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Envy is almost universally condemned and feared. But is its bad reputation always warranted? In this book, Sara Protasi argues that envy is more multifaceted than it seems, and that some varieties of it can be productive and even virtuous. Protasi brings together empirical evidence and philosophical research to generate a novel view according to which there are four kinds of envy: emulative, inert, aggressive, and spiteful. For each kind, she individuates different situational antecedents, phenomenological expressions, motivational tendencies, and behavioral outputs. She then develops the normative implications of this taxonomy from a moral and prudential perspective, in the domain of personal loving relationships, and in the political sphere. A historical appendix completes the book. Through a careful and comprehensive investigation of envy's complexity, and its multifarious implications for human relations and human value, The Philosophy of Envy surprisingly reveals that envy plays a crucial role in safeguarding our happiness.

E'il peccato di Lucifero invidioso dell'uomo, quello di Caino verso Abele, quello di Jago nei confronti di Otello, ma anche quello di Grimilde verso Biancaneve. Se è vero che ogni vizio comporta piacere, ciò non vale per l'invidia, veleno dell'anima che genera tormento e sofferenza: si soffre di fronte al bene e alla felicità altrui, vissuti come diminuzione del proprio essere e segno del proprio fallimento. L'invidia nasce sempre dal confronto. Perché lui/lei sì e io no?, ci si chiede dirigendo sull'altro uno sguardo maligno. Una domanda che deve restare segreta, perché rivela la nostra inferiorità. Dall'antichità alle società moderne e democratiche, dove l'invidia trova la sua humus ideale, dalla fiaba sino alle veline dei nostri giorni, l'autrice racconta le metamorfosi di questa passione'triste', ma non priva di violenza, quando si trasforma in risentimento che inquina le relazioni, depotenzia l'Io, paralizza le energie.

Malice that cannot speak its name, cold-blooded but secret hostility, impotent desire, hidden rancor and spite--all cluster at the center of envy. Envy clouds thought, writes Joseph Epstein, clobbers generosity, precludes any hope of serenity, and ends in shriveling the heart. Of the seven deadly sins, he concludes, only envy is no fun at all. Writing in a conversational, erudite, self-deprecating style that wears its learning lightly, Epstein takes us on a stimulating tour of the many faces of envy. He considers what great thinkers--such as John Rawls, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche--have written about envy; distinguishes between envy, yearning, jealousy, resentment, and schadenfreude ('a hardy perennial in the weedy garden of sour emotions'); and catalogs the many things that are enviable, including wealth, beauty, power, talent, knowledge and wisdom, extraordinary good luck, and youth (or as the title of Epstein's chapter on youth has it,'The Young, God Damn Them'). He looks at resentment in academia, where envy is mixed with snobbery, stirred by impotence, and played out against a background of cosmic injustice; and he offers a brilliant reading of Othello as a play more driven by Iago's envy than Othello's jealousy. He reveals that envy has a strong touch of malice behind it--the envious want to destroy the happiness of others. He suggests that envy of the astonishing success of Jews in Germany and Austria may have lurked behind the virulent anti-Semitism of the Nazis. As he proved in his best-selling Snobbery, Joseph Epstein has an unmatched ability to highlight our failings in a way that is thoughtful, provocative, and entertaining. If envy is no fun, Epstein's Envy is truly a joy to read.