of Graph Theory explores the questions and puzzles that have been studied, and often solved, through graph theory. This book looks at graph theory's development and the vibrant individuals responsible for the field's growth. Introducing fundamental concepts, the authors explore a diverse plethora of classic problems such as the Lights Out Puzzle, and each chapter contains math exercises for readers to savor. An eye-opening journey into the world of graphs, The Fascinating World of Graph Theory offers exciting problem-solving possibilities for mathematics and beyond.

In this book, the authors propose a study of neutrosophic graphs. This study reveals that these neutrosophic graphs give a new dimension to graph theory.

Mathematics in the Real World is a self-contained, accessible introduction to the world of mathematics for non-technical majors. With a focus on everyday applications and context, the topics in this textbook build in difficulty and are presented sequentially, starting with a brief review of sets and numbers followed by an introduction to elementary statistics, models, and graph theory. Data and identification numbers are then covered, providing the pathway to voting and finance. Each subject is covered in a concise and clear fashion through the use of real-world applications and the introduction of relevant terminology. Many sample problems – both writing exercises and multiple-choice questions – are included to help develop students'level of understanding and to offer a variety of options to instructors.Covering six major units and outlining a one-semester course, Mathematics in the Real World is aimed at undergraduate liberal art students fulfilling the mathematics requirement in their degree program. This introductory text will be an excellent resource for such courses, and will show students where mathematics arises in their everyday lives.

The famous Circuit Double Cover conjecture (and its numerous variants) is considered one of the major open problems in graph theory owing to its close relationship with topological graph theory, integer flow theory, graph coloring and the structure of snarks. It is easy to state: every 2-connected graph has a family of circuits covering every edge precisely twice. C.-Q. Zhang provides an up-to-date overview of the subject containing all of the techniques, methods and results developed to help solve the conjecture since the first publication of the subject in the 1940s. It is a useful survey for researchers already working on the problem and a fitting introduction for those just entering the field. The end-of-chapter exercises have been designed to challenge readers at every level and hints are provided in an appendix.

Chapter 1 - Graph and Directed Graph Chapter 2 - Connectivity (Graph Theory) and Line Graph Chapter 3 - Hamiltonian Path and Eulerian Path Chapter 4 - Graph Theory Chapter 5 - Planar Graph and Graph Embedding Chapter 6 - Graph Coloring and Four Color Theorem Chapter 7 - Introduction to Combinatorics Chapter 8 - Partition (Number Theory) and Graph Theory Chapter 9 - Matroid Chapter 10 - Probabilistic Method and Combinatorial Optimization Chapter 11 - Combination and Combinatorial Proof Chapter 12 - Permutation

Ce livre a pour objectif d'introduire le lecteur à la théorie des graphes. En quelques décennies, cette théorie est devenue l'un des domaines les plus féconds et les plus dynamiques des mathématiques et de l'informatique. Elle permet de représenter un ensemble complexe d'objets en exprimant les relations entre les éléments : réseaux de communication, circuits. Foisonnante, cette théorie se situe aujourd'hui au frontières de domaines tels que la topologie, l'algèbre, la géométrie, l'algorithmique et ses applications.Après avoir introduit le langage de base, les auteurs présentent les différents types de graphes (bipartis, arbres, arborescences, eulériens et hamiltoniens), puis les relations entre les graphes et les structures de données algorithmique. Les auteurs exposent ensuite la connexité et les flots, puis la notion de planarité. Ce sont ensuite les aspects algébriques élémentaires de la théorie des graphes qui sont étudiés, puis les colorations et les couplages de graphes. L'avant dernier chapitre aborde la théorie spectrale des graphes, avant de laisser place à une analyse consacrée aux développements récents de la théorie (polynômes de Tutte, matroïdes, hypergraphes).Ce livre, accessible aux étudiants et élèves ingénieurs dès la Licence, intéressera aussi tous ceux ayant à coeur de d'approfondir leurs connaissance par une approche non standard à la théorie des graphes, et souhaitant s'informer tant les aspects algébriques et topologiques que sur les derniers développement de la théorie. Le but étant d'amener le lecteur au seuil de la recherche dans ce domaine.

Introduction Chapter 1 - Graph Drawing Chapter 2 - Graph (Data Structure) Chapter 3 - Problems in Graph Theory Chapter 4 - Route Problems Chapter 5 - Graph Operations

This pioneering book presents a study of the interrelationships among operator calculus, graph theory, and quantum probability in a unified manner, with significant emphasis on symbolic computations and an eye toward applications in computer science.Presented in this book are new methods, built on the algebraic framework of Clifford algebras, for tackling important real world problems related, but not limited to, wireless communications, neural networks, electrical circuits, transportation, and the world wide web. Examples are put forward in Mathematica throughout the book, together with packages for performing symbolic computations.

Chapter 1 - Graph and Directed Graph Chapter 2 - Connectivity (Graph Theory) and Line Graph Chapter 3 - Hamiltonian Path and Eulerian Path Chapter 4 - Graph Theory Chapter 5 - Planar Graph and Graph Embedding Chapter 6 - Graph Coloring and Four Color Theorem Chapter 7 - Dominating Set and Matching (graph theory) Chapter 8 - Edge Coloring and Turán's Theorem Chapter 9 - Chromatic Polynomial and Heawood Graph

Graph Theory presents a natural, reader-friendly way to learn some of the essential ideas of graph theory starting from first principles. The format is similar to the companion text, Combinatorics: A Problem Oriented Approach also by Daniel A. Marcus (MAA 1998), in that it combines the features of a textbook with those of a problem workbook. The material is presented through a series of strategically placed problems with connecting text. This is supplemented by additional problems that are intended to be used as homework assignments. Concepts of graph theory are introduced, developed and reinforced by working through leading questions posed in the problems. This problem-oriented format is intended to promote active involvement by the reader while always providing clear direction. This approach figures prominently on the presentation of proofs, which become more frequent and elaborate as the book progresses. Arguments are arranged in digestible chunks and always appear along with concrete examples to keep the readers firmly grounded in their motivation. Spanning three algorithms, Euler paths, Hamilton paths and cycles, planar graphs, independence and covering, connections and obstructions, and vertex and edge colorings make up the core of the book. Hall's Theorem, the König-Egervary Theorem, Dilworth's Theorem and the Hungarian algorithm to the optimal assignment problem, matrices and latin squares are also explored.

Analyzing the behavior of complex networks is an important element in the design of new man-made structures such as communication systems and biologically engineered molecules. Because any complex network can be represented by a graph, and therefore in turn by a matrix, graph theory has become a powerful tool in the investigation of network performance. This self-contained 2010 book provides a concise introduction to the theory of graph spectra and its applications to the study of complex networks. Covering a range of types of graphs and topics important to the analysis of complex systems, this guide provides the mathematical foundation needed to understand and apply spectral insight to real-world systems. In particular, the general properties of both the adjacency and Laplacian spectrum of graphs are derived and applied to complex networks. An ideal resource for researchers and students in communications networking as well as in physics and mathematics.

Graph theory meets number theory in this stimulating book. Ihara zeta functions of finite graphs are reciprocals of polynomials, sometimes in several variables. Analogies abound with number-theoretic functions such as Riemann/Dedekind zeta functions. For example, there is a Riemann hypothesis (which may be false) and prime number theorem for graphs. Explicit constructions of graph coverings use Galois theory to generalize Cayley and Schreier graphs. Then non-isomorphic simple graphs with the same zeta are produced, showing you cannot hear the shape of a graph. The spectra of matrices such as the adjacency and edge adjacency matrices of a graph are essential to the plot of this book, which makes connections with quantum chaos and random matrix theory, plus expander/Ramanujan graphs of interest in computer science. Created for beginning graduate students, the book will also appeal to researchers. Many well-chosen illustrations and exercises, both theoretical and computer-based, are included throughout.

In the last?fteen years two seemingly unrelated problems, one in computer science and the other in measure theory, were solved by amazingly similar techniques from representation theory and from analytic number theory. One problem is the - plicit construction of expanding graphs («expanders»). These are highly connected sparse graphs whose existence can be easily demonstrated but whose explicit c- struction turns out to be a dif?cult task. Since expanders serve as basic building blocks for various distributed networks, an explicit construction is highly des- able. The other problem is one posed by Ruziewicz about seventy years ago and studied by Banach [Ba]. It asks whether the Lebesgue measure is the only?nitely additive measure of total measure one, de?ned on the Lebesgue subsets of the n-dimensional sphere and invariant under all rotations. The two problems seem, at?rst glance, totally unrelated. It is therefore so- what surprising that both problems were solved using similar methods: initially, Kazhdan's property (T) from representation theory of semi-simple Lie groups was applied in both cases to achieve partial results, and later on, both problems were solved using the (proved) Ramanujan conjecture from the theory of automorphic forms. The fact that representation theory and automorphic forms have anything to do with these problems is a surprise and a hint as well that the two questions are strongly related.

This introduction to some of the principal models in the theory of disordered systems leads the reader through the basics, to the very edge of contemporary research, with the minimum of technical fuss. Topics covered include random walk, percolation, self-avoiding walk, interacting particle systems, uniform spanning tree, random graphs, as well as the Ising, Potts, and random-cluster models for ferromagnetism, and the Lorentz model for motion in a random medium. Schramm–Löwner evolutions (SLE) arise in various contexts. The choice of topics is strongly motivated by modern applications and focuses on areas that merit further research. Special features include a simple account of Smirnov's proof of Cardy's formula for critical percolation, and a fairly full account of the theory of influence and sharp-thresholds. Accessible to a wide audience of mathematicians and physicists, this book can be used as a graduate course text. Each chapter ends with a range of exercises.

This introductory text explores the theory of graph spectra: a topic with applications across a wide range of subjects, including computer science, quantum chemistry and electrical engineering. The spectra examined here are those of the adjacency matrix, the Seidel matrix, the Laplacian, the normalized Laplacian and the signless Laplacian of a finite simple graph. The underlying theme of the book is the relation between the eigenvalues and structure of a graph. Designed as an introductory text for graduate students, or anyone using the theory of graph spectra, this self-contained treatment assumes only a little knowledge of graph theory and linear algebra. The authors include many developments in the field which arise as a result of rapidly expanding interest in the area. Exercises, spectral data and proofs of required results are also provided. The end-of-chapter notes serve as a practical guide to the extensive bibliography of over 500 items.

Graph Theory is an important area of contemporary mathematics with many applications in computer science, genetics, chemistry, engineering, industry, business and in social sciences. It is a young science invented and developing for solving challenging problems of ”computerized” society for which traditional areas of mathematics such as algebra or calculus are powerless. This book is for math and computer science majors, for students and representatives of many other disciplines (like bioinformatics, for example) taking the courses in graph theory, discrete mathematics, data structures, algorithms. It is also for anyone who wants to understand the basics of graph theory, or just is curious. No previous knowledge in graph theory or any other significant mathematics is required. The very basic facts from set theory, proof techniques and algorithms are sufficient to understand it; but even those are explained in the text. The book discusses the key concepts of graph theory with emphasis on trees, bipartite graphs, cycles, chordal graphs, planar graphs and graph coloring. The reader is conducted from the simplest examples, definitions and concepts, step by step, towards an understanding of a few most fundamental facts in the field. The book may be used on undergraduate level for one semester introductory course. It includes many examples, figures and algorithms; each section ends with a set of exercises and a set of computer projects. The answers and hints to selected exercises are provided at the end of the book. The material has been tested in class during more than 20-years of teaching experience of the author.

The availability of large data sets has allowed researchers to uncover complex properties such as large-scale fluctuations and heterogeneities in many networks, leading to the breakdown of standard theoretical frameworks and models. Until recently these systems were considered as haphazard sets of points and connections. Recent advances have generated a vigorous research effort in understanding the effect of complex connectivity patterns on dynamical phenomena. This book presents a comprehensive account of these effects. A vast number of systems, from the brain to ecosystems, power grids and the internet, can be represented as large complex networks. This book will interest graduate students and researchers in many disciplines, from physics and statistical mechanics to mathematical biology and information science. Its modular approach allows readers to readily access the sections of most interest to them, and complicated maths is avoided so the text can be easily followed by non-experts in the subject.

Salient Features Over 1500 problems are used to illustrate concepts, related to different topics, and introduce applications. Over 1000 exercises in the text with many different types of questions posed. Precise mathematical language is used without excessive formalism and abstraction. Care has been taken to balance the mix of notation and words in mathematical statements. Problem sets are stated clearly and unambiguously, and all are carefully graded for various levels of difficulty. This text has been carefully designed for flexible use.

This book contains Volume 6 of the Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications (JGAA). JGAA is a peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the publication of high-quality research papers on the analysis, design, implementation, and applications of graph algorithms. Areas of interest include computational biology, computational geometry, computer graphics, computer-aided design, computer and interconnection networks, constraint systems, databases, graph drawing, graph embedding and layout, knowledge representation, multimedia, software engineering, telecommunications networks, user interfaces and visualization, and VLSI circuit design.Graph Algorithms and Applications 3 presents contributions from prominent authors and includes selected papers from the Symposium on Graph Drawing (1999 and 2000). All papers in the book have extensive diagrams and offer a unique treatment of graph algorithms focusing on the important applications.

The study of algorithmic graph theory and structured families of graphs is an important branch of discrete mathematics. It finds numerous applications, from data transmission through networks to efficiently scheduling aircraft and crews, as well as contributing to breakthroughs in genetic analysis and studies of the brain. Especially important have been the theory and applications of new intersection graph models such as generalizations of permutation graphs and interval graphs. One of these is the study of tolerance graphs and tolerance orders. This book contains the first thorough study of tolerance graphs and related topics, indeed the authors have included proofs of major results previously unpublished in book form. It will act as a springboard for researchers, and especially graduate students, to pursue new directions of investigation. With many examples and exercises it is also suitable for use as the text for a graduate course in graph theory.

Study of neutrosophic algebraic structures is very recent. The introduction of neutrosophic theory has put forth a significant concept by giving representation to indeterminates.

This is a book about graph homomorphisms. Graph theory is now an established discipline but the study of graph homomorphisms has only recently begun to gain wide acceptance and interest. The subject gives a useful perspective in areas such as graph reconstruction, products, fractional and circular colourings, and has applications in complexity theory, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and, most recently, statistical physics. Based on the authors'lecture notes for graduate courses, this book can be used as a textbook for a second course in graph theory at 4th year or master's level and has been used for courses at Simon Fraser University (Vancouver), Charles University (Prague), ETH (Zurich), and UFRJ (Rio de Janeiro). The exercises vary in difficulty. The first few are usually intended to give the reader an opportunity to practice the concepts introduced in the chapter; the later ones explore related concepts, or even introduce new ones. For the harder exercises hints and references are provided. The authors are well known for their research in this area and the book will be invaluable to graduate students and researchers alike.

The rapidly expanding area of algebraic graph theory uses two different branches of algebra to explore various aspects of graph theory: linear algebra (for spectral theory) and group theory (for studying graph symmetry). These areas have links with other areas of mathematics, such as logic and harmonic analysis, and are increasingly being used in such areas as computer networks where symmetry is an important feature. Other books cover portions of this material, but this book is unusual in covering both of these aspects and there are no other books with such a wide scope. Peter J. Cameron, internationally recognized for his substantial contributions to the area, served as academic consultant for this volume, and the result is ten expository chapters written by acknowledged international experts in the field. Their well-written contributions have been carefully edited to enhance readability and to standardize the chapter structure, terminology and notation throughout the book. To help the reader, there is an extensive introductory chapter that covers the basic background material in graph theory, linear algebra and group theory. Each chapter concludes with an extensive list of references.

Line graphs have the property that their least eigenvalue is greater than or equal to –2, a property shared by generalized line graphs and a finite number of so-called exceptional graphs. This book deals with all these families of graphs in the context of their spectral properties. The authors discuss the three principal techniques that have been employed, namely'forbidden subgraphs','root systems'and'star complements'. They bring together the major results in the area, including the recent construction of all the maximal exceptional graphs. Technical descriptions of these graphs are included in the appendices, while the bibliography provides over 250 references. This will be an important resource for all researchers with an interest in algebraic graph theory.

This text is a self contained treatment of expander graphs and in particular their explicit construction. Expander graphs are both highly connected but sparse, and besides their interest within combinatorics and graph theory, they also find various applications in computer science and engineering. The reader needs only a background in elementary algebra, analysis and combinatorics; the authors supply the necessary background material from graph theory, number theory, group theory and representation theory. The text can therefore be used as a brief introduction to these subjects as well as an illustration of how such topics are synthesised in modern mathematics.

グラフ理論は、今日では計算機科学だけでなく、電気･電子工学、経営工学等の基礎理論として欠くことのできない重要な概念であり、各分野への広汎な応用がなされている。 本書は、大変長い間好評を得ている「グラフ理論」原書第４版の翻訳で、きわめてわかりやすく説明された入門的教科書である。数学的予備知識を仮定せずに簡明に書かれているので、大学初年級学生でも十分読み進むことができる。 また、いままでの版に比べて、この第４版では全体を通して加筆訂正がなされており、用語も現在通用しているものに変更されている。さらに、多くの演習問題を載せ、その一部には解答も付いている。

This book is a concise, yet carefully written, introduction to modern graph theory, covering all its recent developments. It can be used both as a reliable textbook for an introductory course and as a graduate text: on each topic it covers all the basic material in full detail, and adds one or two deeper results (again with detailed proofs) to illustrate the more advanced methods of that field. This second edition extends the first in two ways. It offers a thoroughly revised and updated chapter on graph minors, which now includes full new proofs of two of the central Robertson-Seymor theorems (as well as a detailed sketch of the entire proof of their celebrated Graph Minor Theorem). Second, there is now a section of hints for all the exercises, to enhance their value for bith individual study and classroom use.

Applied Graph Theory provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts of graph theory and its applications. The five key topics that are covered in depth are: (i) foundations of electrical network theory; (ii) the directed-graph solutions of linear algebraic equations; (iii) topological analysis of linear systems; (iv) trees and their generation; and (v) the realization of directed graphs with prescribed degrees. Previously, these results have been found only in widely scattered and incomplete journal articles and institutional reports. This book attempts to present a unified and detailed account of these applications. A special feature of the book is that almost all the results are documented in relationship to the known literature, and all the references which have been cited in the text are listed in the bibliography. Thus, the book is especially suitable for those who wish to continue with the study of special topics and to apply graph theory to other fields.

These are notes deriving from lecture courses given by the authors in 1973 at Westfield College, London. The lectures described the connection between the theory of t-designs on the one hand, and graph theory on the other. A feature of this book is the discussion of then-recent construction of t-designs from codes. Topics from a wide range of finite combinatorics are covered and the book will interest all scholars of combinatorial theory.