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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart: Imaging and Modelling Challenges. 7th International Workshop, STACOM 2016, Held in conjunction with MICCAI 2016, Athens, Greece, October 17, 2016, Revised Selected papers The 24 revised full workshop papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics such as cardiac image processing; atlas construction, statistical modelling of cardiac function across different patient populations; cardiac mapping, cardiac computational physiology; model customization; image-based modelling and image-guided interventional procedures; atlas based functional analysis, ontological schemata for data and results; integrated functional and structural analyses; pre-clinical and clinical applicability of the methods described.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart: Imaging and Modelling Challenges, STACOM 2015, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2015, in Munich, Germany, in October 2015. The 23 revised full workshop papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 34 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics such cardiac image processing, atlas construction, statistical modeling of cardiac function across different patient populations, cardiac mapping, cardiac computational physiology, model customization, image-based modelling and image-guided interventional procedures, atlas based functional analysis, ontological schemata for data and results, integrated functional and structural analysis.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart: Imaging and Modelling Challenges, STACOM 2014, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2014, in Boston, MA, USA, in September 2014. The 30 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics such as sections on cardiac image processing; atlas construction; statistical modelling of cardiac function across different patient populations; cardiac mapping; cardiac computational physiology; model customization; atlas based functional analysis; ontological schemata for data and results; integrated functional and structural analyses; as well as the pre-clinical and clinical applicability of these methods.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart, held in Toronto, ON, Canada, in June 2017. The 48 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 63 submissions. The focus of the papers is on following topics: novel imaging and analysis methods for myocardial tissue characterization and remodeling; advanced cardiac image analysis tools for diagnostic and interventions; electrophysiology: mapping and biophysical modeling; biomechanics and flow: modeling and tissue property measurements.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart, held in Maastricht, The Netherlands, in June 2015. The 54 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 72 submissions. The focus of the papers is on following topics: function; imaging; models of mechanics; and models of electrophysiology.

This monograph comprises 17 papers written by prominent authors in the field, each of whom presents his most recent experiences. The papers were not specially selected so that this work is far from being a comprehensive textbook covering all aspects of right ventricular hypertrophy and failure in chronic lung disease. Perhaps some of the papers dealing with more strictly physiological problems and experimental models will be somewhat difficult to relate directly to former modes of thinking of both cardiologists and pneumologists. Nevertheless, we hope and expect that this book will provide the reader with, an in-depth appreciation of the situation of present research in different laboratories and countries. Occasionally contradictions between different papers may be noticed. We have not tried to remove these, since each contradiction reflects current areas of dispute or uncertainty in this developing field. We wish finally to acknowledge the continuing support of the Clinica del Lavoro Foundation for projects aimed at promoting education in all fields related to medical rehabilitation. Vlastimil Jdek Mario Morpurgo Roberto Tramarin Foreword This volume is the sixth issue in the Series'Current Topics in Rehabilitation', which was ftrst conceived in 1987 with the aim of offering updated indications as to functional comprehensive evaluation strategies and rehabilitation programmes.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart, held in London, UK, in June 2013. The 58 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous initial submissions. The focus of the papers is on following topics: image driven modeling, biophysical modeling, image analysis, biophysical modeling, cardiac imaging, parameter estimation, modeling methods, and biomedical engineering.

Scientific progress with respect to the important role of various lipids in myocardial function and the dearrangements of lipid metabolism underlying ischaemic heart disease(s) has been con­ siderable in recent years. In 1986 alone, an overall number ofl 044 full papers covering the topics'Lipids-Heart-Heart Disease', have been published in a variety of biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and cardiology journals (source: Index Medicus). They have broadened our in­ sight into the molecular basis of myocardial lipidology and the lipido-chemical basis of car­ diology in health and disease, and have narrowed the gap between promising pharmacological intervention in experimental animals and clinical treatment of patients suffering from an ischaemic heart. Furthermore, they illustrate the fundamental significance of the product of the union between basic and clinical science. The rapid development of knowledge in the'Lipids-Heart-Heart Disease'triad prompted us to organize the International Symposium on Lipid Metabolism in the Normoxic and lschaemic Heart, held in Rotterdam (The Netherlands) on September 22 and 23, 1986. This meeting was a coproject of the Department of Biochemistry I (Medical Faculty, Erasmus University Rotter­ dam) and the Department of Physiology (Medical Faculty, University of Limburg) and was held under the auspices of the GerritJan Mulder Foundation (named after a famous Rotterdam physi­ cian and chemist who lived from 1802-1880) whom we thank for their co-operation. The present volume is a compendium of invited papers and contributions selected from the posters presented during the symposium.

This volume of Advances in Myocardiology is derived from a part of the proceedings of the 10th Congress of the International Society for Heart Research, which was held in Moscow on September 23-29, 1980. This book contains selected papers which have been arranged in two sections, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Adaptation, and Pathophysiology and Cardiac Hypoxia, Is­ chemia, and Infarction. The first section, on the pathophysiology of heart hypertrophy and failure, contains 24 chapters that focus on the derangement of biochemical, physiological, and immunological processes during the de­ velopment of heart disease due to a wide variety of pathogenic factors. Some of the recent developments in understanding the myocardial synthetic ma­ chinery in heart hypertrophy are also described in these papers, and we believe that the contents of this section will stimulate further research in the area of heart disease. The second section, which mainly deals with myocardial ischemia, contains 35 chapters providing the necessary back­ ground for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and some possible ther­ apeutic approaches. It hardly needs to be emphasized that ischemic heart disease is a major cause of death in highly industrialized countries, but unfortunately the exact mechanism by which ischemic insult leads to the development of heart cell damage is far from understood. We are hopeful that the articles in this section will provide valuable information in this field and thus will help in improving the treatment of ischemic heart disease.

An International Symposium'Catecholamines and the Heart'was held in Munich in May 1981, which was organized in cooperation with the Council on Cardiac Metabolism of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology and with the Microcirculation Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology. It was the aim of the organizers to evaluate in this Symposium the recent advances made in the field of sympathetic control of heart function. Particular attention was given to neural sympathetic pathways, to mechanisms and consequences of adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade as well as to clinically relevant implications mainly regarding the significance of catecholamines and of adrenoceptors in various heart diseases. The broad scope was covered in 34 papers presented by physiologists, pharmacologists and cardiologists during a two day meeting which was attended by an international audience. This book includes all papers as well as the discussions following each presentation. To accomplish rapid publication the manuscripts are published as submitted by the authors. The discussions were edited making use of the written questions and answers of the discussants. The Symposium was generously sponsored by Astra Chemicals GmbH, Wedell Holstein, Germany, which thus made possible a very fruitful exchange of information, ideas and concepts between specialists in various disciplines. The organizers gratefully acknowledge this support once again and would like to thank Dr. T. Kreuzer, the representative of Astra Chemicals, for his personal engagement.

Campy/o/meler pylori was described for the first time in 1983. Up to now more than 100 papers have been published dealing with its microbiological properties and its clinical implications. The lime has come to survey the field, to evaluate the hith­ erto accumulated information, and 10 discuss the questions thai should be answered in the ruture. It was for these purposes that the First International Symposium on Campy/abaeter pylori was held. bringing together specialists from a variety of discipl ines, including basic scientists as well as clinicians. This book is based on papers given at the symposium. We are very grateful 10 Rohm-Pharma for undertaking to sponsor this meeting, and to Mrs. C. 1. Klein and her starr for the impeccable organisation which permillcd us to work in such a pleasant environment, In the interest of rapidity of publication, we have reduced the amount of editing to a minimum and have not, in any sense,'re­ fereed'the discussions, which were written by the contributors at the time of the question-and-answer session. They were also veiled by their authors at the proof stage, and we have done our best to retain their original spontaneous flavour. We hope, in this way. 10 have produced a satisfactory record of the events and an up-Io-dale overview of research on Campylobacrer pylori.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart, held in New York City, NY, USA in May 2011. The 24 revised full papers presented together with 29 revised poster papers were carefully reviewed and selected from about 120 initial submissions. The contributions feature current research and development efforts in the fields of cardiovascular modeling, physiology, and image-based analysis, at a range of scales and imaging methods. Topics addresses are such as imaging, signal and image processing, applied mathematics, biomedical engineering and computer science; biologically oriented fields such as cardiac physiology and biology; as well as clinical issues such as cardiology, radiology and surgery, with a common interest in the heart.

This manual defines sex and gender differences in cardiovascular disease and how they have become an important topic within most subspecialities in the field of cardiology. It is now evident that sex differences in biology and lifestyle influence the pathophysiology of heart disease. Consequently risk factors for cardiac disease are modified by sex and gender, and women and men develop partly different variants of the same heart diseases. These facts profoundly influence prevention and management in clinical practice. Good medical practice demands a more tailored and personal care for each individual patient. In addition, the life-course of women has a few unique phases, related to hormonal changes in pregnancy and after menopause, that also interact with individual risk and the development of co-morbidities. As heart disease is now the number one cause of death in women worldwide, a more specific attention to cardiovascular disease in women is justified. Most important advances in gender-specific knowledge are related to ischemic heart disease and its traditional and sex-specific risk factors. Diagnostic pathways have changed, coronary angiography is no longer the gold standard that it used to be. Recent guidelines and position papers have paid attention to these new insights, whereas educational programs urgently need to be adapted. The ongoing paradigm shift in cardiology needs to be updated for the clinician in an easy and accessible manner. Other important topics in which sex and gender differences have been elaborated are heart failure, atrial fibrillation, aortic valve disease and its treatment, cardiac rehabilitation, co-morbidities, cardiotoxicity in cancer treatment and neurology. In addition, female-specific risk factors and socio-economic factors are relevant to women's cardiovascular health. We will invite the best EU experts in this field to contribute to the various chapters. Manual of Cardiovascular Disease in Women has an educational role for established cardiologists and vascular specialists in training, nurses and other allied professionals. It represents an update on the most recent insights in sex- and gender differences in cardiovascular health with a focus on women's cardiovascular diseases. Additional questions via app: Download the Springer Nature Flashcards app for free and use exclusive additional material to test your knowledge.

Fluid-structure interactions (FSI), that is interactions of some movable or deformable structure with an internal or surrounding fluid flow, are among the most important and, with respect to both modelling and computational issues, the most challenging multi-physics problems. The variety of FSI occurrences is abundant and ranges from tent-roofs to micropumps, from parachutes via airbags to blood flow in arteries. This volume of LNCSE contains a collection of papers presented at the International Workshop on FSI held in October 2005 in Hohenwart and organized by DFG's Research Unit 493'FSI: Modelling, Simulation, and Optimization'. The papers address partitioned and monolithic coupling approaches, methodical issues and applications, and discuss FSI from the mathematical, informatical, and engineering point of view.

The1stand2ndInternationalConferencesonFunctionalImagingandModelling of the Heart (FIMH) were held in Helsinki, Finland, in November 2001, and in Lyon, France, in June 2003. These meetings were born through a fruitful sci- ti?c collaboration between France and Finland that outreached to other groups and led to the start of this biennial event. The FIMH conference was the?rst attempt to agglutinate researchers from several complementary but often i- lated?elds: cardiac imaging, signal and image processing, applied mathematics and physics, biomedical engineering and computer science, cardiology, radi- ogy, biology, and physiology. In the?rst two editions, the conference received an enthusiastic acceptance by experts of all these communities. FIMH was ori- nally started as a European event and has increasingly attracted more and more people from the US and Asia. This edition of FIMH received the largest number of submissions so far with a result of 47 papers being accepted as either oral presentations or posters. There were a number of submissions from non-EU institutions which con?rms the growing interest in this series of meetings. All papers were reviewed by up to four reviewers. The accepted contributions were organized into 8 oral sessions and 3 poster sessions complemented by a number of invited talks. This year we tried to allocate as many papers as possible as oral presentations to facilitate more active participation and to stimulate multidisciplinary discussions.

A collection of 50 of Dr. Mark E. Josephson's groundbreaking journal articles that demonstrate his important contributions as a pioneer and teacher of modern cardiac arrhythmology over the course of 42 years. Each article not only includes a discussion by a peer of the significance of the defining paper, but also includes personal impressions of Dr. Josephson as a clinical scientist, doctor, teacher, role model, and friend.

The original articles included in the present book have primarily been taken from papers presented at the International Advanced Course, more precise the Master on Sports Cardiology, held in Rome from November 27 to December 15 1995 at the School of Sport and Institute of Sport Sciences of the Italian National Olympic Committee. The contributions, written by internationally acknowledged scientists, appeared after extensive and careful revision by the Authors, and represent current and highly profitable scientific material. The incentive to publish this work came from Springer-Verlag, a renowned publi­ sher, and the articles have been compiled in Advances in Sports Cardiology. The present volume is an easy-to-consult, comprehensive and up-to-date refe­ rence. Possible future developments in cardiovascular evaluation in athletes have been covered, too. The cardiological evaluation of athletes represents a more than 30 years-old discipline in'Italy, with legal implications, which compel physicians in this field to investigate in each individual athlete the possible, innermost causes of cardiovascular abnormality and to express a circumstantial prognostic asses­ sment. Cardiologists in this field should have an extensive background in phy­ siology but should also be aware of the indications and limits of the instrumen­ tal diagnostic procedures used in clinical practice as well as of the distinction between normal physiological adaptation to exercise and training and a true pathological cardiac process. Hence, sound basis in physiology with a major interest in clinical practice distinguishes sports cardiology as a new and origi­ nal discipline.

The advances in the field of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease continue at an increasingly rapid pace and it is an arduous task for those not directly involved to keep up with the latest developments. The papers presented at the 7th Meeting on Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease, held in Bologna, as part of the Ninth Centenary of the foundation of the University of Bologna, have been collected together here with the aim of providing all the latest information for doctors and research workers concerned with this important branch of medicine. We are pleased to be able to thank all those who joined us in celebrating the oldest university in the world. The scientific contributions, of the highest level, are valid proof of the tradition of exchanging experiences and of the continual up-dating of knowledge in the different sectors of lipid metabolism, genetics, physiopathology, pathological anatomy, bio­ chemical and clinical diagnosis, diet, pharmacological and non-pharmacological ther­ apy. The numerous contributions made by authors in the field of epidemiology and the prevention of atherosclerosis were also fundamental since not only research centres but also doctors all over the world are engaged in the battle which was defined by the WHO, twenty-five years ago, as the most important epidemic of the modern age.

Pediatric cardiology is celebrating in the 1990s the 50th anniversary of the beginnings of the age of therapy. This informal `history'describes how the discipline grew from the era of pathologic anatomy to the dawn of therapy, the beginnings of closed heart surgery between 1939 and 1945. That dawn ushered in a remarkable half century of change and growth, leading from clinicophysiologic correlations through the start of open heart surgery in the 1950s. The text celebrates some of the achievements of this vivid and heroic age, and describes how, in the mid 1970s, new surgical and medical approaches, including prostaglandins and Doppler echocardiography, led to successful cardiac treatment in infancy, the `infant era'. Interventional cardiology and the study of childhood arrhythmias began. Now, in the 1990s, a new era emphasising molecular biology and cardiac development is growing from the tools and concepts of the past. The four eras have focused on pathologic anatomy, clinicophysiologic correlations and surgery, heart problems in infancy, and now the developing heart. In each era there have been advances in the four domains of pediatric cardiology, the heart before birth, the normal heart, heart disease and defects, and preventive cardiology. Growth in knowledge has been both episodic and dramatic, yet not a picture of unalloyed achievement. The later chapters discuss some of the problems beginning to be recognised in the new and current `developmental era'. The pioneers of pediatric cardiology, both men and women, are more than eponyms, for each used in new and original ways the tools and concepts available in their era. The interaction of tools and concepts is a theme in this book. Just as the tool of the stethoscope was vital in delineating the clinical profile of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus, the fluoroscope played a role in developing the concept of the Blalock Taussig shunt. Pioneers also includepatients and their families, and the book includes some discussion of what little is known of childhood and of the child with heart disease in the four different eras. This is a brief overview of the growth of knowledge of children's hearts from before William Harvey until our own time, and includes references to histories of cardiac surgery and to collections of classic cardiac papers. By its emphasis on the child as the central historic figure, and on the interaction of tools and concepts in the growth of knowledge, the text provides a celebratory approach to the 50th anniversary of modern pediatric cardiology.

The nitrates have remarkable clinical effects that have stood the test of time in the management of ischemic heart disease. What is unusual about this class of com­ pounds is that, after many years of clinical use, we are still exploring new avenues as to the vascular mechanisms of their effect, their applications in treating other clini­ cal conditions, and the development of products with more favorable pharmacoki­ netic properties. This volume represents the proceedings of a symposium held June 14-16, 1984, in Montreux. The papers were selected to explore the current state of knowledge re­ garding the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy of ni­ trates. Particular attention has been given to newer studies utilizing the 5-mononi­ trate metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate, a drug whose pharmacokinetic properties may make it an important new agent in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. One of the benefits of an international meeting of experts sharing their views on an internationally used group of drugs is that differences in concepts and clinical practice become apparent and can be discussed. The Montreux forum made it clear that clinicians in North and South America and Europe have diverging views on how the nitrates should be used.

Measurement of Cardiac Deformations from MRI: Physical and Mathematical Models describes the latest imaging and imag analysis techniques that have been developed at leading centers for the visualization, analysis, and understanding of normal and abnormal cardiac motion with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of MRI in measuring cardiac motion is particularly important because MRI is non-invasive, and it is the only modality capable of imaging detailed intramural motion within the myocardium. Biomedical engineers, medical physicists, computer scientists, and physicians interested in learning about the latest advances in cardiovascular MRI should find this book to be a valuable educational resource. In particular, it is more tutorial in nature than most of the technical papers where the research was originally published. Practitioners and researchers working in the field of cardiovascular MRI will find the book to be filled with practical technical details and references to other work, enabling the implementation of existing methods and serving as a basis for further research in the area.

This volume contains selected papers presented at the Sendai International Sympo­ sium on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Regulation held from May 10-12, 1995, to honor the contributions ofProfessorNorio Taira, Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology (1972-1995), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. The Department of Pharmacology at Sendai has a long tradition of significant contribution to the development of drug therapy for cardiovascular diseases. The late Professor Koroku Hashimoto, the predecessor of Professor Norio Taira, first suggested the mode of action of calcium antagonists and their potential usefulness in therapy of ischemic heart disease and hypertension at an early stage of their development. The need for greater understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular dis­ eases is more critical now than ever before because modern advances in basic and clinical sciences have prolonged the average life expectancy. Using a wide range of molecular and electrophysiological techniques, major advances are occurring frequently in the field of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology. Such multifaceted approaches are preferred because human cardiovascular diseases are complex, requiring multiple interventions and an in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. The first section of this book focuses on molecular mechanisms of ion channel regulation. Eight of ten chapters in this section are devoted to the recent advances in molecular characterization and regulation of various types of potassium channels in cardiac, vascular, and neuronal tissues. A discussion of the structure and function of sodium and calcium channels is also included.

Recent advances have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in pediatric cardiology. Powerful new diagnostic techniques include color Doppler echocardiography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Catheter-directed treatment of cardiac lesions with balloons and stents has become the treatment of choice, and cardiac arrhythmias in infancy and childhood are treated with radio-frequency ablation. To provide an update on these and other recent developments, the First Asian-Pacific Symposium on Pediatric Cardiology was held in Taipei in November 1994, attended by pediatricians, cardiologists, and surgeons, many of them of world renown. This book, a collection of the papers presented at the symposium, will contribute to improved recognition, understanding, and treatment of many important congenital and acquired heart problems in children. It will be of special interest to pathologists, pediatricians, cardiologists, and surgeons whose work involves care of infants and children with heart disease.

This book is the outcome of a cardiologist switching to clinical pharma­ cology in mid-career and may be seen as representing the interface between the two disciplines. In this second edition I have not tried to be encyclopaedic, but have asked the contributors to give a brief account of current practice, so that it represents the present state of cardiac thera­ peutics. Although some contributors are from Bart's, I have tried to spread my net widely and produce a general view from the English speaking world. I hope this will be enough to draw the teeth of my colleagues who will react at once to say that'this is not what we do at Bart's.'Some chapters, mostly the early ones, are drug orientated and describe the use and properties of individual groups of drugs. Other later chapters are disease orientated and describe the use of various groups of drugs in different conditions, such as angina or hypertension. This necessarily leads to some overlap, but I have not tried to produce a uniformity of view, but have been content with Chairman Mao'to let a hundred flowers bloom'. I am grateful to my cardiological colleague, Professor A. John Camm for his help and advice on current cardiological practice. To improve the flow of the text I have limited the references to key publications, rather than trying to quote all the papers published on each topic.

This book brings together papers presented at an international symposium on centrally­ acting antihypertensive agents held in Geneva, Switzerland, in association with the 10th Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension. A major focus of this symposium was the sympatholytic agent, clonidine, and was partly stimulated by the re­ cent development of an innovative transdermal system for administering this antihyper­ tensive drug. Although clonidine has been available to clinicians for several years, there has been a re­ cent reawakening of interest in this type of medication. The centrally-acting antihyper­ tensive agents appear to be effective both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. There are no significant contraindications to their use, and they do not appear to produce metabolic side effects. In this symposium we have paid attention to two types of patients: those with uncomplicated mild hypertension, and those with more difficult forms of hypertension associated with concurrent conditions.

This book is timely and challenging. Within its pages are commentaries and opinions on the scientific background and explanatory ideas for a complex of symptoms and investigations known as syndrome X. The commonest cause by far of angina pectoris is coronary artery obstruction due to atheromatous lesions both within the wall of the artery and intruding into the lumen; in such patients it is expected that there maybe ST segment depression on atrial pacing or on an exercise test indicating myocardial ischemia. Syndrome X was a term first used in an editorial written by Kemp in 1973. He was referring to patients in group X in a paper from Arbogast and Bourassa. Patients in group X had three features, namely angina as judged on a clinical history, alterations of the ST segment on the electrocardiogram during atrial pacing and smooth unobstructed coronary arteries (presumed normal) as assessed by the technique of coronary angiography. The changes on the electrocardiogram, conventionally indicative of myocardial ischemia, could not be explained on the basis of any abnormality of the coronary arteries and Kemp named the complex of fmdings syndrome X because of this seeming paradox and the lack of a single explanation. In the last thirty-one years there has been substantial scientific interest in this syndrome giving rise to a large number of publications. The name syndrome X has led to considerable confusion. Physicians are familiar with the X chromosome and with X linked congenital disorders.

Heat shock proteins (HSP) were originally described in heat-shocked drosophila by Ritossa in the early 1960's. In the last 5 years it has become apparent that these heat shock proteins have important functions both in the normal cell and in the stressed cell. These proteins constitute an endogenous protective system; mutations in the heat shock proteins can be lethal, and there are no known organisms without heat shock proteins. The first observations on heat shock proteins and the heart were made in the 1980's and interest in these proteins increased over the decade. In the last few years there has been an exponential growth in number of papers published on heat shock proteins and the heart. Heat shock proteins have been implicated in a number of cardiovascular research areas including ischemia, hypertrophy, aging, and atherosclerosis, and this list is growmg. The purpose of this volume is to give an overview of our current understanding of the heat shock proteins in the cardiovascular system, and to summarize the approaches to the study of heat shock proteins in the heart. This volume assembles results from a number of different cardiovascular fields. and provides a comprehensive review of heat shock proteins in the cardiovascular system.

The detection of ischemic myocardium is one of the major problems in modern cardiology. Exercise has long been used to detect latent myocardial ischemia by enhancing oxygen de­ mand, but different cardiologists perform exercise tests in dif­ ferent ways. In addition, many new techniques for detection of ischemia have been developed in the past decade. For these reasons, a symposium on this topic was organized in Dusseldorf under the auspices of the European Society of Cardiology. The papers from this symposium contained herein provide an up-to-date review of the different forms of exercise tests, including their advantages and disadvantages. Indications for study, recording techniques and evaluation of exercise ECG, including computer techniques, are extensively discussed. The results of exercise ECG are compared with those of other me­ thods, especially coronary angiography. Finally, the prognostic value of exercise ECG is assessed. Additional chapters deal with complementary methods for detection of myocardial ischemia, presenting techniques and results of angiographic, isotopic and metabolic studies under exercise. The symposium demonstrates that exercise testing has a primary role in the detection of the disease, but there is still no unanimity on how to carry it out. The results of some new approaches are promising, even if their clinical relevance has not yet been fully established. We hope that this book will be of interest to all our colleagues taking care of cardiac patients. We wish especially to thank Mr. M. Giicker and Mrs. B.

The papers presented in this book were held at the International Sympo­ sium on Myocardial Infarction at Young Age on January 30 and 31, 1981, in Bad Krozingen, FRG. The symposium was sponsored and supported by the European Society of Cardiology and the Pharma Schwarz Co. The scientific committee was composed of H. Denolin (Bruxelles), F. Loogen (Dusseldorf), E. Nussel (Heidelberg), J. Widimsky (Prague), M. Schmuziger (Bad Krozingen), and the editor of this book. To all of these, as well as to my co-workers, many thanks. Bad Krozingen, October 1981 H. ROSKAMM Contents Introduction H. ROSKAMM (With 6 Figures) Session 1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors The Epidemiology of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Age Groups G.LAMM........................ 5 Myocardial Infarction in Young Men in the Heidelberg Register Area E. NUSSEL, L. BUCHHOLZ, and R. SCHEIDT (With 4 Figures) 13 Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults Under 35 Years Old: Risk Factors (Swiss Survey) P. MORET, F. GUTZWILLER, and B. JUNOD (With 1 Figure) 17 Myocardial Infarction Among Men Below Age 40 in Goteborg R. BERGSTRAND, A. VEDIN, C. WILHELMSSON, and L. WILHELMSEN (With 4 Figures)................... 23.. Myocardial Infarction at Young Age: Risk Factors and Natural History G. S. UHL and P. W. FARREL.............. 29.

`In contrast to common practice, we have always tried to include as many discussions held at the meeting in our proceedings as possible, so as to enable readers to properly evaluate each paper presented, as well as to learn of future prospects in this field of research. Although the policy of including discussions occasions a long publication delay, we believe that it is worth repeating in our future publication, as we have met a number of young investigators fascinated by the discussions in our proceedings.... In the concluding remarks in this volume, Dr. Hugh E. Huxley, a principal architect of the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, states that the molecular mechanism of myofilament sliding remains mysterious to all of us. We hope that this volume will stimulate muscle investigators to design and perform novel experiments to clarify the mysteries in muscle contraction.'Haruo Sugi and Gerald H. Pollack, excerpted from the Preface.

Coronary heart disease is one of the major health problems in indus­ trialized nations because of its high incidence and severity. Recent innovations in medical and surgical treatment of coronary heart dis­ ease have increased the importance of accurate diagnostic methods for determining the severity of coronary disease, identifying potential treatment alternatives, and evaluating the results of treatment. Great advances have also been made in basic research on coronary circula­ tion and its interaction with myocardial contraction and relaxation and neural and humoral control. With respect to these developments, the papers included in the present monograph deal with important topics concerned with the basic mechanism of coronary circulation as well as ones of clinical relevance. It is directed toward physicians (cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, cardiac radiologists, anestheologists, and others) and basic scientists (e.g., physiologists, bioengineers). We would like to em­ phasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in which basic scientists and clinicians work closely together. This volume consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 contains macro­ scopic and microscopic descriptions of coronary vascular anatomy, which is closely related to the functions of coronary circulation. In Chap. 2 two methods in current use to evaluate phasic coronary blood velocity waveforms are presented, i.e., the laser Doppler and ultrasound Doppler methods. Chapter 3 describes the mechanical properties of coronary circulation, a knowledge of which is indispens­ able for an understanding of coronary arterial and venous blood flow velocity waveforms in relation to cardiac contraction and relaxation.

This volume contains papers presented at the First International Symposium on Mechanism and Treatment in Essential Hyperten­ sion, which was held on October 23 and 24, 1985 in Nagoya, Japan. The meeting was an official satellite symposium to the meeting of the Fifth International Symposium on Rats with Spon­ taneous Hypertension and Related Studies in Kyoto, October 20-22, 1985. The Nagoya symposium was made possible by offi­ cial grants from the city of Nagoya and Aichi Prefecture and the generous financial support of many companies. The aim of the symposium was to provide a forum for presen­ tation and discussion of recent advances in the area of essential hypertension, particularly with regard to calcium mechanisms in vasoconstriction and vasodilation in arterial vessels and the func­ tion of arterial smooth muscle. The role of calcium ions in the function of arterial smooth muscle has attracted a great deal of attention in the last two decades. The mode of action of calcium ions was revealed at the molecular level. The hypertension model of the spontaneously hypertensive rat has been widely utilized for research into the fundamental mechanisms of genetic hyperten­ sion, stroke, and cardiovascular disease as well as into therapeutic measures. New tools of calcium agonists and antagonists have become available to research into the mechanism, prevention, and treatment of essential hypertension at the molecular, subcellular, and cellular levels of arterial smooth muscle, at the organ level of arterial vessels, as well as at the total systemic level.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty is presently the widest used non-surgi­ cal method for the treatment of stenotic lesions in coronary artery disease. Continuous development of the procedure and equipment has made complex and multi-vessel-inter­ ventions possible and has led to other techniques of intravascular angioplasty. In reviewing current results, this volume pays particular attention to causes, incidence, circumstances, recognition, treatment and outcome of complications of PTCA; it also considers restenosis, which still occurs at an unsatisfactory high rate after primarily successful procedures. To deal with these topics, experts on PTCA met to discuss their experiences and insights into peculiar aspects of complications in PTCA. The discussion was subdivided into: Recognition of complications; Complications in new interventional techniques; Management of complications; and Restenosis after angioplasty. The question of whether angiographic and pathological characteristics of sclerotic lesions allow the identification of complication-prone lesions in advance is discussed in the first chapter. One paper deals with the state of the art of digital cardiac imaging, which enables the operator to have an early knowledge of and adequate reaction to possible complications occurring during angioplasty. Special attention is directed to the so-called'high-risk'-PTCA, detailing the clinical variables, in order to have better knowledge about patients with a higher probability of unsuccessful or complicated procedures.

In addition to standardized casual blood pressure readings, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) - using automatic noninvasive (= indirect) devices for home readings and fully automated monitors for 24-h profiles - have become a widely used necessary tool in clinical research. This book summarizes the state of the art in the whole field of indirect blood pressure monitoring. It is based on two international meetings and on invited papers. We have divided the subject matter into two main areas: 1) Automatic blood pressure devices for discontinuous registration, and 2) Portable, fully automated programmable monitors for continuous monitoring. The availability of all new technologies is described in detail and current technical and physiological problems have been covered in depth. Both topics have been subdivided into a) Methods and Techniques, and b) Clinical Applications. Both parts are updated and have critically evaluated available automatic sphygmomanometers and portable computers equipped with different techni­ ques (e. g., auscultation, oscillometry, plethysmography). Reliability in the intensiv Care unit as well as in outpatients management, common clinical problems, clinical relevance compared to casual blood pressure are described in the first part. In the second part, ten years of experience on fully automated noninvasive methodology - compared to intraarterial techniques - have been elaborated by international experts; the possibilities and limitations are clearly demonstrated. Analyses in different clinical fields in the diagnosis of primary and secondary hypertension are given. Different statistical analyses of blood pressure variability and circadian rhythms are discussed.

The International Hypoxia Symposium convenes biannually to bring together international experts from many fields to explore the state of the art in normal and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia. Representatives from five continents and 32 countries joined together in February 2003 for four days in the dramatic mountains of Banff, Alberta. As editors of the Proceedings of the International Hypoxia Symposia, we strive to maintain a 26 six year tradition of presenting a stimulating blend of clinical and basic science papers focused on hypoxia. Topics covered in 2003 include hibernation and hypoxia, hypoxia and fetal development and new advances in high altitude pathophysiology, oxidative stress and membrane damage, hypoxic regulation of blood flow, heat shock proteins in hypoxia, and future directions in hypoxia research. In 2003 we also had the privilege ofhonoring John W. Severinghaus as a friend, colleague, mentor and inspiration to many in the field. Tom Hornbein's personal tribute to John Severinghaus is the first chapter in this volume, followed by an entertaining update of the history of the discovery of oxygen written by John Severinghaus.

Mechanisms of Heart Failure is based on papers selected from poster presentations made at the International Conference on Heart Failure, Winnipeg, May 20-23, 1994. Although the entire book is one continuous discussion of subcellular mechanisms of heart failure and its treatment, the presentation has been divided into three sections: the opening section on the subcellular basis of heart failure includes discussions of cytokines, signal transduction, metabolism, extracellular matrix, organ level changes and newer approaches to understanding the pathogenesis of heart failure. The second section focuses on the pathophysiological aspects of cardiomyopathies and their treatment. In the final section, medical, surgical and pharmacological approaches to the treatment of heart failure are discussed in clinical and animal laboratory settings.

An opening address should ask the right questions, which we expect to answer during the coming years. A good opening address should formu­ late hypotheses for falsification during the conference or in the near fu­ ture. Mter Dr. Groen's excellent lecture yesterday, I feel better about my task, because I feel I am not alone in asking the ten questions in my ab­ stract. It is an honor for me to give this short paper largely based on my expe­ riences during 15 years as medical director of a rehabilitation center in Ba­ varia, as a teacher at two medical schools in Munich and Innsbruck, and as an old-fashioned holistic cardiologist. However, it also is a difficult task for me because the subject of this conference concerning biobehavioral factors in coronary heart disease is controversial, not only in the medical society, but in my own mind as well. When I organized one of the first conferences on stress and coronary heart disease in West Germany in 1976, followed by conferences in 1979 and 1980, the semantic problems between physicians and psychologists were very significant. However, communication has improved in this area during the last decade. The most encouraging event in this field was a sym­ posium in May 1984 in Rotenburg/Fulda on the topic'Return to Work af­ ter Bypass Surgery', organized by a cardiac surgeon, Dr. Walter.

Current evidence suggests that the ischemic preconditioning response is a multi-factorial process consisting of an initial early trigger, an intermediate mediator, and an end effector. Each of these steps in is now its own intense area of investigation. The need to render the heart ischemic for a brief period to invoke the preconditioning response is currently the major factor limiting clinical application of this powerful cardioprotective strategy. Recent research efforts have utilized brief exposures to pharmacological agents, in lieu of a brief preconditioning ischemia, to trigger/mimic the ischemic preconditioning-induced response. The World Heart Congress held in Winnipeg in July 2001 provided a forum for the presentation of new insights into the basic mechanisms of ischemia and reperfusion injury, as well as novel strategies to protect the heart from cell death, ventricular arrhythmias, and contractile dysfunction. Many pioneers in the fields of ischemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning-induced protection presented there and the chapters in this book represent selected papers from these symposia.

Physiologists have long been interested in the interaction, or coupling, between the heart and the vasculature. The early literature consists mainly of phenomenological descriptions of cardiac alterations resulting from specific interventions in the vasculature. Hundreds of studies, for example, describe functional aspects of hypertrophied myocardium associated with the excessive vascular loading produced by various types of experimental hypertension. Recently, the concepts of ventricular/vascular interaction have found important clinical application. The widespread use of vaso­ dilators and of intraaortic counterpUlsation balloons for unloading an ov­ erburdened, diseased heart is a prime example. Despite the interest in this field, until as recently as 20 years ago we were not able to describe ventricular or vascular function in a framework suitable for quantitatively expressing the interaction between these two complex systems. Three major developments-description of ventricular function in terms of both the time-varying elastance and the pump function graph and quantification of vascular function in terms of impedance­ have changed this. These functional descriptions now enable systems en­ gineers, bioengineers, physiologists, and clinicians to address very specific quantitative aspects of ventricular/vascular interaction and have resulted in a flurry of papers and symposia devoted to this subject.

This is the first book on Einthoven in the English language; two earlier extensive reviews of his life and work were published in Dutch by his former co­ workers Hoogerwerf and de Waart, in 1946 and 1957 respectively; the latter provides a brief summary in English; the former also wrote a succinct article on 73 Einthoven in English. 74 Hoogerwerf's review mentioned above was published as a chapter in'Helden der Wetenschap'i. e.'Heroes of Science,'a book on Dutch Nobel Prize winners which has a somewhat romantic character corresponding 108 with the title. On the other hand, de Waart's book gives more scientific and technical details, and provides full reference to Einthoven's papers, his assistants and the doctoral theses written under Einthoven's guidance. On the whole there­ fore the latter is the best source of information and I have used it often and gratefully. At the same time it requires more effort to read; the other book may have had a wider reading public. The main reason however for which I decided to write a book on Eintho­ ven and was encouraged to do so by the Einthoven Foundation, is not the want of an English text, but the fact that more information has become available in the meantime.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart, FIMH 2009, held in Nice, France in June 2009. The 54 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The contributions cover topics such as cardiac imaging and electrophysiology, cardiac architecture imaging and analysis, cardiac imaging, cardiac electrophysiology, cardiac motion estimation, cardiac mechanics, cardiac image analysis, cardiac biophysical simulation, cardiac research platforms, and cardiac anatomical and functional imaging.

'World-wide there are increasing numbers of patients suffering with coronary artery disease. The range of treatments available for this group of patients includes the latest developments in interventional cardiology, a rapidly expanding field which is overtaking more traditional approaches. Stents, percutaneous coronary intervention, new developments in cardiac imaging, are among the topics discussed, alongside drug eluting stents and other pharmacological issues. The Year in Interventional Cardiology presents the latest developments in the field through the medium of review of the most significant papers published in the previous twelve months'peer-reviewed journals. Every physician concerned with heart disease will find this a very useful overview.'

The?rst international conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the 1 Heart (FIMH) was held in Helsinki, Finland, in November 2001, thanks to the strongscienti?ccollaborationbetweenFranceandFinland. Thiseventwasa?rst attempt to federate the heart imaging community and to encourage collabo- tion between scientists in signal and image processing, applied mathematics and physics, biomedical engineering and computer science, and experts in card- logy, radiology, biology, and physiology, in Europe and beyond. The conference has encountered considerable success. The outstanding research works pres- ted have demonstrated a very active research?eld with complex modeling and image analysis problems to be solved. One of the outcomes was the special issue of the Medical Image Analysis journal based on a selection of the conference's best papers, to appear in the second half of 2003. The FIMH 2001 meeting was the starting point of a discussion for federating the European research e?ort in cardiac imaging, heart modeling, and cardiac image analysis. It was very successful, and a large coalition was created around 2 the e-Heart proposal for a Network of Excellence in the European Sixth Fra- work Program. The e-Heart network has already gathered about 200 researchers from 100 institutes. A project proposal has been submitted to the European Union. It was decided in the?rst meeting to organize a regular biennial conference.

The book delves into the development and therapeutic potential of Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It explores their mechanism of action, cardiovascular benefits, and role in primary and secondary protection from renal and cardiovascular diseases. The book also highlights their emerging opportunities in the management of myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure. It provides a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical information on the cardiovascular advantages of SGLT2 inhibitors. Additionally, the book explores selective drugs and their effects on cardiovascular events, mortality, and safety outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and individuals interested in the field of SGLT2 inhibitors and their impact on diabetes and cardiovascular health.

This book describes the always-challenging echocardiographic evaluation of patients with a pacemaker, defibrillator or resynchronization device. With no defined set of guidelines to orient clinicians about the appropriate evaluation of patients with implanted devices, this book describes the management and evaluation of patients with often highly complex clinical profiles. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patients with Implanted Devices reviews chamber quantification, systolic and diastolic function evaluation, analysis of wall motion abnormalities, description and review of mitral apparatus and mitral regurgitation, tricuspid apparatus and tricuspid regurgitation, and the evaluation of echocardiographic parameters after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Also included are extensive sections on the complications of the process and how to identify these at the earliest stage. It is a critical resource for cardiologists, sonographers and interventional cardiologists, and all involved in the management of these patients.

This book serves as a clinical guide for the growing number of Advanced Practice Clinicians (APC) who care for stroke patients. It covers the entire spectrum of stroke care: acute, inpatient, and outpatient, as well as fundamental topics like neuroanatomy and radiology. Each chapter succinctly reviews crucial topics designed to guide APCs of any experience level with clinical decision-making. To further enrich the text, we incorporated guidelines, relevant trial data written in plain language, decision-making algorithms, clinical pearls, and case vignettes. Since this is a book for APCs, each chapter is written in a clear, clinically focused manner by an experienced APC with a collaborating physician. We hope this is a helpful resource not only for APCs in neurology but also for those practicing in other specialties, primary care, and students learning about stroke care.

This book provides a practical, easy to understand approach to the clinical practice of cardiac CT imaging. Written by international leaders in the field with many years of experience in education and practice, the book provides the necessary background to understand all aspects of cardiac CT imaging paired with practical instructions to acquire CT images, optimize image for interpretation, and to appropriately interpret scans. An emphasis is placed on concise text, abundance of tables and illustrations, and easily searchable information. The book builds on years of experience in educating and instructing physicians on all aspects of cardiac CT imaging. The book includes chapters on latest and evolving technologies and envisions a link to online applications for enhanced, readily available instruction. This book offers valuable assistance to medical practitioners and trainees on how to safely acquire and interpret cardiac CT images for a wide spectrum of indications, including coronary heart disease, cardiac rhythm disorders, structural heart disease, interventional cardiology, and valvular heart disease.

EKG texts currently on the market present EKGs as patterns for rote memorization. This book alternatively presents a uniquely conceptual approach to the interpretation of electrocardiograms. This book contains over 140 exemplary instructive EKGs with an additional 40 self-assessment EKGs. Chapters start with an historical introduction on the nature of EKGs followed by text and illustrations regarding the conceptualization of EKG forces. Further chapters cover specific EKG abnormalities. Included are chapters covering changes which accrue from intraventricular conduction abnormalities, chamber enlargement, ischemic heart disease, COPD, pulmonary embolus, electrolyte abnormalities, basic dysrhythmias and various artifacts. The book is purposefully written to enable utilization of the superior approach of conceptual analysis of electrocardiographic forces as opposed to rote memorization of patterns. Conceptual Electrocardiography is a must-have learning resource for medical students, residents, nurse PAs, critical care and ER physicians, and cardiology fellows and attendings.

​The second edition of this book explores different aspects of the relationship between hypertension and brain damage, providing readers with up-to-date information that will be of interest to clinicians and researchers alike. In recent years, numerous studies have been published that have added new evidence on different aspects of the disease. New recommendations and the latest hypertension guidelines on stroke and dementia will be described in this edition, which will include not only updated content but also new chapters on aspects that have recently emerged in relation to hypertension and brain damage. After an introductory chapter on the epidemiology and burden of neurological disease induced by hypertension, the significance of various comorbidities that represent risk factors for brain damage in the context of hypertension is discussed. The effects of hypertension on small and large cerebral arteries and the consequences on brain damage are then examined in detail. Similarly, the association between hypertension and ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack and haemorrhagic stroke is explored in depth, and the evidence and guidelines for reducing hypertension during the acute phase of each form of stroke are summarised. Both primary and secondary prevention of stroke are addressed, with the results of major studies presented. The reader will also find interesting new perspectives on the role of different imaging techniques, including CT and functional MRI, in detecting and diagnosing brain damage in patients with hypertension. The concluding chapters examine the relationship between hypertension and cognitive decline and dementia associated with hypertension, its pathophysiology, the detection of cognitive impairment in daily practice, and its prevention and treatment.

This book provides younger radiologists with a practical guide to aortic imaging, from acquisition to reporting. It discusses the pros and cons of the different available techniques and offers tips for the optimization of acquisition protocols and it covers the most frequent aortic pathologies, from a diagnostic and interventional point of view. Report building is discussed starting from standardized terminology; for each pathology, the book lists, in a simple and schematic way, the key points that must be included in the report of a cross-sectional study. Checklists used by clinicians and radiologists in routine practice are also included, and iconography is enriched by numerous stand-alone images. The Authors have long-standing experience in cardiovascular imaging and interventional procedures and with this publication they are providing a useful guide in everyday clinical practice.