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The prime purpose of this paper is to look at the region of brain which many authors call'paleocortex'and to ask how much of the area it embraces can be described properly as cortex. Before this can be considered it is necessary to have some idea of what constitutes a cortex. Therefore, in the first part of the paper the criteria used in constructing classifications of cortex are looked into. Also considered is the meaning of classifications such as'paleocortex'. Is it relevant to define cortex in this way? How does this view correlate with a functional approach? The second purpose of this paper, of equal importance to the first, is to review terminology. Each area of'paleocortex'has a review introduction that endeavoors to cut through the existing jungle of terms and usage and to provide a clear account of the area in question, prior to examining its standing as cortex. The term'paleocortex'is in common use and for this reason it is worth close examination. Kappers (1909) first created the term to supplement the earlier division of cortex-into archicortex and neocortex-introduced by Elliot Smith. Kappers applied the term to the mantle layer of the most primitive vertebrates (cyclostomes and selachians), the whole of which receives secondary olfactory fibres.

It was with great pleasure that I accepted Professor Wackenheim's invitation to write the preface of this most interesting monograph. During the international course on neuroradiology in Obernai, organized by Professor Wackenheim in 1978, an entire day was devoted to discussions about various aspects of stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. As Professor Wackenheim and his group, in particular Dr. E. Babin, had thorough· ly studied this field, it was an excellent occasion for the exchange of views through personal contact. Their support of basic views such as attributing the cause of stenosis to a developmental disturbance of growth of the neural element - the vertebral arc- and spontaneous agreement about essentials in classification and nomenclature facili­ tated this exchange. Reading the present monograph made me think back to 1949 when I wrote my first publication on stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal in a French volume that com­ memorated my teacher in neurosurgery, Professor Clovis Vincent. During the following years it was impossible to publish a more detailed paper on the subject in international journals since their editorial boards did not believe in its occurrence. My first English papers were published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (1954, 1955), but it was only during the 1970s that this form of stenosis became more universally recog­ nized.

1. 1 Historical Aspects and Terminology Granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells are readily identified by their cytoplasmic granules and were observed a number of years before the term'metrial gland'was introduced. A series of papers by Duval in 1891 provided a comprehensive description and a critical review of earlier studies of the placenta of rodents, but it was not until 1902 that the first convincing illustrations of GMG cells appeared in the literature (Jenkinson 1902). Jenkinson described'maternal glycogen cells'in the pregnant mouse uterus and noted that they contained cytoplasmic granules which stained with a variety of dyes. From his detailed description of the appearance and distribution of these maternal glycogen cells it is clear that he had observed what are now called granulated metrial gland cells. In 1911 Ancel and Bouin used the phrase une glande myometriale endocrine to describe a structure appearing between the muscle layers of the uterus at the insertion site of the placenta in rabbits. They described one of the cell types present in the glande myometriale as having the characteristics of glandular cells and noted their content of safraninophilic cytoplasmic granules. A glande myometriale endo­ crine was also described in the pregnant rat uterus by Weill (1919). He reported that the cellules granuleuses contained acidophilic inclusions and despite the absence of any illustrations in his paper it is apparent that he also had observed GMG cells.

The various chapters of this monograph were originally presented as papers in a Symposium on Joints and Bones which the editor organized for the VIII Inter­ national Congress of Anatomists held in Wiesbaden, Germany in August 1965. Each chapter represents original research on the structure and/or function of joints and bones. Preparing the manuscripts of these papers for publication required more time than originally anticipated and the editor hereby acknowledges his sincere appre­ ciation to the various authors for their help and patience. He also wants to express his special thanks to Mrs. ANTOINETTE CATRON, his editorial assistant, without whose help the task would still be unfinished. The interest and assistance of the staff of Springer-Verlag in the publication of this monograph is also greatly appreciated. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. February 1966 F. GAYNOR EVANS Contents Electron Microscopy of Normal Synovial Membrane. D. V. DAVIES, and A. J. PALFREY.............................. 1 Biomechanics and Functional Adaption of Tendons and Joint Ligaments. A. VnDIK........................... 17.... Dynamic Considerations in Load Bearing Bones with Special Reference to Osteosynthesis and Articular Cartilage. J. M. ZAREK......... 40 Intravital Measurements of Forces Acting on the Hip-Joint. N. RYDELL... 52 The Ergonomic Aspects of Articular Mechanics. M. A. MACCONAILL.... 69 A Longitudinal Vital Staining Method for the Study of Apposition in Bone. M. ]. BAER, and]. L. ACKERMAN................. 81... An Evaluation of the Use of Bone Histology in Forensic Medicine and Anthro­ pology. D. H. ENLOW..................... 93....

Over the last twenty-five years, there has been an extensive effort, still growing for that matter, to explore and understand the organization of extrastriate cor­ tex in primates. We now recognize that most of caudal neocortex is visual in some sense and that this large visual region includes many distinct areas. Some of these areas have been well defined, and connections, neural properties, and the functional consequences of deactivations have been studied. More recently, non­ invasive imaging of cortical activity patterns during visual tasks has led to an expanding stream of papers on extrastriate visual cortex of humans, and results have been related to theories of visual cortex organization that have emerged from research on monkeys. Against this backdrop, the time seems ripe for a review of progress and a glance at the future. One caveat important to emphasize at the very onset is that the reader may be puzzled or confused by the use of different terminologies. Individual investi­ gators commonly tend to favor different terminologies, but in general some prove more advantageous than others. As discussed by Rowe and Stone (1977) as well as by others, there is an unfortunate tendency for role-indicating names to lead to fixed ideas about function, in contrast to those that are more neutral and adaptable to new findings.

The mature vertebrate retina is a highly complicated array of several kinds of cells, capable of receiving light impulses, transforming them into neuronal membrane currents, and transmitting these in a meaningful way to central processing. Before it starts to develop, it is a small sheet of unconspicuous cells, which do not differ from other cells of the central nervous system. The chain of events which lead to the trans­ formation from this stage into that of highly specialized cells ready to fulfll a specific task, is usually called'differentiation.'Originally, this word indicated firstly the proc­ ess of divergence from other cells which were previously alike, and secondly, the change from an earlier stage of the same cello lt has become widespread practice to imply by the word'differentiation'also the acquisition of specific properties and capacities which are characteristic of a mature, Le., specifically active, cello Every cell is active at any stage of development, but certain activities are shared by most cells (e. g., the activities of preparing and accomplishing proliferation, that of initiating development, that of maintaining a certain level of metabolism), while there are others which are shared by only a small number of - originally relate- cells. In most cases these latter activities are acquired by the fmal steps of cellular development, the terminal'differentiation.'In the context of the present paper, the word'function'will refer to this latter type of specific activity.

The study of the avian chondrocranium began in 1866 with W.K. Parker's'On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe'. With this and other excellent papers, W.K. Parker (1866, 1869, 1875, 1876) laid the foundation for the study of the bird's skull. W.K. Parker's work was continued by T.J. Parker (1888, 1891), who investigated the skull of Apteryx. Apart from the studies of the Parkers, the most important contribution to the study of the development of the bird's skull published before 1900 is Suschkin's (1899) excellent and detailed account of Tinnunculus. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Sonies (1907) made a further contribution with his study on the development of the chondrocrania of Anas and Gallus. The first major work to appear after that of Sonies was De Beer and Barr­ ington's (1934) study on the segmentation and chondrification of the skull of Anas. This was an important contribution, because they not only standardized the nomenclature but also compared the avian chondrocranium with that of reptiles and mammals and discussed morphological problems on the basis of these comparisons.

According to Valentin (1833) and Luschka (1862), the first description of the structure now known as the carotid body must be ascribed to a Swiss physiolo­ gist - Albrecht von Haller - who, in 1762, called it the ganglion exiguum. This claim, however, may be erroneous, for Tauber (1743) described a struc­ ture at the bifurcation on the common carotid artery and called it the ganglion minutum. Andersch (1797) reprinted the text of a study made by his father between 1751 and 1755. The original printing of this work had apparently been sold as waste paper! Andersch called the organ the ganglion intercaroticum on account of its location. He also specifically stated that the sympathetic chain, the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerves sent branches into the organ. For a while the carotid body remained forgotten, to be rediscovered in 1833 by Mayer of Bonn who again remarked upon the branches of the sympathetic, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as sources of a nerve plexus which innervated the ganglion intercaroticurtl.. Valentin (1833) clearly regarded the structure as part of the sympathetic nervous system, although he too recognised that the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves contributed conspicuously to its innervation. Thus it is evident that the anatomists of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries regarded the structure in the carotid bifurcation as one of the many ganglia which are interspersed in the course of the sympathetic nervous system.

Both functions of the mammalian ovary, the endocrine and (synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones) and exocrine (production of ova), depend upon the presence and cyclic growth of follicles, as the depletion of primordial follicles from the ovary leads to cessation of these f-unctions or female reproduction in mammals, or to postmenopausal period in humans. Actually, various fertility and sterility problems at the ovarian level are related to follicles. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the biology of ovarian follicles in mammals is of fundamental interest to a wide variety of academic and scientific disciplines. Study of their structure, function, and control involves mor­ phology, including ultrastructure, cell biology, physiology, endocrinology, biochemis­ try, immunology, neurobiology and pharmacology. Zoologists take interest in comparative and evolutionary aspects of biology of ovarian follicles in many different groups of mammals. Agricultural scientists and wildlife biologists need a thorough knowledge of the biology of follicles to control more effectively fecundity in domestic animals and endangered species of mammals. Finally, clinical scientists, toxicologists and physicians want to know the normal and pathological features of ovarian follicles in women, especially in relation to health and the regulation of fertility. Having in view the great importance of studying various aspects of biology of ovarian follicles, numerous papers and reviews on several aspects of ovarian follicles are published annually in a wide variety of scientific journals.

The?rst international conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the 1 Heart (FIMH) was held in Helsinki, Finland, in November 2001, thanks to the strongscienti?ccollaborationbetweenFranceandFinland. Thiseventwasa?rst attempt to federate the heart imaging community and to encourage collabo- tion between scientists in signal and image processing, applied mathematics and physics, biomedical engineering and computer science, and experts in card- logy, radiology, biology, and physiology, in Europe and beyond. The conference has encountered considerable success. The outstanding research works pres- ted have demonstrated a very active research?eld with complex modeling and image analysis problems to be solved. One of the outcomes was the special issue of the Medical Image Analysis journal based on a selection of the conference's best papers, to appear in the second half of 2003. The FIMH 2001 meeting was the starting point of a discussion for federating the European research e?ort in cardiac imaging, heart modeling, and cardiac image analysis. It was very successful, and a large coalition was created around 2 the e-Heart proposal for a Network of Excellence in the European Sixth Fra- work Program. The e-Heart network has already gathered about 200 researchers from 100 institutes. A project proposal has been submitted to the European Union. It was decided in the?rst meeting to organize a regular biennial conference.

The physiologic use conditions medical devices are subjected to during implant and long-term in vivo use are critical to ensuring device reliability, efficacy, and safety. This book highlights advanced analyses for measuring the physiologic use conditions of medical devices, introducing important challenges facing engineers. The chapters include: A working definition for the physiologic in vivo use conditions used to further improve medical device performance in patients. Introductions to common approaches used to measure medical device use conditions so that engineers can use similar techniques where useful. Detailed case studies that highlight problem statements, approaches for measuring physiologic use conditions, and example outputs from such analyses. This book provides an up-to-date resource for device engineers so that they can accurately measure conditions that devices experience during and after implantation—key to reliability testing, computational modeling, and choosing optimum designs. This is an ideal book for medical device engineers and scientists designing and manufacturing devices for human use, students interested in understanding how devices interact with anatomy, and academic researchers seeking to apply advanced analyses to unmet use condition needs in the medical device field.

This book presents a comprehensive set of methods for quantifying geometric quantities such as the volume of a tumor, the total surface area of the alveoli in a lung, the length of plant roots, or of blood vessels, the number of neurons in a brain compartment, the connectivity number of trabecular bone, the mean size of grains in a rock, etc.. The methods, illustrated by twenty solved case studies, are based on properly sampled slices, sections, or projections of the material, observable under light, laser, or electron microscopy, or under non-invasive radiological devices such as ecography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, the input usually consists of flat images, and the output consists of relevant quantities defined in three dimensions. Stereology is the discipline of providing sampling designs which warrant unbiased estimation of the corresponding quantities, that is, estimation with zero mean deviation from the target. Sampling is usually systematic (i.e., with regularly spaced probes), and sparse (as opposed to reconstructions) and it is thereby efficient and easy to implement.Stereology is essentially geometric sampling, grounded on integral geometry. The necessary elements of both disciplines are detailed in textbook style, and may be used for postgraduate courses, or to serve the interest of scientists in general. Hitherto no other book on stereology has appeared which encompasses the theory, methodology, and applications of stereology in an interconnected and comprehensive way. The currently available error variance prediction formulae under systematic sampling, and their (non-obvious) derivation, are all gathered, for the first time, in the last chapter. The exposition is augmented by 127 line drawings for the theory, and 27 color pictures of real materials for the case studies.

The foot and ankle are among the most complicated anatomical regions of the human body, making their examination challenging. The perfect equilibrium between bones, tendons, ligaments, and other anatomical structures can be disturbed by pathological processes leading to complex disorders. The path to definitive diagnosis passes through a comprehensive clinical and radiological examination. However, the sources focusing on examining the foot and ankle pathologies are limited. Hence, this book aims to cover all aspects of clinical and radiological examination of the foot and ankle, including basics, general approach, and a closer look at the different foot and ankle pathologies. It will include the most up-to-date diagnostic methods, special tests, and radiological evaluations and give clues about the various situations that should be considered before going into surgery. With a broad range of clinical and radiological images, the path to diagnosis gets simpler! Chapters provide a systematic approach to evaluating various foot and ankle problems such as instabilities, tendinopathies, deformities, trauma, neuropathies, cartilage disorders, impingement, heel pain, etc. Moreover, it includes a chapter emphasizing the emerging technologies used for more precise clinical evaluation.This book will aid foot & ankle surgeons, podiatrists, and general orthopedic surgeons in understanding clinical and radiological examination for improved diagnosis, as well as fellows, residents, and medical students interested in foot and ankle pathologies.

This new volume of the book series Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology provides a complete and exhaustive overview of the morphofunctional organization of the mammalian carotid body, a polymodal chemosensory organ responsible for the maintenance of blood gas homeostasis. The authors review the state of the art of the neurochemical anatomy of carotid body´s cell populations with a special reference to their structural and neurochemical plasticity. The essential role of this organ in the generation, progression and maintenance of cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases in humans and other mammals is presented. Finally, the book summarizes current knowledge on the stem cell niche in the mammalian carotid body and discusses its contribution to replacement cell therapy and other potential applications in translational research. This book represents an essential reading for physiologists, anatomists, cell, and developmental biologists, as wellas physicians, veterinarians, and biomedical researchers.

This volume is a practical guide of theranostics using intraoperative fluorescence imaging technology, as an all-out effort by the Japanese Society for Fluorescence Guided Surgery. It describes the various approaches the technique is being used such as vascular imaging, identification of lymphatic vessels by intratissue injection, lymph node imaging, and imaging for identification of anatomical structures. The book is organized into three major parts and the first one delivers the basics, introducing the use of the technology in clinical settings and initial setups. Next comes the description of clinical applications where chapters illustrate perfusion assessment, cancer localization, anatomy visualization, and lymph nodes/ducts mapping. Each chapter is devoted to the specific surgical field and disease areas, presenting images and videos of case studies. The last part presents some upcoming techniques for treatments. The Editor and the authors wish the ideas presented here will behints to bridge the knowledge between surgeons and basic researchers for further innovation and practicality. It is important to stay up-to-date since intraoperative fluorescence imaging has been applied to clinical settings in various surgical fields and at the same time, novel techniques improving the efficacy of the technology have also been developed actively. Fluorescence-Guided Surgery – From Lab to Operation Room is recommended for surgeons, operating nurses, medical experts, basic researchers and, industry engineers worldwide beyond boundaries of specialties. Edited and written by experts of The Japanese Society for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery, those who are the founders of the technology, it describes the accurate development history and cutting-edge techniques based on the knowledge accumulated over the years. ​

Anatomy is a branch of biology that is concerned with the identification and description of living organisms'internal structures. It comes from the Greek words ana and tomia, which mean up and cutting, respectively, and denotes cutting up or dissection when combined. The present book describes the historical aspects of anatomy, Anatomy of humans, Veterinary Anatomy and plants. This book also covered technological adoption in anatomy education. Use of virtual lab, three-Dimensional Digital Simulations, cloud technology, and Artificial intelligence in Anatomy education has also been covered. This book will be helpful for students, researchers and scholars to understand the complexity of anatomical structures of humans, animals and plants.

Muscle is the only tissue of the four basic types that make the body that can be completely ablated while allowing fetal survival. This book is a result of 25 years of research employing engineered mouse fetuses with no skeletal muscle, a model system that provides a unique opportunity to study body development holistically. A systematic anatomical analysis of such fetuses have shown that several anatomical locations are affected by the absence of the skeletal muscle. This book contains a summarized description of affected anatomical locations such as the alveolar lung epithelium, motor neurons and giant pyramidal cells in the CNS, cholinergic amacrine cells of the retina, and type I hair cells of the crista ampullaris. Several specific bioinformatics and systems biology interventions are also described. The book provides an update on skeletal muscle development, musculoskeletal developmental interactions, trophic relationships between the skeletal muscle and the motor neurons, mechanics of lung development, functional development of two special senses, eye and ear, and finally, skeletal muscle-related reasons for human fetal akinesia and its consequences. This volume in the Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology series stresses the need to think about the developing body and its organs in terms of their mutual interdependence, and to think about diseases, such as pulmonary hypoplasia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or cleft palate, in terms of that interdependence. Directed to developmental biologists, neuroscientists, tissue engineers and health professionals, this book exposes the ideas of interorgan communication and interdependence in homeostasis and disease.

Plastination is currently considered one of the most innovative forms of conservation of complete bodies, sections and organs, both human and animal, for use in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, as well as morphological research. In this sense, to develop the various plastination techniques, specific equipment and specialized training of academics are required, who have the ability to carry out the diversity of protocols that exist, depending on the anatomical material to be preserved. The decomposition of organic matter is a vital process in nature, but it is also an impediment to morphological studies and research. This is particularly important in biological specimens that shrink considerably when exposed to normal atmospheric conditions. For this reason, it has always been a constantly pursued objective for anatomists. Plastination, in this regard, is a true alternative in the conservation of perishable biological tissues (complete bodies, complete organs such asbrains, livers, lungs, kidneys, hearts, muscles, joint preparations, cuts in sections of complete corpses) - or from isolated regions, etc.) reaching a dry and imperishable state through the use of different polymers and special plastics, ensuring that the organs, limbs and entire bodies do not lose their texture and apparently normal disposition. This original book describes in detail and in an updated way the plastination techniques for the conservation of human and animal biological material, demonstrating the applications in teaching and research of anatomy, morphological sciences and health sciences. The didactic chapters present the history and the fundamentals of plastination techniques (steps, equipment, supplies, material, temperature), as well as its clinical, surgical and research applications. The work also features biosafety issues and provides Ethical Considerations in Plastination. Advances in Plastination Techniques is intended for a cross-section of academics, technicians and advanced students from all areas of Health Sciences - including Physicians and Dentists - and Veterinary Sciences.

This book highlights the integration of science and imaging and demonstrates how we can teach and learn in a much more accessible, innovative, and engaging way using technology. This volume is particularly focused on three main themes: advanced microscopy, anatomy education, and radiology visualisation related to patient care. The chapters pertaining to advanced microscopy convey complex biomedical information by visual means. These chapters provide both an overview on the principles of microscopy and specific applications of microscopy that have led to groundbreaking discoveries. Chapters pertaining to education summarise the recent trends in teaching gross and microscopic anatomy and emphasise the creation and use of novel tools to support student learning. Lastly, the radiological visualisation segment dives into the history of radiographic imaging and highlights the profound effect technology has had on improving patient outcomes. This volume will be of particular interest to many; the scope of this book encompasses medicine, dentistry, allied health professions, biomedical sciences, anatomy and histology education, radiology, and microscopy. Students, researchers, educators, and clinicians will learn something new, be stimulated to ask innovative questions, and be inspired to continue the technological advancements pushing science forward.

Curricula in the health sciences have undergone significant change and reform in recent years. The time allocated to anatomical education in medical, osteopathic medical, and other health professional programs has largely decreased. As a result, educators are seeking effective teaching tools and useful technology in their classroom learning.This edited book explores advances in anatomical sciences education, such as teaching methods, integration of systems-based components, course design and implementation, assessments, effective learning strategies in and outside the learning environment, and novel approaches to active learning in and outside the laboratory and classroom. Many of these advances involve computer-based technologies. These technologies include virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, digital dissection tables, digital anatomy apps, three-dimensional (3D) printed models, imaging and 3D reconstruction, virtual microscopy, online teaching platforms, table computers and video recording devices, software programs, and other innovations. Any of these devices and modalities can be used to develop large-class practical guides, small-group tutorials, peer teaching and assessment sessions, and various products and pathways for guided and self-directed learning. The reader will be able to explore useful information pertaining to a variety of topics incorporating these advances in anatomical sciences education. The book will begin with the exploration of a novel approach to teaching dissection-based anatomy in the context of organ systems and functional compartments, and it will continue with topics ranging from teaching methods and instructional strategies to developing content and guides for selecting effective visualization technologies, especially in lieu of the recent and residual effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the book covers several anatomical disciplines, including microscopic anatomy/histology, developmentalanatomy/embryology, gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, radiological imaging, and integrations of clinical correlations.

When studying medicine, healthcare, and medical sciences disciplines, learners are frequently required to visualise and understand complex three-dimensional concepts. Consequently, it is important that appropriate modalities are used to support their learning. Recently, educators have turned to new and existing digital visualisation approaches when adapting to pandemic-era challenges and when delivering blended post-pandemic teaching.This book focuses on a range of key themes in anatomical and clinically oriented education that can be enhanced through visual understanding of the spatial three-dimensional arrangement and structure of human patients.The opening chapters describe important digital adaptations for the dissemination of biomedical education to the public and to learners. These topics are followed by reviews and reports of specific modern visualisation technologies for supporting anatomical, biomedical sciences, and clinical education. Examples include 3D printing, 3D digital models, virtual histology, extended reality, and digital simulation. This book will be of interest to academics, educators, and communities aiming to modernise and innovate their teaching. Additionally, this book will appeal to clinical teachers and allied healthcare professionals who are responsible for the training and development of colleagues, and those wishing to communicate effectively to a range of audiences using multimodal digital approaches.

This book brings together current advances in high-technology visualisation and the age-old but science-adapted practice of drawing for improved observation in medical education and surgical planning and practice. We begin this book with a chapter reviewing the history of confusion around visualisation, observation and theory, outlining the implications for medical imaging. The authors consider the shifting influence of various schools of philosophy, and the changing agency of technology over time. We then follow with chapters on the practical application of visualisation and observation, including emerging imaging techniques in anatomy for teaching, research and clinical practice - innovation in the mapping of orthopaedic fractures for optimal orthopaedic surgical guidance - placental morphology and morphometry as a prerequisite for future pathological investigations - visualising the dural venous sinuses using volume tracing. Two chapters explore the use and benefit of drawing in medical education and surgical planning. It is worth noting that experienced surgeons and artists employ a common set of techniques as part of their work which involves both close observation and the development of fine motor skills and sensitive tool use.An in-depth look at police identikit construction from memory by eyewitnesses to crimes, outlines how an individual's memory of a suspect's facial features are rendered visible as a composite image.This book offers anatomy educators and clinicians an overview of the history and philosophy of medical observation and imaging, as well as an overview of contemporary imaging technologies for anatomy education and clinical practice. In addition, we offer anatomy educators and clinicians a detailed overview of drawing practices for the improvement of anatomical observation and surgical planning. Forensic psychologists and law enforcement personnel will not only benefit from a chapter dedicated to the construction of facial composites, but also from chapters on drawing and observation.

This richly illustrated atlas is entirely devoted to the most modern surgical techniques of the elbow, offering a comprehensive, step-by-step and detailed examination of all the technical aspects of the surgical exposure of this joint. With the help of over 100 original drawings and photographs, it offers readers a unique understanding of elbow anatomy and surgical approaches, providing precise indications and surgical timing for clinical practice. An entire section focuses on the surgical management of the most common diseases of the elbow: the surgical exposures are related to pathologies affecting the lateral medial, anterior and posterior compartments of the elbow. This atlas will be of great value both to trainees and to specialists who manage disorders of the elbow, including orthopedic surgeons, traumatologists, and sports physicians, as well as anatomists.

This book focuses on the challenges to biomedical education posed by the lockdowns and restrictions to on campus teaching brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the tools and digital visualization technologies that have been successfully developed and used for remote teaching. Biomedical education for science, medical, dental and allied health professionals relies on teaching visual and tactile knowledge using practice-based approaches. This has been delivered for decades via on-campus lectures, workshops and laboratories, teaching practical skills as well as fundamental knowledge and understanding. However, the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic meant that education across the globe had to pivot very quickly to be able to deliver these skills and knowledge in a predominantly online environment. This brought with it many challenges, as Higher Education staff, had to adapt to deliver these visual subjects remotely. This book addresses the challenges and solutions faced by Higher Education staff in teaching visual content in distance education. Chapters include literature reviews, original research, and pedagogical reflections for a wide range of biomedical subjects, degrees such as medicine, dentistry and veterinary sciences with examples from undergraduate and postgraduate settings. The goal of the book is to provide a compendium of expertise based on evidence gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as reflections on the challenges and lessons learned from this dramatic shift in teaching. It also presents new examples of best practices that have emerged from this experience to ensure that they are not lost as we return to on-campus learning in a new era of biomedical teaching. This book will be of interest to anyone looking for a helpful reference point when designing online or blended teaching for visual practice-based subjects.

The Visible Monkey is the first trial to obtain high-quality and real-color sectioned images of a rhesus monkey's whole body (intervals, 0.05 mm (head) and 0.5 mm (body except head); pixel size, 0.024 mm X 0.024 mm; color depth, 48 bits color). This color atlas sets a new standard in rhesus monkey neuroanatomy by presenting around 400 ultrathin sectioned images of the head, including the brain, and whole body of the rhesus monkey. The image enabled observations of detailed anatomical structures, thanks to high-resolution and real-color sectioned images of the monkey unlike the stained sections and magnetic resonance images (MRI). Furthermore, anterior commissure-posterior commissure reference system employed for this purpose is clearly explained for the readers, and structures are fully annotated in the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes. Recent advances in 3 Tesla MRI and tractography from MRI have considerably enhanced imaging of the monkey brain, thereby impacting on both neuroscience research and clinical practice. Moreover, the information gained from initiatives involving photography of thin slices of cross-sectional images includes enriched knowledge of neuroanatomy and thereby facilitated the interpretation of such ultra-high-field resolution images. These exquisite images contained within this atlas will be invaluable in providing both researchers and clinicians with important new insights.

Der Lanz/Wachsmuth ist ein Begriff – als opulent ausgestattete Darstellung der menschlichen Anatomie, als Brücke zwischen anatomischem Wissen und klinischem Handeln, als unerschöpfliche Informationsquelle zu den subtilsten Details. Bereits 2004 brachte der Springer-Verlag eine unveränderte Sonderausgabe von 7 Bänden des zwischen 1934 und 1993 erschienenen Werkes heraus. Über die broschierte Ausgabe von 2019 wird das Werk erneut einem breiten Leserkreis zugänglich. Sie umfasst folgende Bände: - Kopf – übergeordnete Systeme - Kopf – Gehirn- und Augenschädel - Hals - Arm - Bein und Statik - Bauch - Rücken. Durch die Qualität der Abbildungen, den Detailreichtum der Beschreibungen, den konsequenten klinischen Bezug, das ausführliche Eingehen auf Verlaufsvarianten von Gefäßen und Nerven und auf Normvarianten bleibt der Lanz/Wachsmuth ein zeitlos aktuelles Werk.

Der Lanz/Wachsmuth ist ein Begriff – als opulent ausgestattete Darstellung der menschlichen Anatomie, als Brücke zwischen anatomischem Wissen und klinischem Handeln, als unerschöpfliche Informationsquelle zu den subtilsten Details.Bereits 2004 brachte der Springer-Verlag eine unveränderte Sonderausgabe von 7 Bänden des zwischen 1934 und 1993 erschienenen Werkes heraus. Über die broschierte Ausgabe von 2019 wird das Werk erneut einem breiten Leserkreis zugänglich. Sie umfasst folgende Bände: - Kopf – übergeordnete Systeme- Kopf – Gehirn- und Augenschädel- Hals- Arm- Bein und Statik- Bauch- Rücken.Durch die Qualität der Abbildungen, den Detailreichtum der Beschreibungen, den konsequenten klinischen Bezug, das ausführliche Eingehen auf Verlaufsvarianten von Gefäßen und Nerven und auf Normvarianten bleibt der Lanz/Wachsmuth ein zeitlos aktuelles Werk.

This book provides medical students with the information to build skills that will aid them in studying for any level of their board exams. It also prepares students with the ability to look at a patient's neurological signs and symptoms, logically think through the various tracts, and determine where a lesion is located.Unique and comprehensive, this textbook specifically fills a gap in the literature for medical students studying for their board exams and those about to go on a neuro-related rotation. Written by a renowned professor with over 25 years of teaching experience specific to board exam preparation, chapters are crafted with the goal of aiding students in understanding concepts by explaining the reasoning behind signs and symptoms, rather than pure memorization.Medical Neuroanatomy for the Boards and the Clinic is the go-to book for students seeking a practical yet nuanced reference for board exam preparation.​

This edited book explores the use of technology to enable us to visualise the life sciences in a more meaningful and engaging way. It will enable those interested in visualisation techniques to gain a better understanding of the applications that can be used in visualisation, imaging and analysis, education, engagement and training. The reader will also be able to learn about the use of visualisation techniques and technologies for the historical and forensic settings.The chapters presented in this volume cover such a diverse range of topics, with something for everyone. We present here chapters on 3D visualising novel stent grafts to aid treatment of aortic aneuryms; confocal microscopy constructed vascular models in patient education; 3D patient specific virtual reconstructions in surgery; virtual reality in upper limb rehabilitation in patients with multiple sclerosis and virtual clinical wards. In addition, we present chapters in artificial intelligence in ultrasoundguided regional anaesthesia; carpal tunnel release visualisation techniques; visualising for embryology education and artificial intelligence data on bone mechanics. Finally we conclude with chapters on visualising patient communication in a general practice setting; digital facial depictions of people from the past; instructor made cadaveric videos, novel cadaveric techniques for enhancing visualisation of the human body and finally interactive educational videos and screencasts. This book explores the use of technologies from a range of fields to provide engaging and meaningful visual representations of the biomedical sciences. It is therefore an interesting read for researchers, developers and educators who want to learn how visualisation techniques can be used successfully for a variety of purposes, such as educating students or training staff, interacting with patients and biomedical procedures in general.

This volume thoroughly describes the fundamentals of a new multidisciplinary field of study that aims to deepen our understanding of the human body by combining medical image processing, mathematical analysis, and artificial intelligence. Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy (MCA) offers an advanced diagnosis and therapeutic navigation system to help detect or predict human health problems from the micro-level to macro-level using a four-dimensional, dynamic approach to human anatomy: space, time, function, and pathology. Applying this dynamic and “living” approach in the clinical setting will promote better planning for – and more accurate, effective, and safe implementation of – medical management. Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy will appeal not only to clinicians but also to a wide readership in various scientific fields such as basic science, engineering, image processing, and biomedical engineering. All chapters were written byrespected specialists and feature abundant color illustrations. Moreover, the findings presented here share new insights into unresolved issues in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, and into the healthy human body.

This image-rich book explores the practice as well as the theory of visual representation and presents us with the importance of designing appropriate images for communication to specific target audiences. This includes the appropriate choice of high-tech digital or low-tech analogue technologies in image-making for communication within the medical education, biological research and community health contexts. We hear from medical students about the value of using clay modelling in their understanding of anatomy, from educators and curriculum designers about visual affordances in medical education and from a community-driven project in South Africa about their innovative use of locally designed images and culture-specific narratives for communicating important health information to marginalised communities. A chapter explores the evolution of scientific visualisation and representation of big data to a variety of audiences, and another presents the innovative 3D constructionof internal cellular structures from microscopic 2D slices. As we embrace blended learning in anatomy education, a timely chapter prompts us to think further about and contribute to the ongoing discourse around important ethical considerations in the use and sharing of digital images of body donors. This book will appeal to educators, medical illustrators, curriculum designers, post-graduate students, community health practitioners and biomedical researchers.

This book presents a concept for implementing a mass balance approach toward developing an effective eco-friendly, livestock farming system independent of external energy input. In this context it describes a modern, integrated farming system, and includes comprehensive technical information explaining the design and evaluation of manure management systems, and modeling and operational tools. It first discusses the mass balance operating process, highlighting the difference between imported and exported mass across the farm boundary. Estimating mass balance can provide critical information for (comprehensive) nutrient management planning and for managing the movement of nutrients and manure. It then explains the estimation of whole-farm P mass balance using a suitable model system. The subsequent chapters provide updated information on management aspects of livestock-farming and generation of multiple job opportunities, and also explore various aspects of livestock farming operational protocols like housing and management; nurture of rams, ewes and lambs, new born calves and heifers; care of buck, doe and kid- nutrition flushing; concept zero grazing-systems; disease control and management; integrated goat farming; and crop-livestock integration. Further, the book addresses crop-livestock integration; energy autonomy in cattle farming; value added biopharmaceuticals from cattle farming; CAPEX for cattle farming; concepts of cattle farming; detrimental effects of the industry; topographic and edaphic factors, and thermal stress on livestock growth and development; socioeconomic development; and water requirements for livestock. The book concludes with the most important issue in the field of agriculture and veterinary science: “Livestock Farming with Care,” describing sustainable, eco-friendly livestock farming by highlighting issues like animal feed vs. human food; agricultural GDP vs livestock, and factors affecting the sustainability oflivestock farming. Given its scope, this book is a valuable resource for researchers and students alike, and will also appeal to practitioners in the field of livestock.

This evidence-based guide is the first of its kind to outline the surgical and perioperative management of patients with anatomical anomalies and support clinical decision-making under these difficult circumstances. Presented in a simple, accessible format and organized by anatomical area, this book contains all the essential topics required by trainees and practitioners to assess the patient quickly, diagnose anatomic anomalies, determine the feasibility and safety of the planned surgical and anesthetic procedures, and arrange for advanced consults and care, if needed. Newer techniques for surgical and anesthetic management of patients with anatomic anomalies are presented to facilitate practitioners'development of their skills. Chapters include the latest ultrasound techniques and images, as well as case studies.Physicians, nurses, and trainees involved in the surgical, anesthetic, perioperative,or critical care of patients will find this guide to be their go-to resource in the OR, lab, or pain clinic.

This book elucidates the morphological backgrounds of various functional parameters of the human respiratory system, including the respiratory control system, dynamics of the upper and lower airways, gas transport and mixing in the lower airways, gas exchange in the acinus, and gas transfer through the alveolar wall. Presenting the latest findings on the interrelationships between morphology and physiology in the respiratory system, the book's goal is to provide a foundation for further exploring structure-function relationships in various respiratory systems, and to improve both the quality of basic science, and that of clinical medicine targeting the human respiratory system.Edited and written by internationally recognized experts, Structure-Function Relationships in Various Respiratory Systems offers a valuable asset for all physicians and researchers engaging in clinical, physiological, or morphological work in the field of respiration. Moreover, it provides a practical guide for physicians, helping them make more precise pathophysiological decisions concerning patients with various types of lung disease, and will be of interest to respiratory physiologists and respiratory morphologists.

In this book, experts in the field discuss the latest research in developmental neuroendocrinology. Given that the hypothalamus is the center of neuroendocrine activity, the reader will learn about the molecular specification of hypothalamic cells, developmental modulators and epigenetic factors influencing hypothalamic development, and the development of neuroendocrine circuits. Each chapter provides a concise review of the current and future perspectives in developmental neuroendocrinology. Important insights into state-of-the-art techniques applied to functional circuit tracking, lineage tracing of hypothalamic cells, and the identification of genes altered through epigenetic mechanisms are also provided. Given its scope, the book will appeal to all students and researchers who are eager to understand the processes involved in hypothalamus development and the establishment of neuroendocrine circuits. This is the ninth volume in the International Neuroendocrine Federation (INF) Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology series• that aims to illustrate highest standards and encourage the use of the latest technologies in basic and clinical research and hopes to provide inspiration for further exploration into the exciting field of neuroendocrinology. •Volumes 1-7 published by Wiley.

This atlas contains a large number of original photographs illustrating the anatomy, research methods, and structural features of the structure of the lymphatic apparatus in oncological diseases. The tissue complexes of the axillary region have been studied in detail. The lymphatic maps of the axillary region in cancer are presented, including those with manifestations of lymphangiogenesis; newly formed lymph nodes formed as a result of neolymphogenesis are also considered. Atlas of Lymphatic System in Cancer: Sentinel Lymph Node, Lymphangiogenesis and Neolymphogenesis is intended for oncologists, anatomists, morphologists and doctors of other specialties. The book is the result of ten years of research. The applied technology of ultrasonic isolation of anatomical structures made it possible to take a fresh look at the lymphatic apparatus in cancer and describe the phenomenon of neolymphogenesis.

The aim of this open access book is to facilitate the identification and description of the different organs as well as pathogens and diseases affecting the most representative species of cephalopods focussed on Sepia officinalis, Loligo vulgaris and Octopus vulgaris. These species are valuable ‘morphotype'models and belong to the taxonomic groups Sepioidea, Myopsida and Octopoda, which include most of the species with a high market value and aquaculture potential. The study is based on photographs at macroscopic and histological level in order to illustrate the role of the most important pathogens and related diseases from the view of a pathological diagnosis. The reader is able to familiarize with functional anatomy, necropsy and general histology of adults and paralarvae, as well as with the identification of different pathogens and pathologies. This work is thus an invaluable guide for the diagnosis of cephalopod diseases. Besides including pathogens for non-European cephalopod species, it also provides a useful contribution encouraging marine pathologists, parasitologists, veterinarians and those involved in fishery sanitary assessments, aquarium maintenance and aquaculture practices aiming to increase their knowledge about the pathology of cephalopods.

This book takes readers on a journey around the world and through time, accompanied by a modern neurosurgeon who reviews historical techniques and instruments used for cranial opening. The author draws on original medical and surgical books to provide a comprehensive history of these techniques and tools. To complement the general overview and offer readers a more ‘hands-on'sense of context and atmosphere, extensive historical references, stories, media news and illustrative cases have been included for each historical and geographical scenario. In addition, original illustrations and plates of these archaic instruments and techniques are supplied. Neurosurgical surgeons, nurses, technicians, medical historiographers, paleo-pathologists and researchers interested in surgical techniques for cranial opening will find the volume a valuable guide, intended to increase the historical and cultural awareness of this core topic in neurological surgery.

This didactic book clearly and systematically describes the anatomical-surgical fundamentals of cranial neurosurgery, relating them to norm variants, imaging modalities and interdisciplinary aspects. All illustrations, hand drawn in ink by the first author, are simple and self-explanatory. The book reflects the first author's lifetime experience as an academic neurosurgeon and teacher, as well as the second author's theoretical and practical knowledge of neurosurgical subspecialties such as epilepsy surgery. In addition to its core audience in neurosurgery, it provides all connected disciplines, in particular neuroradiology, neurology, neuropathology, ENT surgery, maxillofacial surgery and eye surgery, with unique anatomical insights into the neurosurgeon's perspective.

Ein Lehrbuch für Ärzte in Weiterbildung für das Fach Neurologie, das die pathophysiologischen und die biochemischen Ursachen und Komplikationen neurologischer Erkrankungen verständlich darstellt und sinnvoll in den klinischen Gesamtzusammenhang einordnet. Im Medizinstudium wird die genaue Kenntnis der Neuroanatomie als Grundlage für klinisch-neurologische Diagnostik und Therapie gelehrt. In der klinischen Praxis ist es jedoch relevant, neben dem neurologisch-topischen Wissen auch die pathophysiologischen Grundlagen zu begreifen, um daraus adäquate therapeutische Schritte ableiten zu können. Die Fülle theoretischer Grundlagen erschwert es sowohl Berufsanfängern als auch Studierenden, den Überblick zu behalten. Genau diese Lücke füllt das vorliegende Buch.

This book is an up-to-date, technically detailed yet easy-to-read reference book on current clinical applications of MDCT in small animals. It has been designed to serve as the reference book for all MDCT-users, such as veterinary radiologists, imaging technicians, oncologists, surgeons, and non-radiologist clinicians. Individual chapters on novel clinically important topics include applications in endocrinology, oncology, trauma, and cardiovascular CT, as well as sections on organ-specific pathologies and their CT characteristics. The book will also cover main domains of CT, such as thorax and the trauma imaging. Anatomy, clinical aspects, pathology, and CT signs are integrated to provide the reader with the basis for interpretation of MDCT findings. Many excellent 2D multiplanar and 3D figures illustrating typical CT findings of various conditions will serve as a clinical reference for the reader.

This book is designed for Generic Surgical Sciences Examination (GSSE). This collection of questions and answers as well as short notes is intended to assist junior doctors in successfully sitting the GSSE. The questions are specifically designed to highlight key surgical anatomy, and are supplemented by images that replicate'spot-test'type questions. Illustrations are used here to highlight particular anatomical relationships that are difficult to grasp. Beyond the GSSE, this resource will be invaluable for those undertaking study for specialty-specific anatomy examinations, or the anatomy component of the fellowship examination. This is a'prep course'specifically designed for passing the Generic Surgical Science Examination required by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS).

This book deals with computational anatomy, an emerging discipline recognized in medical science as a derivative of conventional anatomy. It is also a completely new research area on the boundaries of several sciences and technologies, such as medical imaging, computer vision, and applied mathematics. Computational Anatomy Based on Whole Body Imaging highlights the underlying principles, basic theories, and fundamental techniques in computational anatomy, which are derived from conventional anatomy, medical imaging, computer vision, and applied mathematics, in addition to various examples of applications in clinical data. The book will cover topics on the basics and applications of the new discipline. Drawing from areas in multidisciplinary fields, it provides comprehensive, integrated coverage of innovative approaches to computational anatomy. As well, Computational Anatomy Based on Whole Body Imaging serves as a valuable resource for researchers including graduate students in the field and a connection with the innovative approaches that are discussed. Each chapter has been supplemented with concrete examples of images and illustrations to facilitate understanding even for readers unfamiliar with computational anatomy.

This textbook provides a collection of case studies in paleoanthropology demonstrating the method and limitations of science. These cases introduce the reader to various problems and illustrate how they have been addressed historically. The various topics selected represent important corrections in the field, some critical breakthroughs, models of good reasoning and experimental design, and important ideas emerging from normal science.

This fifth edition of a successful book provides an overview of fetal and perinatal pathology, concentrating on common problems, especially where the anatomical pathology findings guide the direction of further investigations.A new feature of this edition is an emphasis on the molecular aspects of pathology in the perinatal setting. There are four new chapters, including one on the genetic and epigenetic basis of development and disease, and over 300 new illustrations. The format of the book remains the same as previous editions with the first half covering general areas in perinatal pathology. The second half is based on organ systems and covers specific pathological entities, now including discussion of the relevant molecular pathology. There is extensive cross-referencing between chapters.Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology, 5th edition is aimed at the practising pathologist who is called upon to provide a perinatal pathology service. It is also a valuable resource for the pathology trainee and a reference for obstetricians, maternal and fetal medicine specialists, neonatologists, paediatricians and forensic pathologists.

This textbook describes the biomechanics of bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. It is rigorous in its approach to the mechanical properties of the skeleton yet it does not neglect the biological properties of skeletal tissue or require mathematics beyond calculus. Time is taken to introduce basic mechanical and biological concepts, and the approaches used for some of the engineering analyses are purposefully limited. The book is an effective bridge between engineering, veterinary, biological and medical disciplines and will be welcomed by students and researchers in biomechanics, orthopedics, physical anthropology, zoology and veterinary science.This book also:Maximizes reader insights into the mechanical properties of bone, fatigue and fracture resistance of bone and mechanical adaptability of the skeletonIllustrates synovial joint mechanics and mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons in an easy-to-understand wayProvides exercises at the end of each chapter

This book is designed to meet the needs of radiologists and radiographers by clearly depicting the anatomy that is generally visible on imaging studies. It presents the normal appearances on the most frequently used imaging techniques, including conventional radiology, ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Similarly, all relevant body regions are covered: brain, spine, head and neck, chest, mediastinum and heart, abdomen, gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tract, pancreas, urinary tract, and musculoskeletal system. The text accompanying the images describes the normal anatomy in a straightforward way and provides the medical information required in order to understand why we see what we see on diagnostic images. Helpful correlative anatomic illustrations in color have been created by a team of medical illustrators to further facilitate understanding.