Search

ENZYMES A complete and approachable introduction to the study of enzymes, from theory to practice Enzymes catalyze the bulk of important biological processes, both metabolic and biochemical. They are specialized proteins whose function is determined by their structure, understanding which is therefore a key focus of biological, pharmacological, and agrarian research, among many others. A thorough knowledge of enzyme structure, pathways, and mechanisms is a fundamental building block of the life sciences and all others connected to them. Enzymes offers a detailed introduction to this critical subject. It analyzes enzyme proteins at the structural level and details the mechanisms by which they perform their catalyzing functions. The book's in-depth engagement with primary literature and up-to-date research allows it to continuously deploy illustrative examples and connect readers with further research on key subjects. Fully updated after decades as the standard text, this book unlocks a thriving field of biological and biochemical research. Readers of the third edition of Enzymes will also find: Expanded chapters on steady-state and transient-state enzyme kinetics, structural components of enzymes, and more New chapters on enzyme regulation, enzyme-macromolecule interactions, enzyme evolution, and enzymes in human health Key Learning Points at the beginning of each chapter to assist students and instructors Enzymes promises to continue as the standard reference on this subject for practitioners of the life sciences and related fields in both academia and industry.

Biochemistry of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Trends and Challenges is a complete and well-integrated reference on their mechanisms of action, their role in diseases, agents responsible for their deactivation, and their malfunction. Chapters explain the biochemistry of DMEs, including biochemical activation, functions, computational approaches, different contaminants on the action and function of DMEs, and describe the importance of DMEs in the drug development process. Conditions covered include metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, physiological diseases, xenobiotics and inflammatory responses, and their contribution in the malfunctioning of drug metabolizing enzymes. This book is the perfect resource for pharmacology and biochemistry researchers to understand the principles of DMEs. Researchers in the corporate environment will also benefit from the comprehensive list of diseases associated with malfunction of DMEs. - Includes extensive classification of DMEs, their mechanism of action and computational analysis - Covers the biotransformation of drug by DMEs and the possible impact of environmental contaminants - Discusses the activity of DMEs in different clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, inflammation and neurotoxicity - Includes modern and novel bioanalytical techniques to predict the effect of DMEs

This book provides a comprehensive, organized, and concise overview of xenobiotic metabolic enzymes and their health implications. The subjects addressed are broad in scope with an emphasis on recent advances in research on biochemical and biomedical aspects of these enzymes. The xenobiotics discussed include not just drugs, but also food, smoke, and other environmental chemicals. The subjects covered in this work include: metabolic enzymes and their catalyzed reactions, reactive intermediates generated from metabolic activation, oxidative stress mediated by electrophilic reactive intermediates, bioactivation - mediated cellular and functional damages, activation of Nrf2 – ARE pathway, genetic variations affecting metabolic enzyme expression, enzyme polymorphisms affecting xenobiotic - mediated toxicity, induction of metabolic enzymes for health benefits, and a diversity of metabolic enzyme modulators.

Monografie shrnuje základní poznatky o metabolismu cizorodých látek v organismu. Popisuje metabolické přeměny léčiv a jiných xenobiotik, hlavní biotransformační enzymy a transportní systémy, které se metabolismu xenobiotik účastní, a faktory, které tento metabolismus ovlivňují. Publikace je primárně koncipována jako studijní materiál pro studenty Farmaceutické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, avšak může být dobrým zdrojem základních informací také pro studenty a pracovníky z jiných medicínsko-biologických oborů. Druhé, upravené a rozšířené vydání

Humans are exposed to foreign compounds such as drugs, household products and environmental chemicals by swallowing or breathing. Also, food is considered a foreign compound. Such foreign compounds can be non-essential and non-functional to life, and commonly are referred to as xenobiotics. Some xenobiotics are not toxic; however, many of them are potentially toxic or become toxic after conversion to metabolic intermediates. A considerable number of foreign compounds belong to non-polar, lipophilic substances. Lipophilic compounds are not soluble in water. Metabolic conversion of lipophilic foreign compounds to facilitate their removal from the body is essentially carried out by biochemical reactions catalyzed by two classes of metabolizing enzymes, namely, activation enzymes and detoxification enzymes.Activation enzyme-catalyzed functionalization reaction introduces a functional group to a lipophilic compound. Functionalization modifies many foreign compounds to form reactive intermediates capable of interacting with cellular components (proteins, DNA and lipids), leading to a variety of conditions for diseases. Functionalized compounds are further metabolized through detoxification enzyme-catalyzed reactions, which result in an increase in the solubility of parent compounds and an inactivation of metabolic intermediates, thus facilitating their excretion from the body. To minimize the exposure of potentially toxic metabolic intermediates, it is essential to keep them at a minimum level. Extensive investigations have revealed that foreign compound-metabolizing enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphisms. Variations in their activities can produce different results as to the susceptibility to potential toxic effects. Moreover, the expressions of activation enzymes and detoxification enzymes are inducible. A number of chemical compounds are capable of acting as modulators for these two classes of enzymes. These findings have lead to the proposal of modulating metabolizing enzymes as a useful approach for human health benefits. Importantly, many of these chemical compounds are present in human daily diets. There are many advances that have been made in the past decades towards the understanding of functions and implications of activation enzymes and detoxification enzymes. An organized, concise overview is needed for the readers who are initially exposed to this important subject, particularly for students and researchers in the areas of biomedical sciences, biochemistry, nutrition, pharmacology and chemistry. This book is intended to serve this purpose as an introduction to the subject. Furthermore, major topics in the book, excluding catalytic reactions and structural properties, may have interest to other readers who have knowledge of basic sciences and understanding enzyme related information. The book discusses subjects associated with foreign compound metabolizing enzymes with emphasis on biochemical aspects, including lipophilic foreign compounds, catalytic properties, reactive intermediates, biomedical and biochemical effects, genetic polymorphisms, enzyme inducibility, enzyme modulation for health benefits, dietary related enzyme modulators, and structural characteristics of enzyme inducers.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes believed to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes associated with inflammatory reactions. MMP synthesis and functions are regulated by three major mechanisms including transcriptional activation, post-transcriptional processing, and control of activity by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Many cell types have been identified as producers of MMPs and TIMPs in a context of inflammatory processes. MMPs are involved in numerous inflammatory diseases, including respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous system pathologies. This volume presents new advances in the involvement of MMPs in various diseases associated with inflammatory processes. Moreover, the recent development of selective and non selective inhibitors of MMPs provides new insights in the relationship between activation of inflammatory cells and tissue remodelling and advises new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Because enzyme-catalyzed reactions exhibit higher enantioselectivity, regioselectivity, substrate specificity, and stability, they require mild conditions to react while prompting higher reaction efficiency and product yields. Biocatalysis in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries examines the use of catalysts to produce fine chemic

From the laboratory to full-scale commercial production, this reference provides a clear and in-depth analysis of bioreactor design and operation and encompasses critical aspects of the biocatalytic manufacturing process. It clarifies principles in reaction and biochemical engineering, synthetic and biotransformation chemistry, and biocell and enzy

Critical in the elimination of drugs and other xenobiotics from the body, cytochrome P450 has strong bearing on scientific assessments of genetic polymorphism in metabolism, possible drug-drug interactions, and bioavailability of candidate drugs. This text systematizes findings on P450 and similar enzymes--as well as parallel issues shaping the pharmaceutical industry--to promote the next generation of safer, more effective drugs. Topics include dioxygen activation, the identification and characterization of metabolites, bioactivation, P450 in lab animal species, enzyme kinetics, reaction phenotyping, drug-drug interactions, pharmacogenetics, hepatic clearance, and the role of UGTs.

Springer Handbook of Enzymes provides data on enzymes sufficiently well characterized. It offers concise and complete descriptions of some 5,000 enzymes and their application areas. Data sheets are arranged in their EC-Number sequence and the volumes themselves are arranged according to enzyme classes. This new, second edition reflects considerable progress in enzymology: many enzymes are newly classified or reclassified. Each entry is correlated with references and one or more source organisms. New datafields are created: application and engineering (for the properties of enzymes where the sequence has been changed). The total amount of material contained in the Handbook has more than doubled so that the complete second edition consists of 39 volumes as well as a Synonym Index. In addition, starting in 2009, all newly classified enzymes are treated in Supplement Volumes. Springer Handbook of Enzymes is an ideal source of information for researchers in biochemistry, biotechnology, organic and analytical chemistry, and food sciences, as well as for medicinal applications.

Springer Handbook of Enzymes provides data on enzymes sufficiently well characterized. It offers concise and complete descriptions of some 5,000 enzymes and their application areas. Data sheets are arranged in their EC-Number sequence and the volumes themselves are arranged according to enzyme classes. This new, second edition reflects considerable progress in enzymology: many enzymes are newly classified or reclassified. Each entry is correlated with references and one or more source organisms. New datafields are created: application and engineering (for the properties of enzymes where the sequence has been changed). The total amount of material contained in the Handbook has more than doubled so that the complete second edition consists of 39 volumes as well as a Synonym Index. In addition, starting in 2009, all newly classified enzymes are treated in Supplement Volumes. Springer Handbook of Enzymes is an ideal source of information for researchers in biochemistry, biotechnology, organic and analytical chemistry, and food sciences, as well as for medicinal applications.

Describing the essential steps in the development of biocatalytic processes from concept to completion, this carefully integrated text combines the fundamentals of biocatalysis with technological experience and in-depth commercial case studies. The book starts with an introductory look at the history and present scope of biocatalysis and proceeds t

The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.

Enzymes as Targets for Drug Design is a collection of scientific discussions related to enzyme inhibitors that show the many facets of the drug discovery process from the basic sciences through clinical applications. Topics include the biogenesis of phosphatidylinositol glycosyl membrane proteins, structure and catalytic function of ADP-ribose polymerase (ADPRT), and modulation of the dopaminergic system in cardiovascular therapeutics. The therapeutic utility of selected enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors, the role of proteinases in the fibrosis of systemic sclerosis, and therapeutic opportunities in eicosanoid biosynthesis are also discussed. This book consists of 18 chapters and begins with examples of enzymes whose activities have recently been elucidated, or for which newer insights have been gleaned, but which do not yet have selective or potent inhibitors. The second part provides examples of enzymes where inhibitors have been identified but it is still not clear whether or not such an enzymatic blockade will be therapeutically beneficial. The final section describes clinical studies of newer, and not so new, enzyme inhibitors that are clearly of therapeutic importance. The therapeutic activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the associated clinical issues are considered. This book is intended for clinicians as well as basic scientists in biochemistry, chemistry, pharmacology, and cell biology.

Chitin, Chitosan, and Related Enzymes documents the proceedings of a four-day joint United States-Japan seminar held at the University of Delaware. The said seminar is aimed to explore the potential of the application of chitin, chitosan, and related products in different scientific fields. The book is divided into six parts. Part I covers the application of chitin and chitosan to pharmaceutical preparations. Part II discusses the applications of chitin and its derivatives. Part III features chitin and chitosan in relation to enzymology and genetic engineering. Respectively covered in Parts IV, V, and VI are the chemical and physical structure of chitin and chitosan; biochemical and physiological properties of chitin and its derivatives; the effects of phosphate on chitin production; and the development of chitin as a suture as well as for orthopedic uses. The text is recommended for biochemists who would like to know more or make further studies about the different applications of chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes.