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This book explores both general and specific ideas of the formation and development of modern natural sciences. Some basic problems characteristic of natural science development are discussed. Integrative–general scientific trends are considered where natural-scientific knowledge is of highest value, in particular, solving global universal problems and the world community’s transition to sustainable development. The book contents includes the universal laws of preservation in nature, the concept of continuous–discrete properties of matter, the foundations of the special and general theory of relativity, the laws of thermodynamics, the problem of relation of the reactivity of substances with their structure and properties, the concepts of molecular and genetic biology, the idea of the origin, structure and evolution of the Universe and Earth, the concepts of general and applied ecology, and features of self-organization processes in both inanimate and animate nature.