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This book captures the essence of one of the most remarkable journeys of a professional who prevailed over numerous challenges and adverse situations that appeared before him from nowhere and how he emerged victorious to be hailed at a global forum of the American Geophysical Union in 2008. The author reflects upon the circumstances and times in post-independent India that threw him out of the comforts of a well-to-do family into the real world. He traces back his entry into the field of earthquake science and dwells at length upon the scope and freedom it offered for innovative thinking in the field with limitless opportunities. Mishaps and accidents paved the way to remarkable discoveries and achievements including the creation of the world record for establishing and populating India's first permanent base station in Antarctica in a record time of one Antarctic summer despite having a near-fatal helicopter crash on 4th day after reaching Antarctica. Stressing the need to live safely with earthquakes as their short-term prediction is not a possibility yet, the author advocates a two-prong strategy of directly looking into the earthquake source region deep inside the earth and developing an earthquake-resilient society, simultaneously. He cites the success story of the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System that is operational in the Indian Ocean, today. The book inspires young professionals with a flair for challenges and a burning desire to achieve results at any cost. This book provides important information in a nutshell about artificial water reservoir triggered earthquakes, India's building of the Dakshin Gangotri all-weather station in Antarctica, Indian Ocean Tsunami warning set-up, Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination, etc. The main objective of the book is to inspire a generation of young minds through a narration of scientific achievements that did not come easily to him. The aim is to tell them the difference between a reaction and a response to a given situation, the former being impulsive and irrational and the latter responsible and rational.

This second edition of Mathematical Geosciences book adds five new topics: Solution equations with uncertainty, which proposes two novel methods for solving nonlinear geodetic equations as stochastic variables when the parameters of these equations have uncertainty characterized by probability distribution. The first method, an algebraic technique, partly employs symbolic computations and is applicable to polynomial systems having different uncertainty distributions of the parameters. The second method, a numerical technique, uses stochastic differential equation in Ito form; Nature Inspired Global Optimization where Meta-heuristic algorithms are based on natural phenomenon such as Particle Swarm Optimization. This approach simulates, e.g., schools of fish or flocks of birds, and is extended through discussion of geodetic applications. Black Hole Algorithm, which is based on the black hole phenomena is added and a new variant of the algorithm code is introduced and illustrated based on examples; The application of the Gröbner Basis to integer programming based on numeric symbolic computation is introduced and illustrated by solving some standard problems; An extension of the applications of integer programming solving phase ambiguity in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) is considered as a global quadratic mixed integer programming task, which can be transformed into a pure integer problem with a given digit of accuracy. Three alternative algorithms are suggested, two of which are based on local and global linearization via McCormic Envelopes; and Machine learning techniques (MLT) that offer effective tools for stochastic process modelling. The Stochastic Modelling section is extended by the stochastic modelling via MLT and their effectiveness is compared with that of the modelling via stochastic differential equations (SDE). Mixing MLT with SDE also known as frequently Neural Differential Equations is also introduced and illustratedby an image classification via a regression problem.

This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.

This book brings together contributions from groundwater researchers and scientists on underground water resources in Egypt's deserts. The aquifers'quantity and quality are evaluated in many regions of the Egyptian deserts using established methods that can be effectively employed to investigate the potential for sustainable development in Egypt and similarly arid countries. The water resources in Egypt's deserts are subject to deterioration, mainly by land salinization and water deficiency.This book presents the best management practices, water quantity and quality, and optimal and sustainable usage of available groundwater. The book offers a unique guide for all readers interested in groundwater, modeling, and assessment for sustainable development in Egypt and countries with similar weather and water conditions.

This monograph examines contemporary environmental challenges facing Nepal, this landlocked country's representativeness in the wider South Asian context is both distinct and generalizable. In large part, this is because of its extremes of physiographical structure- plains, hill ranges, mountainous massifs - and wide range of altitudinal terrains, which represent and replicate South Asian and East Asian continental conditions differing as markedly as humid tropical lowlands, sub-tropical hill ranges and temperate to sub-arctic mountainous environments. Associated forest regimes, in which deforestation and reforestation patterns have evolved in recent times, and differing densities of settlement and cleared agricultural landscapes in each of these altitudinal zones, add to the environmental diversity of Nepal. Associated fauna and exotic species are in various states of endangerment especially Bengal tigers, one horned rhinos, wild elephants, crocodile, musk deer, and peasants, to name a few- so that their forested and mountainous habitats as ‘Wild Life Reserves'also deserve our attention, and are featured in this monograph's remit.

This book systematically introduces readers to the simulation theory and techniques of multiple media for unconventional tight reservoirs. It summarizes the macro/microscopic heterogeneities; the features of multiscale multiple media; the characteristics of complex fluid properties; the occurrence state of continental tight oil and gas reservoirs in China; and the complex flow characteristics and coupled production mechanism under unconventional development patterns. It also discusses the simulation theory of multiple media for unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs; mathematic model of flow through discontinuous multiple media; geological modeling of discrete multiscale multiple media; and the simulation of multiscale, multiphase flow regimes and multiple media. In addition to the practical application of simulation and software for unconventional tight oil and gas, it also explores the development trends and prospects of simulation technology. The book is of interest to scientific researchers and technicians engaged in the development of oil and gas reservoirs, and serves as a reference resource for advanced graduate students in fields related to petroleum.

This book is designed as an excellent resource text for students and professionals, providing an in-depth overview of the theory and applications of downhole microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing. The readers will benefit greatly from the detailed explanation on the processes and workflows involved in the acquisition design modeling, processing and interpretation of microseismic data.

This updated and expanded edition of the book includes four additional chapters on earthwork on sloping sites; transitional curves and super elevation; calculations of super elevations on composite curves; and underground mine surveying. Richly illustrated with diagrams, equations and tables as well as examples of every day survey tasks.It also covers new topics, such as the global navigation satellite system's (Real Time Kinematic-RTK), which are increasingly used in a wide range of everyday engineering applications.

This book introduces readers to seismic inversion methods and their application to both synthetic and real seismic data sets. Seismic inversion methods are routinely used to estimate attributes like P-impedance, S-impedance, density, the ratio of P-wave and S-wave velocities and elastic impedances from seismic and well log data. These attributes help to understand lithology and fluid contents in the subsurface. There are several seismic inversion methods available, but their application and results differ considerably, which can lead to confusion. This book explains all popular inversion methods, discusses their mathematical backgrounds, and demonstrates their capacity to extract information from seismic reflection data. The types covered include model-based inversion, colored inversion, sparse spike inversion, band-limited inversion, simultaneous inversion, elastic impedance inversion and geostatistical inversion, which includes single-attribute analysis, multi-attribute analysis, probabilistic neural networks and multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. In addition, the book describes local and global optimization methods and their application to seismic reflection data. Given its multidisciplinary, integrated and practical approach, the book offers a valuable tool for students and young professionals, especially those affiliated with oil companies.

This book discusses the latest advances in singular spectrum-based algorithms for seismic data processing, providing an update on recent developments in this field. Over the past few decades, researchers have extensively studied the application of the singular spectrum-based time and frequency domain eigen image methods, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and multichannel SSA for various geophysical data. This book addresses seismic reflection signals, which represent the amalgamated signals of several unwanted signals/noises, such as ground roll, diffractions etc. Decomposition of such non-stationary and erratic field data is one of the multifaceted tasks in seismic data processing. This volume also includes comprehensive methodological and parametric descriptions, testing on appropriately generated synthetic data, as well as comparisons between time and frequency domain algorithms and their applications to the field data on 1D, 2D, 3D and 4D data sets. Lastly, it features an exclusive chapter with MATLAB coding for SSA.

This thesis provides multidisciplinary perspectives on changes in global mass transports, especially in the global water cycle. It investigates the current time-varying states regarding global sea level, terrestrial water storage, mountain glacier mass and highland crustal deformation, drawing on fifteen years of satellite gravimetry observation to do so. The results reveal tremendous changes in various aspects of the global environment, which are due to both anthropogenic and natural factors. Further, the research presented here sheds new light on underlying connections and mechanisms in the global mass transport system.

This volume offers an overview of the state-of-the-art theoretical and practical approaches currently used for geophysical data interpretation. It includes new methods and techniques for solving data processing problems, and an analysis of geopotential fields by international researchers. It discusses topics such as: 1. Theoretical issues of interpretation of gravitational, magnetic and electric fields, including general methods of interpreting potential fields and other geophysical data. 2. Modern algorithms and computer technologies for interpretating geophysical fields. 3. The study of Earth deep structure using terrestrial and satellite potential field anomalies. 4. Geological interpretation of gravitational, magnetic and electric fields. This proceedings book is of interest to all geophysical researchers.

Das vorliegende Buch vermittelt Studierenden die hydrologischen, hydraulischen und wasserbaulichen Grundlagen für Gerinne und Fließgewässer. Mit den Programmierbeispielen können die Inhalte geübt und vertieft werden.

This book aims to inform policy-makers, engineers and earth scientists about the current and emerging role of geophysics in addressing environmental processes, assessments, and policy directions related to new and existing dams and levees. Until now geophysics has concentrated on characterization and remediation of dams and levees, but now the field is changing our understanding on the influence of natural processes (e.g., floods, dissolution) and human activities in the design, and management of these structures.This monograph includes advances in the following fields of Dams and Levees studies: · New insights from small and mid-sized laboratory experiments· Integrated methods electromagnetic, seismic, potential methods· Inverse modeling approaches· Statistical considerations· Monitoring of processes attending aging structures · Hazard monitoring· Risk Analysis

This book entitled'Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Earth and Environment Processes'is the result of a collaborative work after the 4th international scientific youth forum held at the IPMech RAS on November 1–3, 2018. The book includes theoretical and experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans, the lithosphere and their interaction; environmental issues; problems of human impact on the environment; methods of geophysical research. A special focus is given to the extraction of hydrocarbon resources, including unconventional sources. This book also focuses on new approaches to the development of hydrocarbon fields, very important in today's geopolitical conditions. The book presents new results of the experimental and theoretical modeling of deformation, fracture and filtration processes in the rocks in connection with issues of creating scientific fundamentals for new hydrocarbon production technologies.

There are several billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy. One of them is the middle-aged G2V yellow dwarf that rules our lives. The Sun Today discusses the Sun's appearance and composition, its internal workings, and the various kinds of radiation it emits, and it puts forward a novel explanation for coronal heating. The book draws on the findings of telescopic observation, space missions, and technical and theoretical advances in many fields, and shows why we need to know more if we are to understand and manage our foothold in the Universe. From the reviews of other books by Claudio Vita-Finzi: The Sun – A User's Manual (2008) ….this, jargon-free, concise, beautifully illustrated and eminently readable book… D.W. Hughes, Times Literary Supplement Solar History (2013)....a book that is supremely informative, intensely stimulating and enjoyable to read... Ian Seymour, Astronomy Now A History of the Solar System (2016)...there is a huge amount of useful information in this book that would benefit anyone who needed more detail than is available in a typical popular science title. Brian Clegg, Popular Science

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This book develops the theory of electromagnetic (EM) precursors to seaquakes (i.e. underwater earthquakes) and tsunamis, including the sequential stages of the transformation of a weak seismic mechanical excitation of the sea bottom into EM signals in the atmosphere. It further examines the relationship between geophysics and biophysics, using appropriate mathematical support, and a new model of the magnetic location of the epicenter of a possible land earthquake is described, as well as a block-scheme of the multidisciplinary multilevel seaquake monitoring complex. Also discussed are measured changes of brain bioelectric activity and heart functioning under the influence of moderate geomagnetic storms. Written for researchers and specialists (e.g. upper level undergraduates, postgraduates, scientists) in mathematical, computational, geophysical, biophysical, geodynamical, seismological and prognostic disciplines, this book provides multidisciplinary data and analytical tools supporting the theory and practice of seismic prognosis, promoting further understanding of novel marine and land monitoring systems.

This edited volume is based on the best papers accepted for presentation during the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. This special volume is of interest to all researchers practicing geosphysicists/seismologists, students of PG and UG in the fields of multifaceted Geoscience. Major applications with relevant illustrations presented in the volume are from Middle East. And therefore, this book no doubt would serve as a reference guide to all geoscientists and students in the broad field of Earth Science. This volume covers significant applications of gravity and magnetic methods, electrical and electromagnetic methods, refraction and reflection seismic methods besides a large number of study on earthquakes, tectonics and geological settings etc. The salient features of this volume are the interpretation andmodeling of geophysical data of different nature. Main topics include: 1. Applications of gravity and magnetic methods.2. Electrical and Electromagnetic methods in mineral and groundwater exploration.3. Case studies on refraction and reflection seismic methods.4. Integrated geoscience applications in the exploration of subsurface resources.5. Hydrocarbon and petrophysical studies6. Earthquakes and seismic hazard assessment.7. Tectonics

Ursprünglich als einbändiges Buch geplant, wurden aus dem Felsbau letztendlich 4 Bücher mit einer Entstehungszeit von über 30 Jahren. Seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr lieferbar, sind sie nun mit dieser inhaltlich unveränderten Ausgabe wieder verfügbar.Da sich die Felsbau-Bände mit der gründlichen Erkundung und Beschreibung des Werkstoffes Fels beschäftigt und mit zahlreichen Beispiele aus der felsmechanischen Praxis angereichert sind, ist der Nachdruck dieser zeitlosen Klassiker, trotz nachfolgender Forschungen und Entwicklungen, für alle Felsmechaniker ein Muss!Alle drei Bände des Felsbaus eignen sich sowohl für Ingenieure, als auch für Studierende der Felsmechanik.Band 2Der 2. Band des Felsbaus besteht aus zwei Teilbänden.Der Teilband A: Felsbau über Tage, 2. Teil befasst sich mit den Gründungen und Wasserkraftanlagen (1. Abschnitt). Der 2. Band Teil A erschien 1992 nach dem Tod von Leopold Müller. Das weit gediehene Manuskript wurde von Edwin Fecker fertig gestellt und für den Druck vorbereitet.Bei den Gründungen schließt der 2. Band an die bereits im 1. Band behandelten Kapitel über Gründungen an und behandelt dann die Einbindung von Wasserkraftanlagen in den Untergrund. Es wird die Gründung von geschütteten Dämmen, von Gewichtsstaumauern und aufgelösten Staumauern eingehend dargestellt.Die Bogenstaumauern folgen in dem im Jahre 1995 erschienen 2. Band Teil B. Im Kapitel über die Gründung von geschütteten Dämmen wird sehr ausführlich auf die Standsicherheit der Talflanken von Stauräumen eingegangen, weil eine Rutschung in den Stauraum für einen geschütteten Damm weit gefährlicher ist, als für ein Absperrbauwerk aus Beton. Da den Autor die katastrophale Rutschung in den Stauraum der Talsperre von Vajont im Jahre 1963 über mehr als ein Jahrzehnt lang mit Gutachten beschäftigte, stellt er nochmals seine ganzen damals gemachten Erfahrungen dar und zieht daraus die Schlussfolgerungen für zukünftige Talsperrenprojekte.

Ursprünglich als einbändiges Buch geplant, wurden aus dem Felsbau letztendlich 4 Bücher mit einer Entstehungszeit von über 30 Jahren. Seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr lieferbar, sind sie nun mit dieser inhaltlich unveränderten Ausgabe wieder verfügbar.Da sich die Felsbau-Bände mit der gründlichen Erkundung und Beschreibung des Werkstoffes Fels beschäftigt und mit zahlreichen Beispiele aus der felsmechanischen Praxis angereichert sind, ist der Nachdruck dieser zeitlosen Klassiker, trotz nachfolgender Forschungen und Entwicklungen, für alle Felsmechaniker ein Muss!Alle drei Bände des Felsbaus eignen sich sowohl für Ingenieure, als auch für Studierende der Felsmechanik.Band 3Der 3. Band des Felsbaus führt in das Thema Felsbau unter Tage ein und befasst sich mit dem Tunnelbau. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf Stollen und Tunnel. Neben den Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Bergart, Bauvorgang und Konstruktion wird auf die zugrunde liegenden statischen Berechnungen und den Bauvorgang an sich im Detail eingegangen. Der Tunnelbau und -betrieb wird allumfassend erläutert - vom Bauentwurf und der Ausschreibung über die baugeologische und geomechanische Bauvorbereitung bis hin zur Ausbesserung schadhafter Tunnel. Der 3. Band erschien 1978 vor der Fertigstellung des 2. Bandes. Die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der theoretischen Felsmechanik sowie des praktischen Felsbaues ab den frühen 1960iger Jahren haben im Untertagebau zu völlig neuen Auffassungen und praktischen Methoden geführt. Zusammen mit seinem Kollegen Franz Pacher und dem bekannten Tunnelbauer Ladislaus von Rabcewicz entwickelte Leopold Müller in dieser Zeit eine neue Art Tunnel zu bauen, der sie den Namen „Neue Österreichische Tunnelbauweise“ gaben. Diese revolutionäre Art des Tunnelbaus führte zu großen Erfolgen und zu einem weltweiten Umdenken bei Bauherrn und Unternehmern.

Ursprünglich als einbändiges Buch geplant, wurden aus dem Felsbau letztendlich 4 Bücher mit einer Entstehungszeit von über 30 Jahren. Seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr lieferbar, sind sie nun mit dieser inhaltlich unveränderten Ausgabe wieder verfügbar.Da sich die Felsbau-Bände mit der gründlichen Erkundung und Beschreibung des Werkstoffes Fels beschäftigen und mit zahlreichen Beispielen aus der felsmechanischen Praxis angereichert sind, ist der Nachdruck dieser zeitlosen Klassiker, trotz nachfolgender Forschungen und Entwicklungen, für alle Felsmechaniker ein Muss!Alle drei Bände des Felsbaus eignen sich sowohl für Ingenieure, als auch für Studierende der Felsmechanik.Band 1Der erste von drei Bänden enthält den Theroretischen Teil mit den theoretischen und mechanischen Grundlagen der Felsmechanik und den Felsbau über Tage. Neben der Darstellung des Fels als Werkstoff werden die wichtigstenbautechnischen Eigenschaften des Gebirges erklärt. Die Leser werden im ersten Teil des ersten Bandes in die Methoden zur quantitativen geomechanischen Gebirgsbeschreibung sowie die Erhebung und Darstellung geologischer Daten detailliert eingeführt. Im zweiten Teil erklärt der Autor die Grundlagen zur Berechnung von Felsbauwerken mit besonderem Bezug auf die verschiedenen Felsböschungen.

Ursprünglich als einbändiges Buch geplant, wurden aus dem Felsbau letztendlich 4 Bücher mit einer Entstehungszeit von über 30 Jahren. Seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr lieferbar, sind sie nun mit dieser inhaltlich unveränderten Ausgabe wieder verfügbar.Da sich die Felsbau-Bände mit der gründlichen Erkundung und Beschreibung des Werkstoffes Fels beschäftigt und mit zahlreichen Beispiele aus der felsmechanischen Praxis angereichert sind, ist der Nachdruck dieser zeitlosen Klassiker, trotz nachfolgender Forschungen und Entwicklungen, für alle Felsmechaniker ein Muss!Alle vier Bände des Felsbaus eignen sich sowohl für Ingenieure, als auch für Studierende der Felsmechanik.Band 2Der zweite Band von vier Bänden des Felsbaus ist in zwei Teile unterteilt, Teil A und B.Der Teilband B befasst sich mit den Gründungen von Wasserkraftanlagen (2. Abschnitt). Er rundet das Thema mit dem Kapitelüber die Gründung von gewölbten Staumauern ab. Methodisch wird auf die Aufnahme, Darstellung und Interpretation geologischer Daten eingegangen. Leopold Müller war im Laufe seiner Berufstätigkeit am Bau von über 100 Talsperren, meist gewölbten Staumauern beteiligt.Der 2. Band Teil B erschien 1995 nach dem Tod von Leopold Müller. Das Manuskript war in einem überarbeiteten Konzept fertig, für die Reinschrift waren aber noch umfangreiche Ergänzungen bei einzelnen Abschnitten erforderlich. Sie wurden von den Herren Prof. Rescher, Prof. Duddeck, Prof. Pacher, Dr. Fürlinger, Prof. John, Prof. Egger und Prof. Reik eingearbeitet und sind am Anfang der entsprechenden Kapitel in einer Fußnote kenntlich gemacht. Alle Beteiligten verzichteten darauf den Text des Autors wesentlich zu verändern, selbst wenn gelegentlich die Meinung der Revidierenden mit den Ansichten Müllers nicht völlig übereinstimmte.

This text focuses on conservation laws in magnetohydrodynamics, gasdynamics and hydrodynamics. A grasp of new conservation laws is essential in fusion and space plasmas, as well as in geophysical fluid dynamics; they can be used to test numerical codes, or to reveal new aspects of the underlying physics, e.g., by identifying the time history of the fluid elements as an important key to understanding fluid vorticity or in investigating the stability of steady flows. The ten Galilean Lie point symmetries of the fundamental action discussed in this book give rise to the conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum and center of mass conservation laws via Noether's first theorem. The advected invariants are related to fluid relabeling symmetries – so-called diffeomorphisms associated with the Lagrangian map – and are obtained by applying the Euler-Poincare approach to Noether's second theorem. The book discusses several variants of helicity including kinetic helicity, crosshelicity, magnetic helicity, Ertels'theorem and potential vorticity, the Hollman invariant, and the Godbillon Vey invariant. The book develops the non-canonical Hamiltonian approach to MHD using the non-canonical Poisson bracket, while also refining the multisymplectic approach to ideal MHD and obtaining novel nonlocal conservation laws. It also briefly discusses Anco and Bluman's direct method for deriving conservation laws. A range of examples is used to illustrate topological invariants in MHD and fluid dynamics, including the Hopf invariant, the Calugareanu invariant, the Taylor magnetic helicity reconnection hypothesis for magnetic fields in highly conducting plasmas, and the magnetic helicity of Alfvén simple waves, MHD topological solitons, and the Parker Archimedean spiral magnetic field. The Lagrangian map is used to obtain a class of solutions for incompressible MHD. The Aharonov-Bohm interpretation of magnetic helicity and cross helicity is discussed. In closing, examples of magnetosonic N-waves are used to illustrate the role of the wave number and group velocity concepts for MHD waves. This self-contained and pedagogical guide to the fundamentals will benefit postgraduate-level newcomers and seasoned researchers alike.

Advances in Geophysics is a highly-respected publication in the field of geophysics. Since 1952, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. Now with over 50 volumes, the series contains much material still relevant today – truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of geophysics. - Provides high-level reviews of the latest innovations in geophysics - Written by recognized experts in the field - Presents an essential publication for researchers in all fields of geophysics

This book offers a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the planetary boundary layer, particularly the turbulent exchanges of momentum, heat and passive scalars between the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere. It presents and discusses the observations and the theory of the turbulent boundary layer, both for homogeneous and more realistic heterogeneous surface conditions, as well as the dispersion of tracers. Lastly it addresses the main problems arising due to turbulence in weather, climate and atmospheric composition numerical models. Written for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate-level students and atmospheric researchers, it is also of interest to anyone wanting to understand the findings and obtain an update on problems that have yet to be solved.

This book describes the derivation of the equations of motion of fluids as well as the dynamics of ocean and atmospheric currents on both large and small scales through the use of variational methods. In this way the equations of Fluid and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics are re-derived making use of a unifying principle, that is Hamilton's Principle of Least Action. The equations are analyzed within the framework of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics for continuous systems. The analysis of the equations'symmetries and the resulting conservation laws, from Noether's Theorem, represent the core of the description. Central to this work is the analysis of particle relabeling symmetry, which is unique for fluid dynamics and results in the conservation of potential vorticity. Different special approximations and relations, ranging from the semi-geostrophic approximation to the conservation of wave activity, are derived and analyzed. Thanks to a complete derivation of all relationships, this book is accessible for students at both undergraduate and graduate levels, as well for researchers. Students of theoretical physics and applied mathematics will recognize the existence of theoretical challenges behind the applied field of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, while students of applied physics, meteorology and oceanography will be able to find and appreciate the fundamental relationships behind equations in this field.

This volume provides an overview of the fluid aspects of the climate system, focusing on basic aspects as well as recent research developments. It will bring together contributions from diverse fields of the physical, mathematical and engineering sciences. The volume will be useful to doctorate students, postdocs and researchers working on different aspects of atmospheric, oceanic and environmental fluid dynamics. It will also be of interest to researchers interested in quantitatively understanding how fluid dynamics can be applied to the climate system, and to climate scientists willing to gain a deeper insight into the fluid mechanics underlying climate processes.

This book provides the state-of-the art of the present understanding of avalanche phenomena in both functional materials and geophysics. The main emphasis of the book is analyzing these apparently different problems within the common perspective of out-of-equilibrium phenomena displaying spatial and temporal complexity that occur in a broad range of scales. Many systems, when subjected to an external force, respond intermittently in the form of avalanches that often span over a wide range of sizes, energies and durations. This is often related to a class of critical behavior characterized by the absence of characteristic scales. Typical examples are magnetization processes, plastic deformation and failure occuring in functional materials. These phenomena share many similarities with seismicity arising from the earth crust failure due to stresses that originate from plate tectonics.

The main focus of this book is on the interconnection of two unorthodox scientific ideas, the varying-gravity hypothesis and the expanding-earth hypothesis. As such, it provides a fascinating insight into a nearly forgotten chapter in both the history of cosmology and the history of the earth sciences.The hypothesis that the force of gravity decreases over cosmic time was first proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937. In this book the author examines in detail the historical development of Dirac's hypothesis and its consequences for the structure and history of the earth, the most important of which was that the earth must have been smaller in the past.

This self-contained set of lectures addresses a gap in the literature by providing a systematic link between the theoretical foundations of the subject matter and cutting-edge applications in both geophysical fluid dynamics and nonlinear optics. Rogue and shock waves are phenomena that may occur in the propagation of waves in any nonlinear dispersive medium. Accordingly, they have been observed in disparate settings – as ocean waves, in nonlinear optics, in Bose-Einstein condensates, and in plasmas. Rogue and dispersive shock waves are both characterized by the development of extremes: for the former, the wave amplitude becomes unusually large, while for the latter, gradients reach extreme values. Both aspects strongly influence the statistical properties of the wave propagation and are thus considered together here in terms of their underlying theoretical treatment. This book offers a self-contained graduate-level text intended as both an introduction and referenceguide for a new generation of scientists working on rogue and shock wave phenomena across a broad range of fields in applied physics and geophysics.

This book, featuring a truly interdisciplinary approach, provides an overview of cutting-edge mathematical theories and techniques that promise to play a central role in climate science. It brings together some of the most interesting overview lectures given by the invited speakers at an important workshop held in Rome in 2013 as a part of MPE2013 (“Mathematics of Planet Earth 2013”). The aim of the workshop was to foster the interaction between climate scientists and mathematicians active in various fields linked to climate sciences, such as dynamical systems, partial differential equations, control theory, stochastic systems, and numerical analysis. Mathematics and statistics already play a central role in this area. Likewise, computer science must have a say in the efforts to simulate the Earth's environment on the unprecedented scale of petabytes. In the context of such complexity, new mathematical tools are needed to organize and simplify the approach. The growing importance of data assimilation techniques for climate modeling is amply illustrated in this volume, which also identifies important future challenges.

This book focuses on the impact dynamics and cratering of soft matter to describe its importance, difficulty, and wide applicability to planetary-related problems. A comprehensive introduction to the dimensional analysis and constitutive laws that are necessary to discuss impact mechanics and cratering is first provided. Then, particular coverage is given to the impact of granular matter, which is one of the most crucial constituents for geophysics. While granular matter shows both solid-like and fluid-like behaviors, neither solid nor fluid dynamics is sufficient to fully understand the physics of granular matter. In order to reveal its fundamental properties, extensive impact tests have been carried out recently. The author reveals the findings of these recent studies as well as what remains unsolved in terms of impact dynamics. Impact crater morphology with various soft matter impacts also is discussed intensively. Various experimental and observational results up to the recent Itokawa asteroid's terrain and nanocrater are reviewed and explained mainly by dimensional analysis. The author discusses perspectives of the relation between soft matter physics and planetary science, because it is an important step towards unifying physics and planetary science, in both of which fields crater morphology has been studied independently.

The oceans cover 70% of the terrestrial surface, and exert a pervasive influence on the Earth's environment but their nature is poorly recognized. Knowing the ocean's role deeply and understanding the complex, physical, biological, chemical and geological systems operating within it represent a major challenge to scientists today. Seafloor observatories offer scientists new opportunites to study multiple, interrelated natural phenomena over time scales ranging from seconds to decades, from episodic to global and long-term processes.Seafloor Observatories poses the important and apparently simple question,'How can continuous and reliable monitoring at the seafloor by means of Seafloor Observatories extend exploration and improve knowledge of our planet?'The book leads the reader through:the present scientific challenges to be addressed with seafloor observatoriesthe technical solutions for their architecturean excursus on worldwide ongoing projects and programmessome relevant scientific multidisciplinary resultsanda presentation of new and interesting long-term perspectives for the coming years.Current results will yield significant improvements and exert a strong impact not only on our present knowledge of our planet but also on human evolution.

This is the problems and solution manual for the graduate text with the same title and published as Lecture Notes in Physics Vol 877 which provides the necessary mathematical and physics background to understand the transport of gases, charged particle gases, energetic charged particles, turbulence, and radiation in an astrophysical and space physics context. The very detailed and self-contained problems and solutions will be an essential part of the training of any graduate student wishing to enter and pursuing research in this field.

This textbook on plate tectonics is designed for students in geology and geophysics to acquire in-depth knowledge of quantitative methods in plate kinematics and dynamics. Quantitative Plate Tectonics can also be used as a reference book by geoscientists who desire to expand their knowledge beyond their own specialization, or by oil-and-gas professionals and ore deposit specialists that need to investigate the geodynamic context of formation of geologic resources.Finally, this book can be considered as a comprehensive monograph on plate tectonics, which addresses the different quantitative aspects of this broad discipline, which has been traditionally partitioned into separate or quasi-separate branches.Additional material, available at http://extras.springer.com, includes two computer programs for the analysis of marine magnetic anomalies and for plate kinematic modelling, as well as some important geophysical data sets and models. Solutions to the exercises are also included.A unified quantitative description of plate tectonics, combining geological and geophysical perspectives Professional software, manual verification examples and applications are available as additional materialIncludes detailed calculations, examples, and problem sets per chapter Well illustrated'Dr. Schettino has produced a book covering in a rigorous way the kinematics and dynamics of plate tectonics. The fundamental physics governing geodynamic processes is discussed quantitatively, the relevant equations are clearly derived, and the implications of results are illustrated with examples and problems. The book will repay careful reading not only by postgraduate students in geophysics and geology, but also by any Earth scientist who wishes to acquire a quantitative understanding of plate tectonics.'Giorgio Ranalli, Distinguished Research Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton university, Ottawa, Canada (author of'Rheology of the Earth', two editions, 1987 and 1995)'This text gives an excellent quantitative presentation of the kinematics and the dynamics of plate tectonics that integrates many aspects of the Earth sciences and provides a powerful model of the dynamic behaviour of the Earth. The geological and geophysical processes involved in elucidating the theory are clearly illustrated through a perfectly balanced level of mathematical and physical concepts including derivation of the relevant equations, examples and problems. The book is intended for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and professional earth scientists requiring an overview of the essential processes of plate tectonics.'Marco Ligi, Senior Researcher, National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Bologna, Italy.

The construction of tunnels involves the resolution of various complex technical problems depending on the geological and geological-environmental context in which the work fits.Only a careful analysis of all the geological and geological-environmental issues and a correct reconstruction of the conceptual model can lead to optimal design solutions from all points of view (including financial) and ensure the safety of workers during the construction and users in the operation phase.It was therefore felt that there was a need to collect in one volume the state of current knowledge about:all the geological and environmental issues related to the construction of underground works the different methodologies used for the reconstruction of the conceptual model the different risk typologies that it is possible to encounter or that can arise from tunnel construction, and the most important risk assessment, management and mitigation methodologies that are used in tunneling studies.

This book is dedicated to Professor Kolumban Hutter of the Darmstadt Univer­ sity of Technology on the occasion of his 60th birthday on 22 January 200l. Professor Hutter graduated in Civil Engineering from the ETH Zurich, and then worked in industry-related consulting at the Institute of Mechanics and the Laboratory of Hydraulics and Soil Mechanics at the ETH, before embark­ ing on a PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics in Cornell University. He duly completed his PhD under the supervision of Professor Y. H. Pao, working in the field of the electrodynamics of continuous media. After his PhD, Professor Hutter returned to Europe where he worked as a senior scientist at the Labor­ atory for Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zurich, being involved in glacier flow, physical limnology, avalanche research and granular media. At the same time he maintained scientific contact with the Mechanics Institute of the Vienna University of Technology. In both European cities he received a habil­ itation degree: In Vienna for Mechanics, in Zurich for Theoretical Glaciology and Limnology. Since 1987 Professor Hutter has been the successor to Professor Becker at the Department of Mechanics, Darmstadt University of Technology. Professor Hutter's work has always been relevant to reallife, and a feature of the man is his attention to experiments and matching theory. He has built up an internationally respected laboratory in Darmstadt which concentrates on both experimental and theoretical aspects.

Acoustics of Layered Media II presents the theory of sound propagation and reflection of spherical waves and bounded beams in layered media. It is mathematically rigorous but at the same time care is taken that the physical usefulness in applications and the logic of the theory are not hidden. Both moving and stationary media, discretely and continuously layered, including a range-dependent environment, are treated for various types of acoustic wave sources. Detailed appendices provide further background on the mathematical methods.This second edition reflects the notable recent progress in the field of acoustic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media.

The N(h)-Working Party, a Group in Commission III of URS! (URS! Information Bulletin No. 112, p. 12) suggested these calculations of ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices n, vertical group refractive indices c/U, and virtual o,x o,x 1 heights h (f), for an Epstein, cosine and parabolic layer model. c ist the free 0 X 1 space velocity of light. U and U denote vertical ordinary and extraordinary 0 X group velocities. The data are intended to facilitate real height (h) computations from 1 1 observed, h (f)-traces. Especially the h (f)-data are intended also to allow o,x o,x for tests of existing reduction methods. For ionization minimum investigations an additional set of tables is presented. These tables represent the virtual paths 1 6 h (f) of sounding pulses which penetrate an ionospheric layer of parabolic o,x 1 shape; they can be used together with the abovementioned standard h (f)-curves o,x 1 to give ordinary and extraordinary h (f)-traces for any combination of a lower O, X parabolic layer and an upper Epstein, cosine or parabolic electron density distribution. Ordinary group refractive index tables have already been published by D. H. SHINN [ 1] 1 and by Vv. BECKER [ 2] • Their value s of cp, the angle of inclination of the earth s magnetic field, are slightly different from those used here. These tables may be used 1 as additional sets for interpolation purposes. D. H.

Spacecraft study of the Solar system is one of humanity's most outstanding achievements. Thanks to this study, our present knowledge of properties of and conditions on the planets exceeds many-fold that of 20 years ago: planets have been rediscovered. This is especially the case for planetary atmospheres, whose properties were for the most part either not at all or only erroneously known. Much research has been invested in the study of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, and their chemical composition and photochemistry are basic problems in these studies. In the present publication I have tried to summarize all findings in this field. The English version of the book includes new data in the field from the last 3 years since the book was published in Russian. I wish to thank U. von Zahn, who initiated my talks with Springer-Verlag and acted as technical editor. December 2, 1985 V. A. KRASNOPOLSKY Contents Introduction.................................................. 1 1 Chemical Composition and Structure of the Martian Atmosphere 4 1. 1 Carbon Dioxide and Atmospheric Pressure................... 4 1. 2 CO and O Mixing Ratios.................................. 8 2 1. 3 Ozone.................................................. 10 1. 4 Water Vapor............................................ 18 1. 5 Composition of the Upper Atmosphere as Determined from Airglow Spectroscopy..................................... 23 1. 6 Mass Spectrometric Measurements of the Atmospheric Composition............................................ 31 1. 7 Ionospheric Composition.................................. 34 1. 8 Temperature Profile of the Lower Atmosphere................ 36 1. 9 Temperature of the Upper Atmosphere...................... 40 1. 10 Eddy Diffusion Coefficient................................ 42 2 Photochemistry of the Martian Atmosphere..................

In this book the authors consider the natural environment as an integrated system and describe a cohesive approach to its modelling and prediction. The book emphasises the mathematical representation and numerical simulation of the interactions between the various environmental components and those of the environmental processes, including physical, chemical and biological. Furthermore, it summarises some of the recent progress and new developments in the modelling and prediction of the atmosphere, ocean, land surface, continental hydrosphere, cryosphere, etc. The authors also explore new theoretical frameworks in environmental prediction, such as systems analysis and statistical-dynamic modelling. The applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems in environmental modelling and prediction are discussed. Examples of integrated environmental modelling are given

The optional Introduction is an informal description of the content of the standard. It should enable a new reader to evaluate whether the standard is relevant for a given purpose or not. Scope The scope defines without ambiguity, the subject of the document and the aspects covered, thereby indicating the limits of applicability. The scope shall be succinct so that it can be used as a summary for bibliographie purposes. The scope has to be approved by the plenary of the Technical Committee or Sub­ committee in order to align the fields of work of all standards of the family. Conformance The'Conformance'clause is only required in some standards in the Information Technology field. This clause shall enable a user to test a product on compliance with the ISO standard. Normative references, Terms and definitions, Symbols and abbreviated terms The'Normative references'clause provides a list of the referenced documents cited in the document in such a way as to make them indispensable for the applica­ tion of the document. The'Terms and definitions'clause refers to the terminology of the standard. In families of standards like the ISO 19100 it is recommended that one keep track of the terminology of all member standards of the family as a whole. The'Symbols and abbreviated terms'clause is filled as far as necessary for un­ derstanding the standard. Basic elements The basic elements contain the provisions of the standard. They are ordered in clauses, subclauses, and paragraphs.

All aspects of our lives are influenced by the weather and especially severe weather events - such considerations tend to become more pertinent as such weather events may become more frequent with global warming. It is evident that better weather forecasts for the next few hours, days or even weeks have a high economic value for our developed and densely populated world. Ground and air traffic management benefits, as does the construction industry, tourism, agriculture and big outdoor events such as the Olympic games. Weather fore­ casting nowadays relies on numerical weather prediction models. The reliability and accuracy of forecasts however depends not only on the quality and resolution of these models, but to a high degree on the density and quality of input data from observations. Weather radar measurements complement current data such as ground observations and soundings at smaller scales and satellite observations on larger scales. Targeted weather radar measurements additionally give detailed insight into the processes governing the developments of, for example, frontal systems and thunderstorms, which is needed for improving the model quality by comparing the observations with model forecasts. Weather radar observations on their own can be used directly for short-term forecasting, called nowcasting, just by observ­ ing the developments of weather systems some 100 km around and extrapolating the observations with knowledge of their typical behaviour. Finally, with reliable quantitative measurements of area precipitation by radar, flood forecasts will be improved.

In diesem Band sind die geophysikalischen Methoden und Werkzeuge dargestellt. Mit einer leichtverständlichen, durch Prinzipskizzen veranschaulichten Methodenbeschreibung und Angaben zu den Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sollen auch fachfremde Leser angesprochen werden. Vorwiegend in den Grundlagenkapiteln findet der Geophysiker das spezielle Wissen, das er zum Einsatz der Methode oder zur Beurteilung von Untersuchungsergebnissen benötigt. Erläutert werden auch die Meßprinzipien und der Stand der Meßgerätetechnik, die Anlage und Durchführung der Feldarbeiten, die Bearbeitung und Interpretation der Meßdaten, die Qualitätssicherung sowie der personelle, technische und zeitliche Aufwand. Beispiele aus der Erkundungspraxis veranschaulichen die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Methoden.

Das Buch führt auf einfache und verständliche Weise in die Bayes-Statistik ein. Ausgehend vom Bayes-Theorem werden die Schätzung unbekannter Parameter, die Festlegung von Konfidenzregionen für die unbekannten Parameter und die Prüfung von Hypothesen für die Parameter abgeleitet. Angewendet werden die Verfahren für die Parameterschätzung im linearen Modell, für die Parameterschätzung, die sich robust gegenüber Ausreißern in den Beobachtungen verhält, für die Prädiktion und Filterung, die Varianz- und Kovarianzkomponentenschätzung und die Mustererkennung. Für Entscheidungen in Systemen mit Unsicherheiten dienen Bayes-Netze. Lassen sich notwendige Integrale analytisch nicht lösen, werden numerische Verfahren mit Hilfe von Zufallswerten eingesetzt.

The growing number of published works dedicated to global environmental change leads to the realization that protection of the natural environment has become an urgent problem. The question of working out principles of co­ evolution of man and nature is being posed with ever-increasing persistence. Scientists in many countries are attempting to find ways of formulating laws governing human processes acting on the environment. Numerous national and international programs regarding biosphere and climate studies contribute to the quest for means of resolving the conflict between human society and nature. However, attempts to find efficient methods of regulating human activity on a global scale encounter principal difficulties. The major difficulty is the lack of an adequate knowledge base pertaining to climatic and biospheric processes as wen as the largely incomplete state of the databases concerning global processes occurring in the atmosphere, in the ocean, and on land. Another difficulty is the inability of modern science to formulate the requirements which must be met by the global databases necessary for reliable evaluation of the state of the environ­ ment and fore casting its development for sufficiently long time intervals.