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First FRCR Anatomy: Mock Papers offers up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of practice cases for trainees preparing for the First FRCR Anatomy exam. Fifteen complete mock papers are presented in exactly the same structure as the First FRCR Anatomy exam, enabling trainees to practice and improve exam technique. Featuring a wealth of practice cases covering all the key topics, this book is an essential revision tool to maximise chances of exam success. 300 high-quality images reflect the full breadth of topics encountered in the exam. 15 mock papers cover the full range of imaging modalities. Answers feature concise explanations to consolidate knowledge. Illustrations in the answers help to simplify complex anatomy and improve understanding. Use this text as a start to your radiological career and continue to study normal radiological anatomy: it is fundamental to the understanding of pathology and to the expertise you bring to patients'diagnosis and treatment.

In this lucid, readable book Trisha Greenhalgh provides the basics of evidence based medicine: how to find a medical research paper, assess it for its scientific validity, and where relevant, put the findings into practice. Written for anyone, medically qualified or not, who wishes to understand and apply evidence based medicine, How to Read a Paper makes seemingly obscure concepts clear and relevant, using practical examples and considering all the main types of research paper. This book is a comprehensive introduction to the usefulness and potential applications of evidence based medicine in the clinical setting.

Heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes can be described as non-communicable diseases and are now some of the leading causes of mortality around the world. These diseases result in huge burdens not only for the families involved, but also for society. In this book you will find information and discussion on cervical cancer screening, oral health status, intention to quit smoking, biological and behavioural NCD risk factors, yoga practice, low physical activity, dental service utilisation, dyslipidaemia, sedentary behaviour, soft drink consumption, non-work participation, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, and undiagnosed, diagnosed and total hypertension in ten countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Ecuador, Eswatini, India, Jordan, Myanmar, and Tonga. It is hoped that findings from these papers may aid public policy and programmes for the prevention and control of non-communicable disease risk factors in lower income countries.

Sports and exercise have been intensely advocated as protective lifestyle measures which prevent or reduce the risk of severe health issues, including cardiovascular disease. More extreme forms of sports (for instance at high altitudes) have been identified as an important way of promoting cardiovascular adaptation, but have also been associated with adverse effects and even major cardiovascular events in predisposed individuals. Participating in more commonplace sports and exercise, such as football, may also increase a person's risk of cardiac events. This publication is timely in the light of a burgeoning number of clinical papers in the field. The ESC Textbook of Sports Cardiology provides an overview of the detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease in elite athletes and young sports professionals in training, as well as prevention. It will be useful for clinical cardiologists, sports physicians, and general physicians alike. Split into 11 key areas in sports cardiology, ranging from sudden cardiac death in athletes to the most common cardiovascular abnormalities seen in athletes, and to the effects of substance abuse and doping, the text is an invaluable resource covering all aspects of sports cardiology. Access to the digital version of the textbook is included with purchase of the printed version. Highly illustrated with embedded multimedia features, together with cross-referenced links to related content and primary research data in major journals in the field, the digital version provides users with a dynamic and forward-thinking resource. The ESC Textbook of Sports Cardiology is the second textbook from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and aligns with ESC clinical practice guidelines and EAPC recommendations and position papers.

This book gathers selected peer-reviewed papers presented at the Second International Conference on Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine (ICIDN), held in Kathmandu, Nepal on December 15–18, 2015. It also includes invited papers from the leading experts in the related fields. The book highlights the importance of “Interdisciplinary Collaborative Research for Innovation in the Biomedical Sciences,” the motto of the ICIDN conference. In particular, it addresses interdisciplinary scientific approaches for systematic understanding of the biology of major human infectious diseases and their treatment regimes by applying the tools and techniques of nanotechnology. It also provides cutting-edge information on infectious diseases and nanomedicine, focusing on various aspects of emerging infectious diseases: cellular and molecular microbiology; epidemiology and infectious disease surveillance; antimicrobials, vaccines and alternatives; drug design, drug delivery and tissue engineering; nanomaterials and biomedical materials.

In most countries, primary prevention programmes against the HIV / AIDS epidemic have been implemented. Broadly speaking, three levels of intervention can be identified: - national campaigns directed to the general population; most of them are multi phase campaigns aimed at providing information about HIV transmission and protective behaviour; they use the various mass media channels and are mainly directed to sexual behaviour modifi­ cation; - community-based interventions, addressed to specific target popula­ tions; these populations have been typically selected according to both the high risk of infection (gay men and prostitutes) and the difficulty to reach the members of these communities (intravenous drug users); - individual testing and counselling, often supported by public funds or large non-governmental organizations. Major efforts have been devoted to the development and the implemen­ tation of these preventive programmes, both in terms of human re­ sources and financial support. On the other hand, in most countries, far less energy has been put into the evaluation of these campaigns. This gap is not explained by the fact that evaluation of AIDS/HIV cam­ paigns is a totally new challenge in terms of methodology: there are classical methods, developed over twenty years and used in other fields of prevention.

The purpose of this eBook is to overcome a key barrier for the dissemination of psychological interventions into practice, by supporting the public accessibility of evidence-based treatment manuals and implementation guides for comorbid mental and substance use disorders. Our intentions are twofold. First, to facilitate further research and replication of comorbidity treatment models internationally, thereby growing and strengthening the field and improving what we'know'. Second, to enable clinicians across primary, secondary, and tertiary services to implement high quality, theoretically grounded, and empirically-supported psychosocial treatments with people experiencing mental and substance use disorders, thereby improving what we'do'. This eBook brings together a collection of papers that describe the treatment procedures for comorbid presentations encountered in diverse clinical settings. The diversity of treatment approaches described reflects the very nature of comorbidity: where the combination of heterogenous diagnostic, demographic and contextual features can complicate treatment. Furthermore, these papers acknowledge and address the unique challenges of working in outpatient, inpatient and custodial settings.

Join'Mr. Aluminum,'a scientist who has made the study of aluminum his life's work, on a journey of discovery, reflection, and the science of aluminum. Professor Christopher Exley is a firm believer that science is only useful when it is properly communicated. Scientific papers are difficult vehicles for the wider communication of science and thus he has always endeavored to tell the story of his scientific research as widely as possible through myriad blogs, presentations, and interviews. Through a series of easy-reading entries written for non-scientists, Exley will educate readers about his lifelong scientific passion: aluminum. In scientific circles, aluminum—in relation to human health specifically—has gone the way of the dinosaurs (though, unlike dinosaurs, there has not yet been a popular revival!). Yet aluminum is also the greatest untold story of science. But why do we all need to know a little bit more about aluminum? Do we need a self-help guide for living in what Exley has coined'The Aluminum Age'? What is it about aluminum that makes it different? What about iron, copper, or any of the so-called'heavy metals,'like mercury, cadmium, or lead? Why must we pay particular attention to aluminum? Because its bio-geochemistry, its natural history, raises two red flags immediately and simultaneously. These two danger signals are easily missed by all of us and easily dismissed by those whose interests are conflicted by aluminum's omnipresence in human life and consequently, are purposely blind to its danger signals. First, aluminum, in all of its myriad forms, is super abundant; it is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon) of the Earth's crust. Second, aluminum is super reactive; it is both chemically and biologically reactive. However, these two red flags identify a paradox, as the abundant and biologically reactive aluminum has no biological function either in any organism today nor in any extinct biota from the evolutionary past. This means in practical terms that when we encounter aluminum in our everyday lives, our bodies only see aluminum as an impostor, something foreign, and something for which we have not been prepared through biochemical evolution. This in turn means that all of our encounters with aluminium are adventitious, random, and chaotic. And potentially dangerous. Imagine You Are An Aluminum Atom: Discussions With'Mr. Aluminum'examines the science of aluminum and human health and makes them understandable to all. Within the science you will find personal recollections of events, as well as opinions and reflections upon how the politics of aluminum have influenced and interfered with doing and reporting the science. It is at once both a personal recollection of Exley's life in aluminum research and a guide on the dangers of the constant exposure to aluminum we as humans face during this'Aluminum Age.'It will inform, it will provide the means to question the science, and it will, if the reader is prepared to participate, answer those frequently asked questions on aluminum and human health.

Adventure Therapy around the Globe is an important, peer-reviewed collection of papers pulled from the from the 5th and 6th International Adventure Therapy Conference proceedings. These papers present international perspectives and diverse approaches to adventure therapy theory, practice and research. Adventure therapy program models and interventions from around the world are presented here to help adventure therapy practitioners develop new ideas and approaches for helping participants find healing and enhance wellbeing in the natural world.

This volume represents the results of the Sixteenth International Conference for Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, entitled “Neuroscience, Logic and Mental Development”.This edited collection brings together selected plenary and keynote papers from the conference, and represents a major contribution to an interdisciplinary dialogue in mental health through the use of new philosophical tools, emerging from neuroscience, clinical psychology, phenomenology and epistemology.The papers gathered in this volume are divided into four parts, depending on their disciplinary paradigm. The papers included in Part I are focused on advances in neuroscience and neuroimaging as theoretical underpinnings for progress in psychiatric and psychological explanations. Special attention is paid here to the critical reappraisal of current approaches to the implementation of neuroscience in mental health. Some of these papers end with suggestions for modifications to contemporary research programs. The papers belonging to Part II contribute to the psychological understanding of mental disorders, particularly personality disorders. Parts III and IV trace the implications of phenomenology and epistemology for the improvement of an interdisciplinary pluralogue in psychiatry.

'Institutional changes required to achieve the MDG target on sanitation: survey and experiences from the Asia-Pacific region'--T.p. verso.

Since pain management became a specialty in its own right and following the tremendous breakthroughs made by several pioneer researchers, we have seen major developments in the field and a growing international interest represented at the many national conferences and the World Pain Congress and European Congress. But there is still much to do, as there are still groups under-represented in the research such as children, older adults and people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Also, we do not have all the answers, and pain is an area where traditional medicine may well be complemented by the field of complementary and alternative therapies. In this book, we have gathered recent papers related to many aspects of pain and pain management and it is our hope that you will all benefit from the wisdom in the many research papers.

This book addresses why and how the aging process is accelerated under diabetes, providing valuable and comprehensive information for the management of various types of diabetes- and aging-related disorders. Since several papers have shown that average life span and healthy life expectancy are reduced in diabetic patients, especially in those with a long history of disease, the early detection and treatment of diabetes-related complications are urgently needed in order to slow the aging process and help people successfully live with diabetes.Each chapter of this book addresses a specific diabetes and aging-related complication. The topics covered include not only diabetic vascular complications, the leading causes of morbidities and high mortality rates in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, but also other aging-related complications such as Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, periodontitis and cancer growth and metastasis. Experts on each topic discuss the background of the aging process and methods for coping with diabetes-related complications.The book as a whole, as well as the individual chapters, offer a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the fields of diabetic studies, gerontology, and aging science.

This book introduces readers to the concept of'frugal innovation'and describes novel low-cost technologies that aid in diagnosing infectious diseases. Rapidly deployable, portable, and affordable diagnostic tools have the potential to tremendously benefit populations in resource-limited settings and improve global health outcomes. Specifically, the book includes the following features:Cutting-Edge Research: Thorough coverage of scientific advances related to frugal bioengineering that have been developed within the last few years. A few examples of technologies covered in detail include low-cost paper-based and CD-based microfluidic diagnostic systems. Industry and Non-Profit Voices: Chapters written by scientists currently working in industry and philanthropic sectors.

Private Health Sector Assessment in Ghana is part of the World Bank Working Paper series. These papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's ongoing research and to stimulate public discussion. The private health sector in Ghana is a large and important sector in the market for health-related goods and services. However, little has been documented concerning the size and configuration of private providers and their contribution to health sector outcomes. With better information about the size, scope, distribution, and constraints of private actors, Ghana's public policy makers could engage more effectively with the private sector. The scope of the Ghana study involved assessing the role of its private sector in the overall health system; considering the potential of the private sector to play a greater role; and identifying ways to improve the public-private interface to increase equity, access, and efficiency in the health system.

THIS BOOK collects together papers given at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco (Lucca), Italy, from the 9th to the 15th April, 1989. It sets out to present the current state of understanding of the principles governing the way fluxes and concentrations are maintained and controlled in metabolic systems. Although this is a topic that has held the interest of biochemists for many years, it is only quite recently that the methods of analysing the kinetics of multi-enzyme pathways developed over the past two decades have come to be widely discussed or applied experimentally. Many biochemists remain sceptical that the new methods offer a real advance (except in complexity) over the landmark discoveries of the 1950s and 1960s relating to inhibition of enzymes at branch-points by the end products of metabolic pathways, and the interpretation of allosteric effects and cooperativity. Even those who have become convinced that the classical ideas provide only the starting point for understanding metabolic control have been by no means unanimous in their assess­ ment of the direction in which one should advance. In this book we have tried to include all of the current points of view, including the view that the classical theories tell us all that we need to know. We have not seen it as our role as editors to paper over the cracks that exist and to pretend that we can speak to the world with one voice.

This volume represents a collection of pioneering papers introducing immunochemical techniques to the aquatic sciences. It is the product of a workshop entitled'Immunochemical Approaches to Coastal, Estuarine and Oceanographic Questions'held at the University of Southern Maine, Portland, Oct. 5-7, 1986. Funding from many sources made this workshop possible, and is gratefully acknowledged. The reader will note great variability in both the quality and scope of the papers which we have divided'into four sections: I. Background material on the immune system (borrowed from a recent NIH publication) II. Background material related to aquatic sciences III. Techniques IV. Applications Readers familiar with terminology are directed to start with the original contributions related to aquatic sciences, page 21. Some of the contributions are abstracts only. Others are preliminary, for which we are grateful to the authors for their willingness to share recent sometimes tentative findings with a broader community. Some offer novel and tempting insights, but as they exist, lack adequate standards and controls. Others are thorough and represent major scientific contributions. The promise rests in generating and working with reagents of great specificity enabling orders of magnitude improvements in the sensitivity of our measurements. Authors also address the problems and limitations. We thank the numerous authors and reviewers. In support of every successful endeavor is someone of unusual savvy. For us, this has been David A. Phinney. His leadership, wisdom and wit have been important to the introduction of flow cytometry/sorting and immunochemistry into aquatic research.

Scientists from 24 countries who participated in the ~ Symposium on Candida and Candidamycosis, 24-28 April 1989, Antalya, Turkey, have made important contributions to a better understanding of Candida and its infections - by their presence, presentations and discussions in the meeting. The Turkish Microbiological Society, organizing the Symposium in the name of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS), thanks all participants for realising this important meeting on such an important subject. In this book the full manuscripts of invited and free papers of the meeting are presented. The Editors extend their sincere thanks to all contributors of papers; to FEMS for encouraging and undertaking the arrangements for publication; to Ege University Publishing House for printing; to Plenum Publishing Company for publishing; and to all colleagues and friends who with their help contributed to this book. The Editors wish that this volume would contribute to a better understanding of Candida and its infections by colleagues working and/or interested in mycology and mycotic diseases.

Published by Peter Lang in 2007, The Impact of Hospitals 300-2000 (ed. Henderson, Horden and Pastore) comprised a selection of the papers delivered at two conferences (in 1999 and 2001) that were organised by the International Network for the History of Hospitals (INHH). The present volume, based on the Network's 2009 Barcelona conference, offers a new, wide-ranging collection of papers on the theme of ‘Hospitals and Communities'. It discusses a select group of hospitals and communities, including those based in Europe and the Americas, from three main perspectives: isolation and disease, communities and the poor, and war and hospitals. The subject of community has been researched extensively by sociologists and anthropologists, less so by historians. The 2009 conference challenged participants to consider the idea of community in relationship to the hospital and, particularly, to reflect on how historians should approach the wide range of communities that continue to be shaped by the work of these institutions. Collectively, the case studies in this volume demonstrate that navigation of the history of hospitals requires an understanding of the societies in which these institutions operated. In other words, hospital histories are not just stories about medical institutions; they offer considerable insight into the communities in which they were situated and with which they intersected.

'Frontiers In Thyroidology'assembles the prize lectures, symposia, and papers presented during the Ninth International Thyroid Congress in Sao Paulo, Brazil in September, 1985. This book represents the State-of­ the-Art in thyroid studies with its continuous expansion into the areas of immunology, molecular biology, clinical and environmental medicine. As its name also indicates, the material compiled in this volume defines important questions to be answered in basic and applied aspects of the thyroid. So, this book clearly demonstrates the rewards, excitement, and challenges posed by the thyroid gland. Once again, the thyroid gland, through its unique and important functions and implications in health and disease, has been able to congregate scientists throughout the world to communicate their findings, to share their expertise and experiences, and to strengthen their bonds of friendship and commitment to make a better world through their work. This publication consists of 309 papers in 19 different topics. The prize lectures and symposia review and update our knowledge in basic and clinical aspects of exceptional interest in the thyroid field.'Frontiers in Thyroidology'adds to a series of publications from previous interna­ tional thyroid meetings which includes:'Advances in Thyroid Research', London, 1960;'Current Topics in Thyroid Research', Rome, 1965;'Further Advances in Thyroid Research', Vienna, 1970;'Thyroid Research', Boston, 1975, and'Thyroid Research VIII', Sydney, 1980. We would like to express our gratitude to Mrs. P. Langford and Drs.

This book is concerned with the interdisciplinary studies applying computer technologies to the theory and practice of art therapy. The contents consist of the author's sixteen papers published, twelve patents in Korea, Japan, and the U.S.A., and other relevant materials, all organized in a logical sequence. This book is intended for art therapy courses at upper undergraduate and graduate levels. No prior computer knowledge is assumed. Interpretation of drawings no longer needs to be done manually by the therapists themselves because, as this book argues, computerized systems can perform the steps of evaluation and interpretation. The difficult concept of computer science is explained in a simple and concrete way with illustrations, sample drawings, and case studies. This book explains sta­tistical methods, various functions of a computer, technologies in digital image processing, computer algorithms, methodologies in expert systems, and the Bayesian network. All these elements can be used to improve the practice and theory in the evaluation of art and the interpretation of art. Readers do not need to worry about unfamiliar terms such as digital image, algorithm, expert system, and Bayesian network which appear here. Neither should they be concerned about pixel, cluster, edge, blurring, convex hull, regression, etc., the terms which appear later in the book. These terms will be explained with illustrations and drawings for easy understanding. Computational Art Therapy will not only promote the use of various art therapy tools but also provide a foundation for new methodologies through which art therapy researchers can develop their own methodologies to improve the practice and theory of art therapy. It will be of special interest to those studying art therapy, psychology, psychiatry, art, computer science and applied statistics.

Virtual reality and human interaction with it is a complex topic, and certainly not one which will be mastered overnight; but across the world, there is excellent research being carried out for all of these important domains. As humanity extends its understanding of the interplay with these system components, developers will be well-positioned to design better and more effective virtual reality interventions and come closer to realising the full potential of virtual reality for health and well-being. In this book, the authors present a number of short papers from research groups around the world working in this important and complex field. The chapters explore a range of issues, suggesting routes forward and offering insights into both the potential and the challenges of this rapidly maturing technology.

This book intends to increase general knowledge about two of the most studied and prevalent emotions in everyday life: anger and anxiety. Despite being a major aim of many research studies and theoretical perspectives, there are still many controversies and issues that remain unsolved. Therefore, this book includes a collection of chapters that provide a further advance not only on the theoretical issues related to anger and anxiety, but also includes recent empirical findings in different applied contexts (e.g., military, sports, etc.). The chapters are distributed between two major sections: a) Theoretical and conceptual approaches; and b) research and implications. About twenty-four authors and co-authors with diverse scientific backgrounds and from ten different countries have tried to expand our knowledge on anger and anxiety, through ten conceptual and empirical papers, including laboratorial and applied field studies, with such diverse populations such as children, adolescents and adults. Overall, within an integrative perspective, these studies highlight (among other issues) the importance of considering the many self-regulation processes (e.g., coping, emotion regulation, self-control, etc.) associated with these emotions as well as their consequences and effects on health outcomes, interpersonal relationships and general psychological functioning. The editors believe this book will be an important contribution to the future theory and research of anxiety and anger by promoting other reviews and studies toward a better comprehension of how individuals deal with these emotions across several life and applied domains. Hopefully, this book will also fuel further investigations that combine both of these emotions, which often seem to arise simultaneously. Ultimately, the main aim of this book is to provide important guidelines and cues for interventions directed at helping individuals dealing and managing their anxiety and anger, contributing to their overall well-being, psychological functioning and general adaptation to everyday complex demands.

Salmonella infections of man and animals continue to be a distressing health problem worldwide. Far from disappearing, the incidence of typhoid fever in developing countries may be far higher than we had imagined. Salmonella food poisoning has increased to one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in the developed world, in itself also an indication that animal salmonellosis is still a major cause for concern. The situation requires a concerted multidisciplinary research effort in order to generate the new information and technology needed to assist in the control of these diseases. This concept was the driving force behind the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on'Biology of Salmonella'held at Portorosa, Messina, Italy, May 11-15, 1992. With additional support from the University of Messina, Medeva Group Research (UK) and the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, the meeting brought together epidemiologists, microbiologists, molecular biologists, immunologists and clinicians. All the participants were actively working on different but related aspects of Salmonella and salmonellosis, with most of the leading laboratories worldwide being represented. The workshop provided an excellent opportunity for interdisciplinary consultation; it is not often that the topic of Salmonella and salmonellosis is covered to such breadth and depth in one extended meeting. Keynote addresses by invited speakers were interspersed with offered papers, many by younger members of the scientific community, and this volume presents the collated manuscripts of the lectures and extended summaries of the offered papers.

The World Health Organization estimates that at least five million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Of these about 100,000 are in Asia and Oceania, 500,000 in Europe, 2 million in the Americas and 2.5 million in Africa (Mann, 1989). The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by a derangement in cell-mediated immunity leading to opportunistic infections with for example Mycobacterium spp., Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium. The third symposium on'Topics in Mycology'brought together 265 experts from 32 countries to discuss the epidemiology, immmunological and pathogenetic aspects of AIDS and its opportunistic infections in general and fungal infections in particular. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is by far the commonest opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. The nature and classification of P. carinii is still controversial. In search for its true taxonomic affinities an introductory paper formulates a number of key questions. Candidosis is another frequent opportunistic infection. A number of papers discuss the possibility that selective pressures may operate on Candida albicans within the AIDS population and influence its nature: this might have an impact on prophylaxis and curative and/or suppressive therapy.

This volume explores some of the global challenges and possible solutions for transcultural health and social care, and includes a selection of papers that were presented at the 2nd European Transcultural Nursing Association International Conference, in June 2011. This collection explores some of the challenges and possible solutions from the perspectives of various countries regarding promoting transcultural health and social care, including Ireland, Turkey, Strasbourg, the Philippines, the Netherlands, Sweden and Australia. As outlined in the papers included, the provision of transculturally competent care is challenging and requires knowledgeable, skilled and culturally sensitive health and social care professionals. The delivery of culturally competent care requires a commitment from health and social care services, professionals working within these services, and institutes of education responsible for educating healthcare professionals to understand and be responsive to the needs of culturally diverse patients. Learned behaviour and deeply rooted values must be challenged to address unwitting prejudices and stereotyping. Attention should focus on creating an environment of trust where critical reflection occurs, blame is avoided, risk managed and new ideas developed, tested and evaluated.

Over half the deaths from disease in the world are now due to just four chronic conditions – diabetes, lung diseases, some cancers and heart disease. Health and education are inextricably linked. Developing and delivering effective, scalable and sustainable education programs which lead to real behavioral change would influence some of the common risk factors for these diseases, such as smoking, poor diet and lack of physical activity. This book contains selected papers from the St. Jude Cure4Kids Global Summit, held in June, 2011 at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. The aim of this three-day conference was to improve health and science education in classrooms and communities around the world. Leading educators, innovators and pioneers in the field of public health came together in a multidisciplinary forum to explore examples of successful education programs, analyze the challenges in designing effective, scalable and cost-efficient public health education programs and identify strategies, methodologies and incentives for developing future programs capable of yielding large-scale improvements in health outcomes for diverse communities. The papers presented here provide a foundation in the key topics necessary to create future innovative health promotion programs, and will be of interest to all those whose work involves improving health outcomes by means of better and more effective health education.

Ce volume est issu des conférences données dans le cadre du Séminaire d'études taiwanaises de l'Université catholique de Louvain en février 2015 sur la politique étrangère de Taiwan dans le domaine de la santé par Vincent Rollet, professeur à l'Université Wenzao à Taiwan et chercheur associé au Centre d'Etudes Français sur la Chine contemporaine (CEFC).

Health information technology is providing patients, clinicians, and researchers with access to data that will enable novel approaches to science and medicine. Digital health records (DHRs) are capable of being shared across different health care settings for the examination of possible trends and long-term changes in a patient's disease progression or status as well as the effectiveness of the health care delivery system. While prevalence of paper records remains high, there has been a rapid trend toward the digitalization of medical and health records in many countries. DHRs are widely viewed as essential for improving health, reducing medical errors, and lowering costs. However, given that these databases have the potential to house the complete medical and health information of individuals, the potential misuse, de-identification or breaching of this data may have serious implications. On July 20, 2015, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders held a public session at the 2015 Alzheimer's Association International Conference to assess the impact of DHRs on Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. An estimated 46.8 million people worldwide are currently living with dementia, and the prevalence is expected to double every year for the next 20 years. Given the few therapies currently available to treat the symptoms of AD, compared to other central nervous system disorders, participants explored how DHRs may be used to help improve clinical trial design and methodology for AD research. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop.

The Year Book of Ophthalmology brings you abstracts of articles carefully selected from a variety of journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. The summary is accompanied by brief discussion of the relevance (or irrelevance) of the paper to practicing ophthalmologists. There's no faster or easier way to stay informed.

William Watson Cheyne (1852-1932), a surgeon by training and a student of Joseph Lister, was a prominent British bacteriologist who published 60 papers and 13 monographs from 1879 to 1927. A proponent of the idea that bacteriology and medicine were interdependent disciplines, he investigated the causes and treatment of wound infections, tuberculosis, cholera, tetanus and gangrene. In 1897, he organized an historical outline of 19th century bacteriology in five landmark periods of discovery, each defined by the work of an influential figure. This study documents his contributions to the history of microbiology and describes his activities as a laboratory investigator, clinician, surgeon, translator, editor and educator.

Australia has a long history of involvement in the progress of health informatics, and Australian contributors have made an impact on the world health informatics scene in numerous areas, including software development, standardisation, evaluation, policy development and education. The Health Informatics Society of Australia (HISA), has been reporting on these developments for 19 years, and its annual Health Informatics Conference (HIC) constitutes the premier Australian academic platform for a wide range of topics in health informatics. This book presents the proceedings of full scientific papers from this annual conference for the first time in monograph format. The focus of HIC 2011 draws on a fundamental aspect of health informatics: its ability to transform processes and practices within healthcare through innovation. The 24 papers were selected after a rigorous double-blind peer review process from the 39 submitted. The topics included cover a wide range of different sectors in the health system, from primary and acute care to preventative and public health. Many of the papers not only provide solid background and technical substance, but also exhibit practical implementations and demonstrations of their worth. The book offers a comprehensive profile of active research areas in Australian health informatics.

Intensive care medicine is a dynamic and evolving specialty, requiring its practitioners to be part physician, physiologist and anaesthetist. This requires a firm foundation of knowledge and an ability to apply this to the clinical situation. This book contains 270 multiple-choice questions allowing self-assessment of the breadth of knowledge required of the modern intensivist. The book is divided into three papers each consisting of 60 multiple true false (MTF) and 30 single best answer (SBA) questions covering areas including resuscitation, diagnosis, disease management, organ support, and ethical and legal aspects of practice. The MTF questions test factual knowledge and understanding of the evidence base underpinning intensive care medicine, while the SBA questions test the ability of the candidate to prioritise, compete options and make the best decision for the patient. Each question is peer reviewed and accompanied by concise and detailed explanatory notes with references to guide further reading. All the authors are practising intensive care physicians with firsthand experience of professional examinations in the specialty. This book will appeal to intensive care physicians approaching professional examinations worldwide, including the European Diploma, American Board and Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine examinations. In addition, it will appeal to intensive care nurses and allied healthcare professionals wishing to update their knowledge as part of continuing professional development, and to physicians sitting professional examinations in related specialties requiring knowledge of intensive care medicine such as general medicine, general surgery and anaesthesia. This new book will complement the existing international best-selling title ‘Multiple Choice Questions in Intensive Care Medicine'(ISBN 978 1 903378 64 9), also written by Dr Steve Benington.

Critical Care MCQs is the perfect companion for anyone sitting exams in intensive care, as a training resource or just wanting to improve their knowledge in this constantly developing area of medical practice. Written by critical care doctors with experience of UK and European examination formats, this book leads the reader through 450 true/false questions with referenced explanations, covering core syllabus topics and key influential papers to date. A detailed list of further resources and recommendations relevant to critical care revision is also provided to enable readers to further their knowledge and understanding. It is hoped that this book will prove invaluable for preparation and success in upcoming intensive care exams for both candidates and trainers. This book would be useful for not only candidates sitting the UK Final Fellowship of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) and European Diploma of Intensive Care (EDIC) exams, but also the Indian Diploma in Critical Care Medicine (IDCCM), the Diploma of the Irish Board of Intensive Care Medicine (DIBICM), the Australia and New Zealand Fellowship of the College of Intensive Care Medicine (CICM), American Board and any other country-related intensive care exams.

This unique one-volume handbook provides a quick and concise reference guide for practising ophthalmologists, retinal specialists, vitreo-retinal fellows, ophthalmology residents and optometrists on the latest recommendations for managing common vitreo-retinal disorders seen in everyday retina practise. It provides comprehensive and essential information on diagnosis and management in outline and table format for conciseness and quick access. Color illustrations of important clinical manifestations are provided in an appendix.Dr Susanna Park is a Professor of ophthalmology and Director of Vitreo-retinal Fellowship and Ocular Oncology at the University of California Davis Eye Center. She has over 20 years clinical experience as a vitreo-retinal specialist and published over 100 journal papers and book chapters on the subject.

OVERVIEW: This discussion paper brings together evidence and experience from around the world focusing on making health systems more gender responsive. The paper uses a framework that combines WHO's six building blocks for health systems and the primary health care reforms propounded in the World Health Report 2008 on primary health care. Furthermore, the paper provides examples of what has worked and how, and ends with an agenda for action to strengthen the work of policy-makers, their advisers and development partners as well as practitioners as they seek to integrate gender equality perspectives into health systems strengthening, including primary health care reforms.

The authors reviewed a wide number of microbiological and medical papers outlining the profile of different probiotic strains in the immune-modulating activity related to major and minor clinical impairment of soluble and cell-mediated immunity. Starting from in vitro and experimental animal studies, a good number of clinical trials are reported, enclosing an update of the side effects of the probiotic long-term administration. Conclusively, the biological therapies are currently oriented to direct delivery of cytokines and molecules involved in the immune process enhancement. Using probiotics to sustain the immune response and to rescue the suppressed immunity is still a very modern approach, being also cheap and practical. This review highlights the rationale for this probiotic therapeutic indication which is largely safe and reliable.

The book addresses the interdisciplinary scientific approach for the systemic understanding of connections between major human diseases and their treatment regime by applying the tools and techniques of nanotechnology. It also highlights the interdisciplinary collaborative researches for innovation in Biomedical Sciences. The book is a first volume which presents collection of best papers presented in the First International Conference on Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine held during Dec. 15-18, 2012 in Kathmandu, Nepal. The book focuses mainly on the topics: emerging infectious diseases; antimicrobial agents, vaccines and immunity; drug design, drug delivery and tissue engineering and nanomaterials and biomedical materials.

This book, published in two volumes, Volume 1 and Volume 2, respectively, represents the most comprehensive and up-to-date collection of current literature on angiotensin inhibition and related topics in medicine, nephrology and cardiovascular medicine ever compiled. Top experts in the various fields of nephrology, hypertension, cardiovascular medicine, pharmacotherapeutics and related fields from all five continents have contributed essays, original papers, reviews and editorial opinions to this volume. This book has turned out to be the most authoritative reference source on ACEIs, with contributions made by leading experts in their various fields of medicine, from the USA, Europe, including the United Kingdom, South America, Australia-New Zealand, Asia including Japan, and Africa. Critically vital clinical topics are covered in this book by top world-renowned experts in different subspecialties, including classic topics such as the efficacy of ACE inhibition as an antihypertensive among the various ethnicities and races, as written from American, African, Caribbean and European perspectives. This volume should indeed serve as a major literature reference text for physicians in general, internists, researchers, cardiologists and hypertension specialists, and especially the practitioners of the art of nephrology in all the countries around the world. Medical students and various physician training programs should reach for a copy of this volume as a research and teaching tool for many years to come. There is also a place here for research scientists in the pharmaceutical industry to review current and newly emerging indications for angiotensin inhibition and the future of reno-protection.

Whether it is the binding of shattered bones or the creation of herbal remedies, human agency is a central feature of the healing process. Both archaeological and anthropological research has contributed much to our understanding of the performative aspects of medicine. The papers contained in this volume, based on a session conducted at the 2010 Theoretical Archaeology Conference, take a multi-disciplinary approach to the topic, addressing such issues as the cultural conception of disease; the impact of gender roles on healing strategies; the possibilities afforded by syncretism; the relationship between material culture and the body; and the role played by the active agency of the sick.

The vertigo is one of the commonest symptoms complained by patients. It is also a symptom variously referred by patients and may be present in several diseases. Therefore, this book could be a helpful tool for all physicians approaching patients with vertigo or dizziness. The general practitioner may learn how to approach a dizzy patient with basic steps ranging from the physical examination to instrumental tests. However, the book could be useful to specialist like Otorhinolaryngologist and Neurologist, who may read the latest updates on instrumental examination, therapy and rehabilitation of dizzy patients, as well as find in a single book the various approach to diagnose and treat several inner ear diseases causing vertigo. The book had the contribution of eminent specialists worldwide, that shared their experience with clear and synthetic chapters. The Editors Dr Francesco Dispenza and Dr Alessandro De Stefano have collected together the experiences of colleagues from America to Asia passing through Europe to give to the reader the most complete picture possible. The reader will be supported by about 1000 references, including cornerstone papers and recent bibliography, that will help to study in deep the vertigo, a complex symptom that must be known.

Congenital Heart Diseases are of the utmost importance in modern cardiology. This is a book that deals with essential matters which are developed by experienced researchers in their respective fields. An updated approach to these issues was largely sought after. The authors share their own papers and experience with the enthusiastic professionals reading their work all throughout the chapters in an easy-to-read format. Modern medical practice demands continuous research on specific topics. Thereafter, this book is devoted to the development of the coronary arteries facing the fact that coronary artery disease is the most common cause of mortality in the developed world. The the role of the estrogen receptor and transforming growth factors in coronary intimal hyperplasia and thorough descriptions of new diagnostic techniques in congenital heart diseases are also displayed (severe congenital heart defects are generally diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after birth while less severe defects often are not diagnosed until children are older). Accordingly, complex malformations of the heart, fetal arrhythmias and pulmonary hypertension are also included. In as much as other specific subjects are relevant as well, topics like an etiological overview of intrauterine ductus arteriosus constriction, restrictive cardiomyopathy in children or hybrid procedures for congenital heart disease, namely palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, closure of muscular ventricular septal defect and stenting of branch pulmonary arteries are developed as well. Last but not least, the long-term outcomes of congenital heart diseases, including medical, interventional and emergency treatments, are examined.

We have around 3000 ‘mitochondria'in each and every cell in our bodies. They are the powerhouses of our cells, essential for the production and management of energy at cell level. Dr Sarah Myhill, together with Dr John McLaren Howard of Acumen Laboratories and Dr Norman Booth of Mansfield College Oxford, has spent many years studying the relationship between their malfunction and the commonest problem seen by GPs in the UK – fatigue. Their research findings have been published in three scientific papers in the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, in 2009, 2012 and 2013. These studies showed that poor functioning of the mitochondria is the central problem in CFS. Patients with the worst mitochondrial function had the worst fatigue and vice versa. This is solid scientific evidence that CFS is a problem with mitochondria and has allowed the objective measurement of fatigue for the first time. With the publication of the third study, which showed that mitochondrial function tests and symptoms improved in patients who took measures to address their mitochondrial problems, Dr Myhill was ready to write this book. Here she explains the importance of healthy mitochondria, how we can measure their functioning and what we can do to keep them healthy, or restore them to health if problems arise. CFS is all in our cells, not in our minds!

This book deals with several subjects of interest in the field of cardiology, developed by experienced researchers in their respective fields. The authors comment on their own papers and experience all throughout the chapters in an easy-to-read format. Since modern cardiology demands continuous updating on specific topics of the varied spectra of cardiology, this book is devoted to diagnostic techniques, pathophysiology, clinical aspects and treatment. It presents comprehensive reviews of the subjects, making it useful to internists and cardiologists who want an updated review of the selected issues portrayed in the book. In this way, the book represents a further stage beyond classic structured books aimed toward cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, pediatricians and enthusiastic general practitioners. The chapters have been chosen because of the importance of the subjects they cover, as well as the expertise of the authors. All of them are well-known experts and have been extensively published in international journals. In summary, this publication updates the main findings in cardiovascular diseases at present. This vast branch of medicine is rapidly expanding and many scientific manuscripts have appeared and continue to appear. Nevertheless, this book presents a compilation and review of the newest, most important issues in one volume.

This book, published in two volumes, Volume 1 and Volume 2, respectively, represents the most comprehensive and up-to-date collection of current literature on angiotensin inhibition and related topics in medicine, nephrology and cardiovascular medicine ever compiled. Top experts in the various fields of nephrology, hypertension, cardiovascular medicine, pharmacotherapeutics and related fields from all five continents have contributed essays, original papers, reviews and editorial opinions in this volume. This book has turned out to be the most authoritative reference source on ACEIs, with contributions made by leading experts in their various fields of medicine, from the USA, Europe, including the United Kingdom, South America, Australia-New Zealand, Asia including Japan, and Africa. Critically vital clinical topics are covered in this book by top world-renowned experts in different subspecialties, including classic topics such as the efficacy of ACE inhibition as an antihypertensive among the various ethnicities and races, as written from American, African, Caribbean and European perspectives This volume should indeed serve as a major literature reference text for physicians in general, internists, researchers, cardiologists and hypertension specialists, and especially the practitioners of the art of nephrology in all the countries around the world. Medical students and various physician training programs should reach for a copy of this volume as a research and teaching tool for many years to come. There is also a place here for research scientists in the pharmaceutical industry to review current and newly emerging indications for angiotensin inhibition and the future of reno-protection.

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), also known as Human Herpes Virus 4, has been identified and described as the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis. It is the first human virus found to be implicated in oncogenesis. EBV is associated with a number of biologically diverse cancers, mainly lymphoproliferations of B-cell origin. With the development of basic research and clinical medicine, new ideas related to the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of EBV-associated diseases have arisen recently. A significant progress in the number of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantations performed worldwide, involving high-risk patients, has contributed to an increase in the development of EBV-associated malignant post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In the stem cell transplant setting, a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder has, in most cases, the nature of a secondary cancer. Apart from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, other types of lymphoproliferative disorders are recognized and presented in this book. The main aim of this book is to provide readers with an overview of the impact of EBV on parameters that contribute to the development of malignancy in immunocompromised patients, particularly in recipients of a solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Also, current concepts and practices in the diagnosis, management and prevention of EBV-associated malignancies are highlighted, with special emphasis on transplant patients. The book is organized in two sections. The first section describes the oncogenic potential of the Epstein-Barr Virus along with a thorough appraisal of its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma. This part is essential for situating EBV in the field of oncogenesis, and presenting the pivotal role of EBV in contemporary oncology and transplantology. This is followed by the second section, which answers some of the questions related to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. The book is a comprehensive collection of papers that describe the active processes induced by EBV in oncogenesis. As we live in the world where transplantation science is making rapid progress, the book is focused mostly on post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, as this topic is developing considerably. The issue of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is of great interest to scientists and clinicians due to significant changes in its epidemiology, diagnostics and therapy over the last decade. The epidemiology of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders has been influenced by a tremendous increase in mismatched and unrelated donor transplants. Current diagnostics of EBV-associated diseases is based on modern pathology, quantitative viremia and the use of positron emission tomography. A significant progress has been achieved in the therapy of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders with the use of rituximab and EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This book seeks a more comprehensive application of the knowledge on EBV and its role in the development of cancer. The publication is not a purely academic monograph as it contains a number of novel insights, concepts and hypotheses. We are presenting a book related to both basic and clinical research, and whose main audience is the healthcare community.

The book addresses the interdisciplinary scientific approach for the systemic understanding of connections between major human diseases and their treatment regime by applying the tools and techniques of nanotechnology. It also highlights the interdisciplinary collaborative researches for innovation in Biomedical Sciences. The book is a second volume which presents collection of best papers presented in the First International Conference on Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine held during Dec. 15-18, 2012 in Kathmandu, Nepal. The book focuses mainly on the topics: emerging infectious diseases; antimicrobial agents, vaccines and immunity; drug design, drug delivery and tissue engineering and nanomaterials and biomedical materials.

There are many recoverable aspects and indications concerning medicine and healing in the ancient past – from the archaeological evidence of skeletal remains, grave-goods comprising medical and/or surgical equipment and visual representations in tombs and other monuments thorough to epigraphic and literary sources. The 42 papers presented here cover many aspects medicine in the Mediterranean world during Antiquity and early Byzantine times, bringing together both internationally established specialists on the history of medicine and researchers in the early stages of their career. The contributions are grouped under a series of headings: medicine and archaeology; media (online access to electronic corpus); the Aegean; medical authors/schools of medicine; surgery; medicaments and cures; skeletal remains; new research in Cyprus; Asklepios and incubation; and Byzantine, Arab and medieval sources. These subject areas are addressed through a combination of wide ranging archaeological and osteological data and the examination and interpretation of philosophical, literary and historiographical texts to provide a comprehensive suite of studies into early practices in this fundamental field of human experience.

This book provides 300 practice MCQs divided into three practice papers. Correct answers follow, accompanied by short referenced notes drawing from recent important journal articles, major critical care textbooks and selected internet resources. Since there is no other dedicated intensive care MCQ book on the market, this book is relevant to the following groups: junior intensive care trainees, senior intensive care nursing staff wishing to enhance their medical knowledge, intensive care consultants as a teaching aid and trainees preparing for professional examinations. This MCQ book will also be ideal in preparation for the European Diploma in Intensive Care Medicine (EDIC) Part 1 examination, as the questions are matched as closely as possible in style and difficulty to those in the EDIC Part 1. The EDIC is an internationally recognised qualification for medical trainees in intensive care, set by the European Society for Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). It is a two-part examination consisting of a 100-question multiple choice paper (Part 1) and a clinical and viva voce examination (Part 2). To ensure relevance, the questions are designed with reference to the training syllabus provided by the ESICM.

Although there are a number of excellent current reviews on one or another aspect of cytomegalovirus, the last comprehensive treatment of this subject was that of Krech et al. (197la). In view of the amazing advances in the virological, epidemiologic, and clinical knowledge of cytomegaloviruses, an up-to-date book is needed. Such a work should cover many areas of expertise and a voluminous technical literature. Each area might have been reviewed and analyzed by workers more expert than myself. However, I have embarked on the entire venture alone in order to attain unity and continuity in this book, characteristics that are not easily achieved in the more popular multiauthored works. I have tried to review the Iiterature and provide a critical summary for each area discussed. To do this, I provide as much of the primary data of the relevant works as needed and not just the qualitative conclusions. Inevitably, the flow of the narrative may be interrupted by dry facts and figures. However, such information is essential to make this a meaningful reference work. But for those not interested in such details, I have provided at what I hope are crucial points critiques and summaries. This book is not an exhaustive review of all the literature. This is probably no Ionger possible or even desirable. By selection, however, one runs the risk of having missed or ignored important papers. I am keenly aware of this, and I wish to apologize for such oversight, if that is possible.