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The purpose of this monograph is to provide a summary for those who are active in the field of phthalocyanine research. This volume allows the reader to quickly-and at a reasonable cost-determine what is being accomplished so that he may plan his own research programs. It covers such topics as synthesis, reactions, inks, energy systems, coatings, toners, and electrophotographic plates and developers, just to name a few. Packed with over 40 structural drawings of phthalocyanine molecules, this one-of-a-kind reference provides the necessary description and visualization to stimulate further research. This work is an indispensable resource for researchers and practitioners, both novice and experienced, in the field of phthalocyanine science and technology.

This book covers the design and development of glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) from cortisol to antibody-drug conjugate payloads over the last 70 years. The author starts with an introduction to the background of glucocorticoid receptor modulators as potential therapeutic modalities. This is followed by seven chapters in which he collates and discusses the medicinal chemistry journey of GRMs, reviewing topics such as cortisol-based glucocorticoids, the different approaches that have been pursued to enable chronic dosing of GRM compounds by inactivation in plasma and the liver, the application of prodrugs to GRMs, selective GRMs, targeted delivery of GRMs using polymers and nanoparticles, and rational drug design approaches applied in the development of GRMs. Particular attention is given to the development of glucocorticoid receptor modulators as immunology antibody-drug conjugate payloads. In the book's final chapter, the author critiques the medicinal chemistry progress madesince the discovery of cortisone and the promise of the latest antibody-drug conjugates that release a GRM payload. In this book, readers will also find an overview of the X-ray structures of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and a list of all the earlier reviews that cover part of the medicinal chemistry story of GRM collated by keywords organized in a table. With several examples of crystal structures and molecular modeling, this book illustrates the huge effort by multiple companies and research groups to develop glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Professionals and scholars alike will find it a handy tool, and appreciate the latest research findings that it presents.

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume 136 is the latest release in this definitive series in the field of heterocyclic chemistry, one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Because biology and organic chemistry increasingly intersect, the associated nomenclature is used more frequently in explanations. Written by established authorities in the field from around the world, this comprehensive review combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insight to yield an understanding of how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds. - Considered the definitive serial in the field of heterocyclic chemistry - Serves as the go-to reference for organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists - Provides the latest comprehensive reviews written by established authorities in the field - Combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insights to enhance understanding on how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds

Advances in Organic Synthesis is a book series devoted to the latest advances in synthetic approaches towards challenging structures. The series presents comprehensive reviews written by eminent authorities on different synthetic approaches to selected target molecules and new methods developed to achieve specific synthetic transformations or optimal product yields. Advances in Organic Synthesis is essential for all organic chemists in academia and the industry who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field.This volume presents the following chapters:- “On Water” And “In Water” Strategies for Heterocyclic Transformations- Ionic Liquid Based Polyoxometalates as Functionalized Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Catalytic Organic Reactions- Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Bio-Applications of some Oxygen and Sulphur Containing Seven Membered Heterocyclic Compounds- Application of Nitriles on the Synthesis of 5-Membered Azaheterocycles: An Update from 2014 To 2020- The Role of Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

Specification of Drug Substances and Products: Development and Validation of Analytical Methods, Second Edition, presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of the requirements and approaches to setting specifications for new pharmaceutical products, with an emphasis on phase-appropriate development, validation of analytical methods, and their application in practice. This thoroughly revised second edition covers topics not covered or not substantially covered in the first edition, including method development and validation in the clinical phase, method transfer, process analytical technology, analytical life cycle management, special challenges with generic drugs, genotoxic impurities, topical products, nasal sprays and inhalation products, and biotechnology products. The book's authors have been carefully selected as former members of the ICH Expert Working Groups charged with developing the ICH guidelines, and/or subject-matter experts in the industry, academia and in government laboratories. - Presents a critical assessment of the application of ICH guidelines on method validation and specification setting - Written by subject-matter experts involved in the development and application of the guidelines - Provides a comprehensive treatment of the analytical methodologies used in the analysis, control and specification of new drug substances and products - Covers the latest statistical approaches (including analytical quality by design) in the development of specifications, method validation and shelf-life prediction

Design of new processes that avoid the use of toxic reagents has been the focus of intense research of late. Catalysis by metals and non-metals offers diverse opportunities for the development of new organic reactions with promising range of selectivities—chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. Furthermore, these transformations frequently occur under mild conditions, tolerate a broad array of functional groups, and proceed with high stereoselectivity. The area of catalysis is sometimes referred to as a ‘foundational pillar'of green chemistry. Catalytic reactions often reduce energy requirements and decrease separations because of increased selectivity; they are also capable of permitting the use of renewable feedstocks of less toxic reagents or minimizing the quantities of reagents needed. New catalytic organic synthesis methodologies have, thus, offered several possibilities for considerable improvement in the eco-compatibility of fine chemical production. Hence, these catalytic methodologies have emerged as powerful tools for the efficient and chemoselective synthesis of heterocyclic molecules.Key Features: Presents the synthesis of different five-membered heterocycles. Contains the most up-to-date information in this fast-moving field. Covers novel catalytic approaches used in the study and application of catalysts in synthetic organic reactions. Presents new methodologies for the synthesis of heterocycles.

This book presents the synthesis, properties, uses, structure, and safety of iron (III) phosphate, as well as its use as an intercalation electrode in lithium-ion batteries, despite having low electronic conductivity. In the synthesis of organic compounds, iron (III) phosphate catalyzes the one-pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and thiones, and 2, 4, 5–triarylated imidazoles. It also results in the acetylation of alcohols and phenols, the tetrahydropyranylation and tetrahydrofuranylation of alcohols and phenols, as well as the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives, 2-substituted benzimidazoles, 1, 2-disubstituted benzimidazoles, 1,2,4,5-tetra-arylated imidazoles, and bis(indolyl)methanes. Furthermore, it catalyzes the one pot three-component mannich reaction, 2-substituted imidazolines, ß-amido carbonyl compounds, 1,4-dihydropyridines, 4,4'-diaminotriaryl methanes-leucomalachite materials, N-substituted pyrroles, 7,10,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo[c] acridin-8(9h)-ones, and 4,6-disubstituted 2-aminopyridine-3-carbonitriles. It results in the one-pot synthesis of octahydroquinazolinones, the conversion of tetrahydropyranyl ethers to acetates, dihydropyrimidinones, thiones, as well as β-amino ketones. In the author's opinion, this book could be beneficial for researchers, graduates, and post graduate students, as well as for professionals in the chemical and medicinal industries in the preparation of raw materials using green methods.

This book presents the applications of ion-exchange materials in the chemical and food industries. It includes topics related to the application of ion exchange chromatography in water softening, purification and separation of chemicals, separation and purification of food products and catalysis. This title is a highly valuable source of knowledge on ion-exchange materials and their applications suitable for postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology. Additionally, this book will provide an in-depth knowledge of ion-exchange column and operations suitable for engineers and industrialists.

The Wolff-Kishner Reduction and Related Reactions: Discovery and Development offers a detailed discussion of this reaction, its discoverers, and its development since its discovery. Derivative name reactions—including the Wharton and Shapiro reactions—are also discussed. The book is illustrated with examples from literature and corresponding references to the primary literature to aid further reading. It provides a comprehensive review of the century of chemistry that allows the reader to follow the development of this important synthetic reaction. In addition, it provides biographical details on the chemists who discovered and developed the reaction, thus adding a human dimension to the discussion. - Introduces Wolff and Kishner, the discoverers of the reaction, along with Huang Ming-Long, the developer of an important modification of the reaction - Discusses the discovery of the reaction and the way that priority for the discovery was settled between Wolff and Kishner - Discusses, in depth, the development and usage of the reaction over the century, from its discovery, to its most recent applications and modifications in synthesis - Includes biographical materials on the chemists responsible for major derivative name reactions based on the Wolff-Kishner reduction

Biogenic amines are nitrogenous organic bases of low molecular weight with biological functions in animals, plants, microorganisms and humans. Their formation in food is either the result of endogenous amino acids'decarboxylase activity in raw food material or the breakdown of free amino acids due to the action of microbial decarboxylase enzymes. Consumption of food containing excessive amounts of these amines can have toxicological implications due to their psychoactive and/or vasoactive properties. Therefore, the control of biogenic amines accumulation in foods during processing and storage is a challenge for the food industry. This book reviews origins, biological importance and human health implications of biogenic amines. Chapter One focus on the occurrence of BAs in different foodstuffs and in the correspondent challenges of their analysis. In Chapter Two, the authors provide an overview and a critical discussion of sample preparation techniques to determine BAs in biological specimens, with special emphasis on microextraction techniques. The advantages and some limitations, as well as how they compare to previously used extraction techniques, are also addressed herein. Chapter Three focuses on the relation of dietary biogenic amines occurrence and associated adverse health effects following consumption of implicated food. In Chapter Four, the authors focus on some food products and the relationship between the presence of BA according to their origin, inducing factors and distinctive characteristics of the technological processes that could control BA production in animal foods, plant foods and beverages. Chapter Five tackles the most important aspects of BA formation during the manufacturing of alcoholic beverages. The significance of BAs is also described from the perspective of microbiological and technological factors. The authors of Chapter Six critically review the latest knowledge, described in studies carried out throughout the world about the occurrence and the food safety issues of BAs in two selected animal originating food sources; that is, fish and dairy products. Moreover, different technological strategies adopted for the prevention of BA accumulation in the abovementioned food products for safety purposes are evaluated. Chapter Seven briefly summarizes current knowledge on biogenic amines content in dry-cured and fermented meats and collects data on the factors affecting their formation. The methods for aminogenesis control in dry-cured meats are also described. The aim of Chapter Eight is to identify the origin, biological importance, and human health implications of the serotonin (5-HydroxyTryptamine [5-HT]) in pain. Finally, effects of tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA) on behaviors and physiology in social insects have been introduced in Chapter Nine.

An important resource for the synthesis of intermediates of specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Aromatic Hydroxyketones from Butanone to Dotriacontanone provides the reader with exhaustive information covering structure, preparation, physicochemical characteristics, as well as a related bibliography. The handbook is presented in dictionary style, with a logical classification of the ketones, making the information easily available for consultation. The book is aimed at those working in research, development and production applications in various industries (chemistry, pharmacy, cosmetics, paints and perfumes).

Specification of Drug Substances and Products: Development and Validation of Analytical Methods is a comprehensive and critical analysis of the requirements and approaches to setting specifications for new pharmaceutical products, with an emphasis on phase-appropriate development and validation of analytical methods. This book is intended as more than a review of new regional guidelines, existing regulatory guidance, and industry practices. It provides a hands-on guide to understanding and applying these in practice. The authors discuss critical issues, novel approaches, and future directions while also providing insight into how International Guidelines were developed and the rationale behind them. - Guide to industry best practices of analytical methodologies used in the specification of new drug substances and products (e.g. DOE, QbD) - Critical assessment of the application of ICH guidelines on method validation and specification setting, written by experts involved in the development and application of the guidelines to aid understanding of requirements and what is expected by regulatory authorities - Direct applicability to the day-to-day activities in drug development and the potential to increase productivity

This book includes the latest information in the field of organic chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, material science (synthesis, properties, applications) and renewable resources. This book emphasizes the problems of classification of bio-damages, evaluation and protection methods, bio-damages and protection of artificial and synthetic leather, bio-degradation and biodeterioration of some natural polymers, bio-damages and protection of cosmetics, microbiological corrosion and protection of optical glasses, microbiological corrosion of metals and protection against it, bio-damaging and protection of paint materials.

The increasing world population, competition for arable land and rich fishing grounds, and environmental concerns mandate that we exploit in a sustainable way the earth's available plant and animal resources for human consumption. To that end, food chemists, technologists, and nutritionists engage in a vast number of tasks related to food availability, quality, safety, nutritional value, and sensory properties—as well as those involved in processing, storage, and distribution. To assist in these functions, it is essential they have easy access to a collection of information on the myriad compounds found in foods. This is particularly true because even compounds present in minute concentrations may exert significant desirable or negative effects on foods.Includes a foreword by Zdzislaw E. Sikorski, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland; Editor of the CRC Press Chemical & Functional Properties of Food Components Series. Dictionary of Food Compounds, Second Edition is presented in a user-friendly format in both hard copy and fully searchable downloadable resources. It contains entries describing natural components of food raw materials and products as well as compounds added to foods or formed in the course of storage or processing. Each entry contains the name of the component, the chemical and physical characteristics, a description of functional properties related to food use, and nutritional and toxicological data. Ample references facilitate inquiry into more detailed information about any particular compound. Food Compounds Covered:Natural Food ConstituentsLipidsProteinsCarbohydratesFatty acidsFlavonoidsAlkaloidsFood ContaminantsMycotoxinsFood AdditivesColorantsPreservativesAntioxidantsFlavorsNutraceuticalsProbioticsDietary SupplementsVitaminsThis new edition boasts an additional 12,000 entries for a total of 41,000 compounds, including 900 enzymes found in food. No other reference work on food compounds is as complete or as comprehensive.

Volume 1:Principles of AgingTesting MethodsStabilizationInfluence of Processing and UseResistance to Thermal and Thermal-Oxidative Loads, Weathering, Chemicals, Ionizing Radiation, Microorganisms, Biological Influences, and Mechanical LoadsCreep and Fatigue of Reinforced PolymersContents Volume 2:Chemical Resistance TablesWhite Lists of Media Influence (According to DIBt)ReferencesIndex

It is particularly appropriate that a volume concerned with dye chemistry should be included in the series Topics in Applied Chemistry. The development of the dye industry has been inexorably linked not only with the development of the chemical industry but also with organic chemistry itself since the middle of the last century. The position of dye chemistry at the forefront of chemical 1945 and more markedly so during the last advance has declined somewhat since 15 years, with pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry assuming an increasingly prominent position. Nevertheless, dye production still accounts for a significant portion of the business of most major chemical companies. The field of dye chemistry has stimulated the publication of many books over the years but surprisingly few have concentrated on or even included the practical aspects of dye synthesis and application. Thus, the present volume is designed to fulfill that need and provide the reader with an account of advances indye chemistry, concentrating on more recent work and giving, in a single volume, synthetic detail and methods of application of the most important classes, information which will be invaluable to both student and research chemist alike.

The flavonoids, one of the most numerous and widespread groups of natural constituents, are important to man not only because they contribute to plant colour but also because many members (e.g. coumestrol, phloridzin, rotenone) are physiologically active. Nearly two thousand substances have been described and as a group they are universally distributed among vascular plants. Although the anthocyanins have an undisputed function as plant pigments, the raison d'etre for the more widely distributed colourless flavones and flavonols still remains a mystery. It is perhaps the challenge of discovering these yet undisc10sed functions which has caused the considerable resurgence of interest in flavonoids during the last decade. This book attempts to summarize progress that has been made in the study of these constituents since the first comprehensive monograph on the chemistry of the flavonoid compounds was published, under the editorship of T. A. Geissman, in 1962. The present volume is divided into three parts. The first section (Chapters 1-4) deals with advances in chemistry, the main emphasis being on spectral techniques to take into account the re cent successful applications of NMR and mass spectral measurements to structural identifications. Recent developments in isolation techniques and in synthesis are also covered in this section. Advances in chemical knowledge of individual c1asses of flavonoid are mentioned inter aha in later chapters of the book.

The flavour industry has become a vital element in the growth and success of food and beverage industries worldwide. The development of many new products is now directly related to the use of the appropriate flavouring which, among other benefits, has allowed the use of many novel raw materials. The phenomenal growth of specialised consumer products offering special tastes, nutritional benefits or'convenience'almost always directly involves the use of a bespoke flavouring. With recent growth in worldwide concern for environmental issues has come a corresponding concern for the use of'natural'ingredients in foods. The flavour industry has been closely involved, by offering many of its products as natural alternatives, although the vexed issue of what'natural'means has promoted discussion and debate in many quarters. The European Flavouring Directive has attempted to incorporate a definition. This is discussed further in chapter 1. The work of the flavourist remains akin to that of the perfumer, despite inroads made by sophisticated analytical technology. For example, use of linked gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrumentation enables the skilled analyst to identify most components of a competitor's flavouring or the minor ingredients of a natural extract. Despite this, the industry remains a unique blend of art, science and technology in which the experience and knowledge of the flavourist is vital.

Organic solvents represent a class of compounds whose utility is central to industrial and academic chemistry. The impact of solvents in everyday products such as paints, surface coatings, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cleaning products is enormous, and there is therefore much interest in their use. This volume is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides and authoritative review of the science and technology of solvents and related issues. The topics covered are solvency and its measurement, flammability, health and toxicology, environmental issues, legislative information, transport, storage, recovery and disposal, and a review of solvent applications. Part 2 provides reliable, up- to-date data, based on information provided by manufacturers and suppliers and is presented as a database of over 350 solvent products, subdivided by solvent group. The data are also presented in key parameter tables, covering boiling points, melting points, evaporation information, vapor pressure, flash points, solubility parameters, auto ignition temperatures, and names and addresses of manufacturers, with trade names. In recent years there has been increased interest in health and safety, environmental issues and aspects of the legislative control of chemicals, including solvents, and the choice of a given solvent has therefore become more complex. The Directory of Solvents aims to provide in one place a broad spread of physico-chemical data, together with transport, safety, environmental and classification information provided by major European and U.S. suppliers and manufacturers of industrial organic solvents.

The effects of heat and light on chemical reactions have long been known and un­ derstood. Ultrasound has been known to promote chemical reactions for the past 60 years, but despite this, it did not attract the attention of synthetic chemists until recently. This arose historically from early studies which concentrated almost exclu­ sively on reactions in aqueous media and was also, in some measure, due to the availability of suitable technology. Since the early 1980s a plethora of literature has appeared of direct interest to synthetic chemists and the field has been developing rapidly. The aim of this book is to bring the background of this fascinating field to the atten­ tion of a wider audience. It explores the literature to date and attempts to indicate other areas in which ultrasound may be exploited. It also hopes to explode some of the myths surrounding this area which have hitherto been regarded by the synthetic community as a bit of a black art! Existing books and reviews have tended to concentrate on the physics of sonochem­ istry and to catalogue the instances in which ultrasound has proved useful in tack­ ling synthetic problems. Our aim has been to stress the relevance of this technique to synthetic chemists and we have included a section which deals with the practical aspects of carrying out these reactions.

Survey of Industrial Chemistry arose from a need for a basic text dealing with industrial chemistry for use in a one semester, three-credit senior level course taught at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. This edition covers all important areas of the chemical industry, yet it is reasonable that it can be covered in 40 hours of lecture. Also an excellent resource and reference for persons working in the chemical and related industries, it has sections on all important technologies used by these industries: a one-step source to answer most questions on practical, applied chemistry. Young scientists and engineers just entering the workforce will find it especially useful as a readily available handbook to prepare them for a type of chemistry quite different than they have seen in their traditional coursework, whether graduate or undergraduate.

A rich source of chemical facts, theories, and processes, this two-volume series treats the entire subject of organic chemistry. It has served for decades as a reference for chemists in industry and education as well as a classroom text for students with a year or more of experience in organic chemistry.Volume One provides thorough coverage of aliphatic compounds, devoting 500 pages to the physical properties and various methods of synthetic preparation of hydrocarbons, halides, alcohols, ethers, carbohydrates, proteins, ketones, amines, monobasic acids, and many other related compounds. The second part of this volume discusses alicyclic compounds, with reactions, isomers, and processes given for terpenes, cyclopropane derivatives, carotenoids, and the cholane series. Methods of synthetic preparation receive a critical analysis, and many biochemical compounds are described.

Now in its 4th edition, this book remains the ultimate reference for all questions regarding solvents and solvent effects in organic chemistry. Retaining its proven concept, there is no other book which covers the subject in so much depth, the handbook is completely updated and contains 15% more content, including new chapters on'Solvents and Green chemistry','Classification of Solvents by their Environmental Impact', and'Ionic Liquids'. An essential part of every organic chemist's library.

Over the years, researchers have reported solubility data in the chemical, pharmaceutical, engineering, and environmental literature for several thousand organic compounds. Until the first publication of the Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data, this information had been scattered throughout numerous sources. Now newly revised, the second edition of

A best seller since 1966, Purification of Laboratory Chemicals keeps engineers, scientists, chemists, biochemists and students up to date with the purification of the chemical reagents with which they work, the processes for their purification, and guides readerd on critical safety and hazards for the safe handling of chemicals and processes.The Sixth Edition is updated and provides expanded coverage of the latest chemical products and processing techniques, safety and hazards. The book has been reorganised and is now fully indexed by CAS Registry Numbers. Compounds are now grouped to make navigation easier and literature references for all substances and techniques have been added, and ambiguous alternate names and cross references have been removed. - The only comprehensive chemical purification reference, a market leader since 1966, Amarego delivers essential information for research and industrial chemists, pharmacists and engineers:'... (it) will be the most commonly used reference book in any chemical or biochemical laboratory'(MDPI Journal) - An essential lab practice and proceedures manual. Improves efficiency, results and safety by providing critical information for day-to-day lab and processing work. Improved, clear organization and new indexing delivers accurate, reliable information on processes and techniques of purification along with detailed physical properties. - The Sixth Edition has been reorganised and is fully indexed by CAS Registry Numbers; compounds are now grouped to make navigation easier; literature references for all substances and techniques have been added; ambiguous alternate names and cross references removed; new chemical products and processing techniques are covered; hazards and safety remain central to the book.

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects – properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance – of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

This industry standard encyclopedia on pharmaceutical manufacturing processes has been completely updated to include FDA drugs approved up to the summer of 2004. The encyclopedia gives details for the manufacture of 2226 pharmaceuticals that are being marketed as a trade-named product somewhere in the world. Each entry includes:ò Therapeutic function ò Chemical and common nameò Structural Formulaò Chemical Abstracts Registry no.ò Trade name, manufacturer, country, and year introducedò Raw Materialsò Manufacturing ProcessIn addition, references are also cited under each drug's entry to major pharmaceutical works where additional information can be obtained on synthesis and the pharmacology of the individual products.

The Dictionary of Food Compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, Flavors, and Ingredients provides comprehensive information on 30,000 compounds found in food, including:NATURAL FOOD CONSTITUENTSLipidsProteinsCarbohydratesFatty acidsFlavonoidsAlkaloidsFOOD ADDITIVESColorantsPreservativesAntioxidantsFl

Over the years researchers have reported solubility data in the chemical, pharmaceutical, engineering, and environmental literature for several thousand organic compounds. Until now, this information has been scattered throughout the literature. Containing over 16,000 solubility data points for more than 4,000 organic compounds, Handbook of Aqueous

In most cases, every chemist must deal with solvent effects, whether voluntarily or otherwise. Since its publication, this has been the standard reference on all topics related to solvents and solvent effects in organic chemistry. Christian Reichardt provides reliable information on the subject, allowing chemists to understand and effectively use these phenomena. 3rd updated and enlarged edition of a classic 35% more contents excellent, proven concept includes current developments, such as ionic liquids indispensable in research and industry From the reviews of the second edition:'...This is an immensely useful book, and the source that I would turn to first when seeking virtually any information about solvent effects.'—Organometallics

Living systems synthesize seven different classes of polymers. They provide structure and form for cells and organisms, function as catalysts and energy storage and carry the genetic information. All these polymers possess technically interesting properties. Some of these biopolymers are already used commercially. This special volume of Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology comprises 10 chapters. It gives an overview of the water insoluble biopolyesters, in particular of the microbially synthesized poly-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) family. It reports the state of the art of metabolism, regulation and genetic background, the latest advances made in genetic optimization of bacteria,'construction'of transgenic plants and in vitro synthesis by means of purified enzymes. Furthermore, it describes relevant technologies and evaluates perspectives concerning increasing the economic viability and competitiveness of PHA and discusses applications in medicine, packaging, food and other fields.

The American edition of our monograph is not a mere translation of the Czech edition, which appeared some five years ago. We have had to respect the fact that even such a short period has sufficed for progress in this field, and that the field of application of methods of organic analysis has widened. We have therefore revised a number of chapters in Part 1, the general part of the monograph-mainly those devoted to chromatographic methods, which have been extended and complemented by methods of thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. The chapters on the theory of color reactions and on analytical literature have also been extended; the chapter on spectral methods has been extended by including the use of proton magnetic resonance in organic analysis, and the list of references has been enlarged by adding books of importance for organic analysis. In Part 2, the part dealing specifically with various elements and chemical groups, we have extended the chapters on solubility and on acids and bases. The methods for the detection and identification of given classes of compounds have also been supplemented by references to recent papers.

Organic Chemistry, Second Edition, Volume I: Organic Functional Group Preparations provides a convenient and useful source of reliable preparative procedures for the most common functional groups. This book discusses the preparations of each group that are subdivided into different reaction types, including elimination, condensation, and oxidation and reduction reactions. Organized into 21 chapters, this edition begins with an overview of the reduction methods that allow the preparation of hydrocarbon of known structure. This text then explores the acid-catalyzed of thermal elimination of water from alcohols, which is a common laboratory method for the preparation of olefins. Other chapters consider the two most significant synthetic methods for introducing an acetylenic group into the molecule, which involve the elimination of hydrogen halides. This book discusses as well the importance of oxidation reactions. The final chapter deals with sulfonation reactions. This book is a valuable resource for organic chemists and research workers.

Solubility Data Series, Volume 15: Alcohols with Water is part of a series of books that provides a critical and comprehensive evaluation of solubility data on chemical systems. This volume covers only the binary systems that contain water and a monohydroxy alcohol. This book presents precise data on data sheets in a uniform format preceded for each system by a critical evaluation if there are more than one set of data available. For systems where data from different sources agree sufficiently, recommended values are proposed. This volume will be of great use to scientists such as chemists, who deal with chemical solutions and properties.

Covering all theoretical and practical aspects of the applications of spot tests to organic analysis, this book includes information on more than 900 tests. It continues to be an indispensable reference to organic and analytical chemists in academia and in industry.

The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Volume VII covers the synthesis and application of dyes, fluorescent brightening agents, color and electronic states of organic molecules, photochemistry of dyes, and physical chemistry of dyeing. This book is organized into five chapters—sulfur dyes; Bunte salt dyes; state of dye in dyebath and substrate; kinetics, equilibrium, dye-fiber affinity, and mechanisms; and applications of synthetic dyes to biological problems. This compilation specifically discusses the sulfur dyes of known constitution, analysis of sulfur dyes, and chemistry of Bunte salts. The chemical modification of proteins and dyes as antibacterial and therapeutic agents is also treated. This volume is recommended for organic chemists and technologists interested in the synthesis of dyes and their applications.

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects – properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance – of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

Organicum: Practical Handbook of Organic Chemistry focuses on the theory, laboratory practice, and aspects of technical use related to organic chemistry. This book discusses the standard apparatus for organic reactions, heating of inflammable liquids, performance of a simple distillation, and partition chromatography in separating columns. The time factor in organic chemical reactions, distribution of the electron density in organic molecules, and synthesis of ethers from alkoxides or phenoxides are also elaborated. This text likewise covers the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, quinones from aromatic hydrocarbons, and reduction of carbonyl compounds by means of complex hydrides. Other topics include the reaction with ammoniacal solution of a silver salt, preparation of the dimedone derivatives, and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. This publication is suitable for chemists and researchers conducting work in organic chemistry.

Completely revised, and vastly expanded, this Fifth Edition is a well-established and successful reference volume designed principally for the chemical and other process industries, but will be found useful by anyone needing the latest pertinent data on industrial solvents. This Fifth Edition is uniquely helpful when it becomes necessary to select a new solvent on a competitive or comparative basis; when the customary solvent, employed hitherto, might no longer be available, or can no longer be used because of environmental reasons; or when prices have risen to such an extent that an existing process must be redesigned to make it economically feasible again.The over 1,200 tables in this book contain basic data on the physical properties of most solvents and on the solubilities of a variety of materials in these solvents. Even phase diagrams for multicomponent systems are included. Particularly valuable are the comparative data for various solvents in the last chapter.

Hazardous Metals in Human Toxicology

The Determination of Hydrazino-Hydrazide Groups discusses the analytical methods for the analysis of hydrazino, hydrazide, hydrazine, substituted hydrazines, and hydrazine derivatives. It also shows the usefulness of hydrazines and its derivatives as analytical reagents. The book presents a detailed examination of a variety of analytical methods used in determining hydrazines and hydrazides derivatives. These methods include oxidation, colorimetry and spectrophotometry, coulometry, polarography, and gasometric and acid-based methods. The book concludes by discussing the use of hydrazines as analytical reagents. The text is invaluable for everyone interested in hydrazides and hydrazines and their applications.

Monographs in Organic Functional Group Analysis, Volume 3: Determination of Carboxylic Functional Groups focuses on the quantitative determination of acid chlorides, esters, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, lactones, and amides. The monograph first takes a look at the determination of carboxylic acids. Countercurrent and electrophoretic separation of organic acids; polarography of organic acids; acid-base equilibrium in non-aqueous media; and titrimetric determination of acids are discussed. The book also examines the determination of acid anhydrides, chlorides, and esters. The characteristics and composition of acid chlorides and anhydrides, as well as the saponification and spectroscopic methods used in the identification of esters, are presented. The book also evaluates the methods and use of Grignard's reagent in the determination of amides. The text also presents an analysis of binary and ternary mixtures. Mixtures of acids and acid chlorides, differentiation of acids, mixtures of acids and esters, and mixtures of acids and amides are discussed. The monograph is a vital reference for readers interested in the quantitative determination of acid chlorides, esters, carboxylic acids, and other related compounds.

The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology, Volume VI: Supplement to Volumes I and II updates the chemistry of the alkaloids by linking developments to the content of earlier volumes. This book discusses the taxonomic position of the alkaloids in plants, external factors governing alkaloid formation, pyrrolidine alkaloids, and structure of the necines. The alkaloids of the pomegranate root bark, alkaloids of Sedum spp, structure of dioscorine, and reactions of morphine and codeine are also elaborated. This publication likewise covers the chemistry of colchicine, alkaloids derived from dibenzofuran, and biological effects of the amaryllidaceae alkaloids. This volume is a good reference for chemists and specialists conducting work on alkaloids.

Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry

Vitamins and Hormones

Catalytic Hydrogenation over Platinum Metals focuses on catalytic hydrogenation as an effective process in attaining controlled transformations of organic compounds. Composed of contributions of various authors, the book first provides information on catalysts, equipment, and conditions. Catalyst stability and reuse; types of catalyst; platinum metals; and synergism are covered. The text proceeds with discussions on hydrogenation reactors. Topics include atmospheric pressure reactors; low pressure reactors; microreactors; and high pressure reactors. The book also covers hydrogenation of carbon-carbon unsaturation. Catalytic metal; modified catalyst systems; stereochemistry; diacetylenes; and hydrogenolysis are discussed. The text also looks at the hydrogenation of aromatics, nitrogen and carbonyl compounds, and hydrogenolysis. Numerical representations and analysis, diagrams, and reactions of compounds when exposed to different laboratory conditions are considered. The selection is a great source of data for readers interested in studying the process of catalytic hydrogenation.