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This book provides a macro-level understanding of transportation as an industry, through the lens of all the stakeholders that make up the ecosystem. It aids understanding about the transportation ecosystem, its components, challenges, contribution to economic growth, and the interplay between the stakeholders that govern the system. The contents also examine the background and history of transportation, emphasizing the fundamental role and importance the industry plays in companies, society, and the environment in which transportation service is provided. The book also provides an overview of carrier operations, management, technology, and the strategic principles for the successful management of different modes of transportation. This book is of interest to those working in academia, industry, and policy in the areas of transportation.

This reference book provides advanced knowledge on sustainable biogenic waste management. It covers innovative waste processing technologies to produce biofuels, energy products, and biochemicals. To create a circular bioeconomy, it is imperative to develop processes where the waste generated through one process acts as a feedstock for the other. This book discusses the latest developments in biochemical and thermochemical methods of conversion and covers the potential of different kinds of biomass in more decentralized biorefineries. It describes sustainable solutions for a greener supplement to fossil resources. The book is meant for microbiologists, chemists, and biotechnologists.

The book seeks to comprehend how indigenous knowledge systems of local communities can be effectively used in disaster management of various types. A prime example is the 2015 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, promoting indigenous environmental management knowledge and practices. Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples includes information and insight that supplement conventional science and environmental observations, a comprehensive understanding of the environment, natural resources, culture, and human interactions with them which is not documented before. A great deal of this knowledge have been lost in translation. In this book, the authors attempt to keep a record of each and every traditional knowledge study of the indigenous communities in managing the disasters. The use of indigenous knowledge systems in disaster understanding and management is the primary focus of the chapters. This book is organized into four major sections. Thefirst part gives an overview and help in conceptualizing the different concepts of hazard and disaster perception and how response and adaptation are connected with it. This part also discusses the concept of the connection between hazard and sustainable development and how the understanding of risk reduction and resilience can happen with the help of indigenous knowledge, insights, and strategies. The second part of the book introduces the different approaches to disaster and risk management. It establishes how vulnerability influences the risk associated with a hazard and the responses can be both positive and negative in disaster management. The approaches of the indigenous communities in managing a disaster, their resilience, capacity building, and community-based preparedness will be the area of prime focus in this chapter. Part 3 of this book describes the concept of sustainability through indigenous knowledge and practice. The sole highlight of this chapter is the indigenous knowledge efficacies in disaster identification, risk reduction, climate risk management, and climate action. The last section of the book explores how to meet the gaps between local knowledge and policy formulation. It highlights how traditional knowledge of the indigenous communities can prove to be beneficial in developing a holistic regional-based policy framework which will be easily accepted by the target stakeholders since they will be more acquainted with the local strategies and methods. This section ends with an assessment and discussion of the gaps and future scopes in disaster risk reduction through integrating local knowledge and modern technologies.

This book presents select proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Geotechnology, Recycled Waste Materials and Sustainable Engineering (EGRWSE-2022). It covers state-of-the-art research on environmental geotechnology, sustainability, and use of recycled waste materials for civil infrastructure along with latest accomplishments, trends, concerns, innovations, practical challenges encountered, and the solutions adopted in this field. Given the contents, this book is useful for researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the areas of geoenvironmental engineering, waste management, and sustainable engineering and associated fields.

The book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Sustainable Environment (RAiSE 2022). It discusses recent challenges and advances in various areas of sustainable environment. The topics covered include environmental dynamics, atmospheric physics, physical oceanography, global environmental change & ecosystems management, climate & climatic changes, global warming, ozone layer depletion, carbon capture & storage, integrated ecosystems management, satellite applications in the environment, environmental restoration & ecological engineering, habitat reconstruction, biodiversity conservation, deforestation, landscape degradation & restoration, ground water remediation, soil decontamination, environmental sustainability, renewable sources of energy, clean technologies, toxicity assessment & epidemiological studies, indoor air pollution, etc. This book will be useful for the researches, academicians, scientists, and professionals working in the various areas of environment sustainability, especially sustainable civil engineering.

This volume is devoted to compiling recent advancements, methodological improvements, new processing techniques, integration methods and rigorous applications associated with conceptual techniques on the conservation and monitoring of forest resources for a scientific audience, with a focus on cases and applications in India. The primary objective of the book is to advance the scientific understanding of the recent trends and technological improvements in forest conservation, management and related research themes in forest resources and human-wildlife interactions. The book is organized into five sections: (I) Forest Conservation Ecology (II) Forest Conservation and Society (III) Forest Management (IV) Forest Monitoring using GIS and Remote Sensing and (V) Human Wildlife Conflicts. It covers various research themes related to forestry, wildlife, habitat fragmentation, forest management and human-wildlife conflict research, and therefore will bebeneficial to a diverse range of researchers, scientific organizations, wildlife scientists, biologists, ecologists and planners in the fields of wildlife and forestry. The book will further be of use to post-graduates, PhD research scholars, professors, geospatial experts, modellers, foresters, agricultural scientists, biologists, ecologists, environmental consultants and big data compilers.

Organocatalysis are an important tool for greener catalytic processes due to the lack of precious metals used. This book explores different organocatalysts and their use in synthesis. Topics covered include zwitterionic imidazolium salt catalysts, asymmetric catalysts in aqueous media, beaker yeast catalysis, organocatalysts for Aldol and Michael reactions, amino acid-based organocatalysts, and Brönsted acidic surfactant organocatalysts.

This book sheds new light on the remote sensing of agriculture in South/Southeast Asian (S/SEA) countries. S/SEA countries are growing rapidly in terms of population, industrialization, and urbanization. One of the critical challenges in the region is food security. In S/SEA, although total food production and productivity have increased in previous decades, in recent years, the growth rate of food production has slowed down, mostly due to land use change, market forces and policy interventions. Further, the weather and climate systems in the region driven primarily by monsoon variability are resulting in droughts or flooding, impacting agricultural production. Therefore, monitoring crops, including agricultural land cover changes at regular intervals, is essential to predict and prepare for disruptions in the food supply in the S/SEA countries. The current book captures the latest research on the remote sensing of agricultural land cover/ land use changes, including mapping and monitoring crops, crop yields, biophysical parameter retrievals, multi-source data fusion for agricultural applications, and chapters on decision making and early warning systems for food security. The authors of this book are international experts in the field, and their contributions highlight the use of remote sensing and geospatial technologies for agricultural research and applications in South/Southeast Asia.

Tellurium, a well-known chalcogen, finds potential applications in various fields from chemistry to other branches of science such as nanotechnology and macromolecular science. However, its safety must also be taken into consideration when exploring its industrial applications. This book explores the breadth of tellurium‘s applications, outlines strategies for industrial use, and describes the safety concerns of this element.

This book reviews the structure, applications, technologies, governance, environmental sustainability, smart communities, gender space and other issues related to smart cities. The book is divided into four parts. The first one entails the conceptual background, growth and development. The second part presents diverse issues on smart cities in terms of environmental sustainability, the role of the community, and gender space, among others. The third part revolves around economic and technological issues, and the fourth is a compilation of case studies in connection with smart cities. This collection of diverse issues from different locations presents a holistic view of smart cities contributed by authors who have undertaken research projects and implemented their own unique perspectives and methods. A variety of innovative concepts such as digital governance, polycentric structures, geodata repositories, geoweb services and advanced geospatial technologies in smart city planning, urbanmicroclimatic parameters, and urban heat islands provide invaluable knowledge for researchers and practitioners in these fields.

This book discusses problems, challenges, and mitigation strategies in the wake of environmental degradation. It suggests proactive solutions to problems of environmental degradation for strategic planning as well as their effective delivery, and problems arising due to growth in population, industry, and land use change. The uniqueness of the book is its broader spectrum of coverage with related interconnections and interdependence of various aspects. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the book covers topics, such as deforestation impacts (land use and land cover, soil erosion); impacts on climate change and human health; treatment of industrial, municipal, biological waste disposal and their impacts on soil, water, and air; recovery/remediation processes and technologies; impacts of pesticides and chemical fertilizers on soil degradation and groundwater; socio-economic environmental sustainability; and socio-economic health impacts. Particularfocus is placed on strategic planning and methodological handling of environmental degradation and remediation through various processes and treatment technologies. This book will be useful to researchers, professionals, policy makers, and environmental engineers.

This book considers all aspects of performability engineering, providing a holistic view of the activities associated with a product throughout its entire life cycle of the product, as well as the cost of minimizing the environmental impact at each stage, while maximizing the performance. Building on the editor's previous Handbook of Performability Engineering, it explains how performability engineering provides us with a framework to consider both dependability and sustainability in the optimal design of products, systems and services, and explores the role of performability in energy and waste minimization, raw material selection, increased production volume, and many other areas of engineering and production. The book discusses a range of new ideas, concepts, disciplines, and applications in performability, including smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0; cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence; digital transformation of railways; and asset management. Given its broad scope, it will appeal to researchers, academics, industrial practitioners and postgraduate students involved in manufacturing, engineering, and system and product development.

Stress Tolerance in Horticultural Crops: Challenges and Mitigation Strategies explores concepts, strategies and recent advancements in the area of abiotic stress tolerance in horticultural crops, highlighting the latest advances in molecular breeding, genome sequencing and functional genomics approaches. Further sections present specific insights on different aspects of abiotic stress tolerance from classical breeding, hybrid breeding, speed breeding, epigenetics, gene/quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, transgenics, physiological and biochemical approaches to OMICS approaches, including functional genomics, proteomics and genomics assisted breeding. Due to constantly changing environmental conditions, abiotic stress such as high temperature, salinity and drought are being understood as an imminent threat to horticultural crops, including their detrimental effects on plant growth, development, reproduction, and ultimately, on yield. This book offers a comprehensive resource on new developments that is ideal for anyone working in the field of abiotic stress management in horticultural crops, including researchers, students and educators. - Describes advances in whole genome and next generation sequencing approaches for breeding climate smart horticultural crops - Details advanced germplasm tolerance to abiotic stresses screened in the recent past and their performance - Includes advancements in OMICS approaches in horticultural crops

This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Farming – Energy & Environment – Water (ITsFEW 2018). The contents are divided into three parts viz., (i) Developments in Farming, (ii) Energy and Environment, and (iii) Water Conservation and Management. The book aims to provide timely solutions, using innovative and emerging technologies, to the global challenges in agriculture, energy, environment, and water management. Some of the topics covered in this book include remote sensing for smart farming, GIS, irrigation engineering, soil science and agronomy, smart grids, renewable energy, energy management systems, energy storage technologies, biological water treatment, industrial waste water treatment, watershed management and sustainability. Given the wide range of topics discussed, the book will be very useful for students, researchers and practitioners interested in agricultural and environmental engineering.

This volume contains selects papers presented during the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Geotechnology, Recycled Waste Materials and Sustainable Engineering, held in the University of Illinois at Chicago. It covers the recent innovations, trends, and concerns, practical challenges encountered, and the solutions adopted in waste management and engineering, geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, infrastructure engineering, and sustainable engineering. This book will be useful for academics, educators, policy makers and professionals working in the field of civil engineering, chemical engineering, environmental sciences and public policy.

This volume contains selects papers presented during the Second International Conference on Environmental Geotechnology, Recycled Waste Materials and Sustainable Engineering, held in the University of Illinois at Chicago. It covers the recent innovations, trends, and concerns, practical challenges encountered, and the solutions adopted in geoenvironmental engineering, waste management, and sustainable engineering. This book will be useful for academics, educators, policy makers and professionals working in the field of civil engineering, chemical engineering, environmental sciences and public policy.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of socio-economic impact assessments for genetically modified organisms, including genetically modified crops. It features case studies involving Bt cotton and other selected crops with improved traits from six major institutions in India and combines field data with surveys on stakeholder perceptions. It also discusses global trends in the socio-economic assessment of GMOs and reviews the available literature on the economic assessment of GM crops and how various countries have implemented Article 26.1 of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Further, it explores cost–benefit analyses and sociological aspects of socio-economic assessments.Based on this, the book proposes a framework and offers guidelines for socio-economic assessment that can be adapted for various GM crops. Lastly, it examines the relevance of socio-economic impact assessment in light of new applications such as GM mosquitoes and gene drives. Given its scope,the book is of interest to all academics, policymakers, regulators, and general readers concerned about the broader impacts of GM crops and applications like gene drives.

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Nanotechnology explores PGPMs (actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria) and their multidimensional roles in agriculture, including their increasing applications in sustainable agriculture. In addition to their traditional understanding and applications in agriculture, PGPMs are increasingly known as a source of nano-particles production that are gaining significant interest in their ability to provide more economically, environmentally friendly and safe technologies to crop growers. The book considers new concepts and current developments in plant growth, thus promoting microorganisms research and evaluating its implications for sustainable productivity. Users will find this to be an invaluable resource for researchers in applied microbial biotechnology, soil science, nano-technology of microbial strains, and industry personnel in these areas. - Presents basic and applied aspects of sustainable agriculture, including nano-technology in sustainable agriculture - Identifies molecular tools/omics approaches for enhancing plant growth promoting microorganisms - Discusses plant growth promoting microorganisms in bioactive compounds production, and as a source of nano-particles

This edited volume sheds new light on the impact of rapid Land Use/Cover Changes (LU/CC) on greenhouse gases (GHG's) and aerosol emissions in South and Southeast Asia. Several countries in South/Southeast Asia have the highest population growth rates in the world, which is the main cause for LU/CC. Conversion of dense forests to agricultural areas and then to residential and urban areas is most commonly observed in South/Southeast Asian countries with a significant release of GHG's and aerosols. The book showcases several case studies on the use of remote sensing and geospatial technologies to quantify biomass burning and air pollution impacts, aerosol pollution, LU/CC, and impacts on ecosystem services. The book also includes articles on regional initiatives in research, capacity building, and training. The authors of this book are international experts in the field, and their contributions highlight significant drivers and impacts of air pollution in South/Southeast Asia. Readers will discover the latest tools and techniques, in particular, the use of satellite remote sensing and geospatial technologies for quantifying GHG's, aerosols and pollution episodes in this region.

The present review of weather-satellite systems, data, and environmental applications encompasses the evolution of space-based weather observation, national observing capabilities, sensor data and processing, climate and meteorological applications, applications to land, agriculture, and ocean sciences, and some future directions. Specific issues addressed include U.S. operational polar and geostationary satellites, the Japanese GMS, remote sensing instrumentation, the Argos data collection and location system, satellite data product processing and archiving, atmospheric soundings, and image display and analysis systems. Also addressed are stereoscopic measurements, convective-scale weather analysis and forecasting, aviation and marine applications, and applications to the study of thermal anomalies, the earth-radiation budget, stratospheric monitoring, and vegetation monitoring, and reference is made to the potential of a polar orbiting platform

Environmental Management: Science and Engineering for Industry consists of 18 chapters, starting with a discussion of International Environmental Laws and crucial environmental management tools, including lifecycle, environmental impact, and environmental risk assessments. This is followed by a frank discussion of environmental control and abatement technologies for water, wastewater, soil, and air pollution. In addition, this book also tackles Hazardous Waste Management and the landfill technologies available for the disposal of hazardous wastes. As managing environmental projects is a complex task with vast amounts of data, an array of regulations, and alternative engineering control strategies designed to minimize pollution and maximize the effect of an environmental program, this book helps readers further understand and plan for this process. - Contains the latest methods for Identifying, abating, or eliminating pollutants from air, water, and land - Presents up-to-date coverage on environmental management tools, such as risk assessment, energy management and auditing, environmental accounting, and impact assessments - Includes methods for collecting and synthesizing data derived from environmental assessments

This volume is a compilation on issues related to sustainable practices in geo-environmental engineering, particularly as applying to developing nations such as India. While, the developed world has already developed some solutions such as landfills, developments in landfills, barriers and liners in the North America and waste-to-energy and waste incineration in Europe, developing countries like India are trying to figure out ways which suit the present condition without compromising the future needs and comforts. This volume presents case studies on the various problems and solutions adopted for different sites. Although a common approach for all the problems is not feasible or recommend, this collection aims to provide a compendium on the current efforts underway and to help achieve common ground for the practitioners and researchers involved. The works included here give insight to the possible development of resilient and sustainable structures (like offshore wind turbines) and energy geotechnics. The book covers topics such as liners and barrier systems, use of recycled and waste materials, waste management and hazard assessment, sustainable infrastructure, and sustainability and the environment. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals working in geo-environmental engineering. The book will also be useful to policy makers interested in understanding geotechnical concerns related to sustainable development.

The development of this WERF anaerobic digester (AD) foaming guidance document is based on the need for a specific detailed methodology that water reclamation and recovery facilities (WRRF) personnel can follow and implement for management of their AD foam incidents. This guidance manual is the final product following a comprehensive effort research effort on AD foaming in full-scale WRRFs. It is the outcome of lessons learnt from extensive literature review, WRRF surveys, full-scale data studies and experimental analyses. The primary goals of this document are to: 1) serve as a practical and usable tool for WRRFs; 2) to present feasible alternatives that are cost-effective; 3) to present large amounts of practical, focused information in a concise manner; 4) to present information of sound technical and scientific basis that can become a standard or foundation for foam management in WRRFs.

Sediment transport in irrigation canals influences to a great extent the sustainability of an irrigation system. Unwanted erosion or deposition will not only increase maintenance costs, but may also lead to unfair, unreliable and unequitable distribution of irrigation water to the end users. Proper knowledge of the characteristics, including behaviour and transport of sediment will help to design irrigation systems, plan effi cient and reliable water delivery schedules, to have a controlled deposition of sediments, to estimate and arrange maintenance activities, etc. The main aim of these lecture notes is to present a detailed analysis and physical and mathematical descriptions of sediment transport in irrigation canals and to describe the mathematical model SETRIC that predicts the sediment transport, deposition and entrainment rate as function of time and place for various flow conditions and sediment inputs. The model is typically suited for the simulation of sediment transport under the particular conditions of non-wide irrigation canals where the flow and sediment transport are strongly determined by the operation of the flow control structures. The lecture notes will contribute to an improved understanding of the behaviour of sediments in irrigation canals. They will also help to decide on the appropriate design of the system, the water delivery plans, to evaluate design alternatives and to achieve an adequate and reliable water supply to the farmers.

The need to control and remove phosphorus (P) in discharges from waste water treatment facilities (WWTF) to prevent eutrophication of receiving waters is well known. Regulatory initiatives are further contributing to the addition of stringent P limits to discharge permits. Accordingly, many agencies are facing increasingly stringent standards of effluent P and as a result the effluent limit of 0.1 mg P/L total phosphorus (TP) or lower is being achieved. Since the reliable performance limit of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is commonly accepted at about 0.1 mg P/L in the dissolved form, these facilities will need to utilize tertiary chemical phosphorus removal (CPR) to reliably achieve limits lower than 0.1 mg P/L (ultra-low limits) (Pagilla and Urgun-Demirtas, 2007). The mechanistic basis for P removal using chemical precipitant addition is generally considered to be more than simple precipitation. The role of adsorption and/or surface complexation in removal of reactive or unreactive phosphorus to the already formed chemical precipitates or complexes has been reported. Omoike and VanLoon (1999) showed that the most likely mechanism involves sorption of P species on Al(OH)3(s) formed by Al salt addition to water for P removal, and further precipitation/complexation of P onto the Al hydroxyl precipitate for additional P removal. In tertiary P removal, usually a non-stoichiometric dose or several times stoichiometric dose of the precipitant is needed. The chemical precipitates formed upon addition of such high doses of chemical precipitant are likely to serve as nuclei for further aggregation of newly formed precipitates, thus enhancing the overall tertiary P removal. The excess precipitant added to the secondary effluent produces hydroxyl precipitates which could serve as adsorbents for additional P removal. It is well proven that alum sludge from water treatment plants have high capacity for wastewater effluent P removal depending on their structure and/or age of the sludge solids. The role of mixing, pH, contact time, precipitated solids concentration in the mixing tank, and feed secondary effluent characteristics could influence this process of tertiary P removal. The investigation of such variables and the process along with careful analytical measurements would explain the basis for precipitation/solids contact P removal from wastewater effluents. Such information could be used to enhance the process and optimize the operating conditions of tertiary P removal by chemical addition. This paper presents full scale and lab scale investigations of some of the above listed parameters on tertiary P removal with specific focus on role of precipitated solids in enhancing P removal and/or reducing the dose of precipitant to be added to achieve the desired P removal. The study was conducted at the Iowa Hill Water Reclamation Facility (WRF) and Farmers Korner WWTF in Breckenridge, CO, and at the Illinois Institute of Technology.

This text works to establish essential foundations and guidelines in the current process of providing strategies, mechanisms and resources for mitigating loss and damage from the adverse impacts of climate change and climate variability. This builds on the groundwork done by the UNFCCC and other entities to facilitate the processes at the international level, pursuing a pragmatic approach and the objective specification of relevant frameworks for further actions. The primary goal is the development of integrated approaches to the assessment and reduction of loss and damage due to climate change (including climate variability), encompassing both economic and legal dimensions. The publication is aimed at readers in top-level policymaking and strategy development on the national and international level, as well as academia.

Biomonitoring of water quality is very much essential for assessing the overall health of water bodies and safe supply of drinking water. The chemical nature of toxicant is highly dynamic in environment with time and space whereas biological system can integrate all environmental variables over a large period of time in terms of effect that can be easily measured and quantified. In view of the above, there is a pressing need to determine the water quality of natural resources as well as drinking water based on the standard protocols and guidelines from regulatory agencies.It is clear that the synthetic chemicals are essential for our society to maintain the health and well being of the people. However, there has been a range of detrimental effects on human health and natural environment. In general, we need to improve our management of waste chemicals discharged into the air, water and soil environments. New techniques are needed to predict adverse effects before they occur and for the treatment of wastes. In addition, a range of social, political and economic factors will be needed to be taken into account in order to achieve success.

This project addresses the successful nitrogen and phosphorus removal technologies being implemented at existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), some key challenges and knowledge gaps in implementing technologies, research needs to improve the existing methods and technologies to achieve low total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) effluents (TN <5 mg/L and TP< 0.5 mg/L). Technology and cost assessment of successful technologies for TN and TP removal on a sustainable basis was accomplished by using a “threshold limit” approach to categorize technologies for different effluent TN and TP limits based on desired criteria. Membrane-based process applications were selected among advanced treatment processes for N and P removal from wastewater at pilot and lab scale technology demonstration studies. The investigations included membrane bioreactor application for N and P removal from wastewater, centrate treatment, and to achieve simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The results indicated membrane based applications are attractive methods for achieving low TN and TP effluents, but supplementary chemical addition is needed depending on the wastewater characteristics. Full scale implementation of step feed BNR with chemical P removal was demonstrated as a successful technology transfer application at John Egan Wastewater Reclamation Plant of Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC).

The editor of the Handbook of Performability Engineering, Dr. Krishna B. Misra, a retired eminent professor of the Indian Institute of Technology, took to reliability nearly four decades ago and is a renowned scholar of reliability. Professor Misra was awarded a plaque by the IEEE Reliability Society in 1995 “in recognition of his meritorious and outstanding contributions to reliability engineering and furthering of reliability engineering education and development in India”. Upon his retirement in 2005 from IIT, Kharagpur, where he established the first ever postgraduate course on reliability engineering in India in 1982, and Reliability Engineering Centre in 1983, he launched the International Journal of Performability Engineering in 2005 and has since led the journal as its inaugural Editor-in-Chief. Two years after successfully establishing the International Journal of Performability Engineering, Prof. Misra has now taken up the responsibility of editing the Handbook of Performability Engineering, which is being published by Springer. The timely publication of this handbook necessarily reflects the changing scenario of the 21st century's holistic view of designing, producing and using products, systems, or services which satisfy the performance requirements of a customer to the best possible extent.