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This new volume of the book series Epigenetics and Human Health is dedicated to microRNAs (miRNAS), regulatory non-coding RNAs that have important roles in the control of gene expression both at posttranscriptional and transcriptional levels. Endogenous miRNAs regulate gene expression patterns in a sequence-specific manner. These short sequences may serve as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of complex diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive disorders, respiratory diseases and pathogenic infections. Moreover, miRNAs hold promise to be used as extensive diagnostic and prognostic markers of disease. miRNAs, Human Health and Disease is an essential reading for graduate and undergraduate students, researchers, and academics interested in the latest developments on non-coding RNA-mediated pathways associated with health and disease.

The second edition of this book presents the role of osmolytes in human health and diseases. Some of the chapters deal about the possibility of the use of osmolytes as diagnostic biomarkers and potential drug design for neurodegenerative and other human diseases. Other chapters also include reviews on the role of osmolytes in cancer, metastasis, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, immunological disorders, and tissue regeneration. Importantly, the book also contain recent updates on the role of naturally occurring osmolytes in protein folding pathway, protein stability, and their underlying mechanisms. The book also covers the aspects that osmolytes could promote conformational alterations of transcription factors that favor metastatic behavior. Potential of the osmolytes in the various process of vaccine development, including enhancing the efficacy, production, and purification steps are also succintly described. Towards the end, the book also elucidates the use of specific molecules for the prevention of toxic gain of functions and restoration of function to disease-causing mutant protein. This book is an invaluable asset for the researchers especially working in osmolyte biology and scientists involved in basic and clinical research particularly neurodegeneration, diabetes, cancer, and metabolic disorders.

This book serves as a comprehensive summary of the priority program SPP 1934, which focused on understanding the dispersity, structure, and phase changes of proteins and bio-agglomerates in biotechnological processes. Through contributions from various research groups, the program explored how sensitive proteins and bio-agglomerates are affected by the process environment during fermentation, downstream processing, and formulation. It investigated these effects across three size scales: microscale, encompassing single proteins, clusters, crystals, and virus-like particles; mesoscale, focusing on cells and cell clusters; and macroscale, examining overall process dynamics. The main objective was to enhance biotechnological process chains by elucidating the mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses that impact protein and bio-agglomerate structures. By gaining insights into these stressors, the program aimed to enable precise control measures to mitigate denaturation and unfavorable growth of proteins and cells. This compilation seeks to contribute to the optimization of biotechnological processes, facilitating advancements in various industries.

This edited book focuses on plant growth regulator synthesis, potential applications, stress tolerance mechanisms and preservations. It explores the recently registered molecules strigolactones, karrikins, and hemin-mediated regulation of plant biology. Chapters cover the integration of plant hormones in the biological system as an opportunity for sustainable agriculture. This book explores the latest information on plant growth regulators covering both theoretical and practical aspects. Plant growth regulators are organic chemical compounds that alter or regulate the metabolism in plants. In plants, plant growth regulators play the role of biostimulants that can enhance resistance to stress. Plant growth regulators in low concentrations often lead to vital improvements and high yields in crop plants. Plant growth regulators are involved in several physiological, morphological, and biochemical mechanisms associated with plant growth, development and defence againststresses. This book brings together the latest research work on plant growth regulators and their emerging importance. The book is a useful read for students, researchers, and instructors in the field of plant biology.

Immuno-oncology and immunotherapy, Part B, Volume 191 in the Methods in Cell Biology series, highlights new advances, with this volume presenting chapters on a variety of topics, including Multiparametric flow cytometry study of human MDSCs, In vitro screening methods of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors related to T cell infiltration and anti-PD-1 resistance, Machine learning approach to assess brain metastatic burden in preclinical models, Cytofluorometric analysis of the maturation and activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to assess immunogenic cell death, 3D agar colony inhibition assays to functionally evaluate HER2-targeting antibodies against human cancer cells elicited by vaccination in mice, and much more.Additional sections cover Spatial immunophenotyping of FFPE tissues by imaging mass cytometry, Processing human colon cancer specimens for in vitro cytotoxicity assays, A xenograft model of metastatic colon cancer, A preclinical model of hepatic metastasis to instruct effective treatment modalities, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Identification and function, Measuring the impact of therapy-induced senescence on NK cell phenotypes in cancer, and Selective expansion of anti-tumor innate lymphocytes in long-term cultures after a single BCG pulse. - Provides the latest information on cancer research - Offers outstanding and original reviews on a range of cancer research topics - Serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and students alike - Presents the latest release in the Methods in Cell Biology series

The fine balance in reactive species (RS) levels inside the cell, or redox homeostasis, is crucial for normal life. RS are molecules such as hydroxyl, superoxide, and others whose reaction rates are typically high. Further, RS are now accepted as the molecular mediators of stresses on cells. RS are also implicated in many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.In contrast to the popular view that RS are deleterious, this book discusses desirable outcomes from the manipulation of reactive species levels in the cells. The discoveries include a fundamental approach to overcome major limitations with traditional oxygen supply to bioreactors, a mere treatment of the inoculum to significantly (sometimes many-fold) increase productivity of bio-oil, enzymes, and other products from bioprocesses, unexpected effect of shear on cultivated cells, rhythms in intracellular reactive species levels and resetting the rhythm to significantly improve cancer drug efficiency.The book concludes with a description of a scalable reactive species module — one that can be integrated with any genome scale model to gain significant insights into the RS effects on metabolism.

This edited volume focuses on the study of stress in plants and how it can be effectively managed. With the growing global population, the importance of crop yield and stress management has become a critical issue, and this book offers solutions to these challenges. The book explores the impact of abiotic and biotic stressors on plant growth and development, including drought, salinity, temperature stress, pests, and diseases. It also examines the role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in developing stress-tolerant plants. It offers insights on the latest research and advancements in plant breeding, genomics, and proteomics, which are essential in developing crops that can withstand harsh environmental conditions. It offers solutions for managing these challenges, including genetic engineering, proteomics, and genomics. The book provides a detailed overview of the latest research and advancements in plant stress management and offers practical advice on how to apply these findings in real-world scenarios. It explores the impact of climate change on agricultural production and provides insights on how to develop stress-tolerant crops that can withstand changing environmental conditions. With its comprehensive coverage of the latest research and practical insights, the book is an invaluable guide for students, researchers, and professionals looking to develop sustainable agricultural practices and ensure food security for future generations.

This 2 volume book is an up-to-date overview of current progress in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) technique development, inoculum production and its quality regulations, application in agriculture, horticulture, agroforestry and other ecosystems along with nutrient management for sustainable food production. It offers new insight and cutting-edge information for novices and experts such as students, academicians, researchers, environmentalists, industrialists, and other individuals interested in the field of mycorrhiza.AMF provides favorable rhizospheric environment to the plant with numerous direct and indirect mechanisms, in exchange of soil nutrients and photosynthetically fixed carbon. Other than the species composition and diversity determination of natural ecosystem, AMF play a vital role in maintaining the soil quality, agricultural sustainability and environmental integrity. The second volume provide comprehensive knowledge on AMF role in nutrient cycling, nutrient exchange and their acquisition under normal and stress condition.

In a world where health and wellness are paramount concerns, the key to early disease detection lies within the intricate realms of molecular biology. This book paves the way to the unlocking the microscopic universe and explores the fascinating role of molecular tools that have transformed how we detect and treat diseases. It is a guide to the science and technologies that have redefined the way diseases are diagnosed and managed, and bridges the gap between the laboratory and the clinic, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of the impact of molecular diagnostics on healthcare. Readers will gain a deep understanding of how these tools have transformed healthcare, enabling personalized medicine, rapid response to pandemics, and the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions. This book is a compelling exploration of the power of molecular biology in our quest to conquer diseases, emphasizing the profound impact of these tools on improving the health and well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

Hormones, Volume 142, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of topics, including Estrogen receptor binding mechanism with agonist and antagonist, Biomarker Identification of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma from Gene Expression Profiles Considering without-treatment and with-treatment Studies – A Bioinformatics approach, Exploring the Role of Estrogen and Progestins in Breast Cancer: A Genomic Approach to Diagnosis, Structural insights on ER-alpha, ER-Beta, progesterone and their drug-targets interactions in Breast cancer, The predictive ability of myokines in patients with chronic heart failure, and much more.Other chapters cover Endogenous and artificial regulators of pituitary glycoprotein hormone receptors, Insight into vitamin D3 action within the ovary - basic and clinical aspects, Hormonal basis of seasonal changes in metabolism, Viral mimicry and endocrine system: Divulging the importance in host-microbiome crosstalk, Recombinant hormones as biopharmaceuticals: past, present and future, Thyroid hormone biosynthesis and its role in brain development and maintenance, and much more. - Highlights new advances in the field of hormones and hormone research - Covers topics such as the Estrogen receptor binding mechanism with agonist and antagonist and Biomarker Identification of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma from Gene Expression Profiles Considering without-treatment and with-treatment Studies - Serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and students alike

Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy V, Volume 187 in the Methods in Cell Biology series, highlights advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on timely topics, including Orthotopic brain tumor models derived from glioblastoma stem-like cells, RNA sequencing in hematopoietic stem cells, Generation of inducible pluripotent stem cells from human dermal fibroblasts, In vitro preparation of dental pulp stem cell grafts combined with biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering, Gene expression knockdown in chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells, Identification and isolation of slow-cycling GSCs, Assessment of CD133, EpCAM, and much more.Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authorsPresents the latest release in the Methods in Cell Biology seriesIncludes the latest information on the topic of development, characterization and applications in CAR T Cells

Anandamide in Health and Disease, a volume in the Molecular Mediators in Health and Disease: How Cells Communicate series, is a complete reference on the roles of anandamide in health and disease states. Following the characteristics of the series, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of the mediator on human health.The book is divided into two parts, the first of which provides background information on biology, regulation, synthesis and degradation and modulation of anandamide. The second part is dedicated to covering the role of anandamide in various diseases. A comprehensive panel of authors cover several somatic and psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychosis and substance use disorders. Additionally, the role of anandamide across epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and digestive conditions is explored.Anandamide in Health and Disease is the perfect reference for bioscience researchers seeking to understand anandamide pharmacology, biochemistry, cellular, and molecular biology. Clinicians may also be interested in better understanding the wide-ranging health effects of the mediator. - Covers anandamide from a wide variety of specialties and systems. - Focuses on the cellular communication aspects of the mediator, and the wide range of effects on human health. - Emphasizes the integration of the various roles of anandamide mediated both centrally and peripherally.

Mononuclear Non-heme Iron Dependent Enzymes, Volume 703 focuses on methods for studying, characterizing, and leveraging the chemistry of mononuclear non-heme iron dependent enzymes. Chapters in this new release include Photoreduction for Rieske oxygenase chemistry, Insights into the Mechanisms of Rieske Oxygenases from Studying the Unproductive Activation of Dioxygen, Non-heme iron and 2-oxoglutarate enzymes catalyze cyclopropane and azacyclopropane formations, Obtaining precise metrics of substrate positioning in Fe(II)/2OG dependent enzymes using Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation Spectroscopy, Xe-pressurization studies for revealing substrate-entrance tunnels, and much more.Additional chapters cover A tale of two dehydrogenases involved in NADH recycling, Rieske oxygenases and/or their partner reductase proteins, Expression, assay and inhibition of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) from Solanum lycopersicum and Zea mays, Biocatalysis and non-heme iron enzymes, In vitro analysis of the three-component Rieske oxygenase cumene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01, Structure and function of carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase, Characterization of a Mononuclear Nonheme Iron-dependent Mono-oxygenase OzmD in Oxazinomycin Biosynthesis, and much more. - Provides detailed articles regarding how to study the structures and mechanisms of mononuclear non-heme iron dependent enzymes - Guides readers on how to use partner proteins in non-heme iron enzyme catalysis - Includes strategies to employ mononuclear non-heme iron enzymes in biocatalytic applications

Clinical Application of Repurposed Drugs, Volume 207 in the Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Drug repurposing for viral disease, Drug repurposing for bacterial infections, Drug repurposing for parasitic protozoan diseases, Drug repurposing for fungal infections, Drug repurposing for treating anxiety and depression, Drug repurposing for personalized medicine, Drug repurposing for cancer, Drug Repurposing: A multi targeted approach to treat cardiac disease from existing classical drugs to modern drug discovery, and much more. Additional chapters cover Drug repurposing in MASLD and MASH-cirrhosis: targets and treatment approaches based on pathways analysis, Drug repurposing for respiratory infections, Drug repurposing for rare disease, Drug repurposing for neurological disorders, Drug repurposing for metabolic disorders: scientific, technological and economic issues, Drug repurposing for regenerative medicine and cosmetics: scientific, technological and economic issues, and Exploring Cutting-Edge Omics-Driven Strategies for Drug Repurposing – An Insight into the Tools of the Trade. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science series - Includes the latest information on Clinical Applications of Repurposed Drugs

Meet the doctors, scientists, patients and campaigners tackling the world's worst diseases We often hear about the dark side of the pharmaceutical industry – from extortionate pricing to the opioid epidemic. But there's another story to be told. Through the story of eight revolutionary treatments, Dr William Pao cuts to the innovative heart of medical science and celebrates the tireless work of those fighting for better care. Behind each of these medicines – whether a potentially life-saving new treatment for cancer, or something as commonplace as paracetamol – there stands a cast of characters and a wealth of stories. The trajectory from the laboratory to the local chemist is rarely a straight line. Eureka moments are few are far between. Drug hunting demands leaps of imagination and lateral thinking, the accumulation of the knowledge and expertise of many, and – nearly always – a hefty dollop of luck. Breakthrough documents these journeys and grants a privileged look at the stories behind the medicines that improve – and very often save – our lives.

LABORATORY GUIDE TO ENZYMOLOGY An accessible guide to understanding the foundations of enzymology at its application in drug discovery Enzymes are highly specialized proteins necessary for performing specific biochemical reactions essential for life in all organisms. In disease, the functioning of these enzymes can become altered and, therefore, enzymes represent a large class of key targets for drug discovery. In order to successfully target dysfunctional enzymes pharmaceutically, the unique mechanism of each enzyme must be understood through thorough and in-depth kinetic analysis. The topic of enzymology can appear challenging due its interdisciplinary nature combining concepts from biology, chemistry, and mathematics. Laboratory Guide to Enzymology brings together the theory of enzymology and associated lab-based work to offer a practical, accessible guide encompassing all three scientific disciplines. Beginning with a brief introduction to proteins and enzymes, the book slowly immerses the reader into the foundations of enzymology and how it can be used in drug discovery using modern methods of experimentation. The result is a detailed but highly readable volume detailing the basis of drug discovery research. Laboratory Guide to Enzymology readers will also find: Descriptions of key concepts in enzymology Examples of drugs targeting different enzymes via different mechanisms Detailed discussion about many areas of enzymology such as binding and steady-state kinetics, assay development, and enzyme inhibition and activation Laboratory Guide to Enzymology is ideal for all pharmaceutical and biomedical researchers working in enzymology and assay development, as well as advanced students in the biochemical or biomedical sciences looking to develop a working knowledge of this field of research.

Forensic Science Laboratory Benchmarking: The FORESIGHT Manual takes a step-by-step instructional approach to utilizing FORESIGHT data, detailing how labs can participate in the process to improve efficiencies. The FORESIGHT Project—a business benchmarking process for forensic service providers—was created in 2008 to collect and report data while offering improvement to processes through analysis, comparisons, and best practice evaluations. The program has grown to include more than 200 participating forensic laboratories worldwide.FORESIGHT offers the capability for labs to improve core functions, provide and benefit from metrics, and thus, improve the labs capabilities and functioning for the public good, while maintaining their often limited, fixed budgets. Due to ever-increasing caseloads, forensic laboratories are constantly plagued by backlogged casework—cases submitted to the laboratory but not yet worked. This leads to inefficiencies, delays, and unhappy agencies expecting timely results. Unfortunately, even if a lab's slates were wiped clean and the backlog were erased, many of the inefficient processes—that created the backlog—would still be in place. Eventually, and inevitably, the lab would develop a new backlog.Unique coverage and features: Presents critical and proven cutting-edge measures to utilize FORESIGHT data improve laboratory testing, operational efficiency, and policies without added additional costs. Synthesizes the data input from more than 200 labs and a decade's worth of analytics to illustrate process improvements and the advantages of participating. Outlines how to develop data-driven responses to solve current and future problems. Forensic Science Laboratory Benchmarking will be of interest to quality assurance specialists, economists, supervisors in the parent agencies of the labs, managers at all levels of any of the hundreds of public laboratories around the world, and anyone concerned about the effectiveness and efficiency of laboratory testing. As an operational guide, the book provides a helpful roadmap to help public science agencies and forensic labs analyze how they operate, improve on what works, and change what doesn't to better meet their mission and serve their community's goals.

Advances in Microbial Physiology, Volume 84 in this ongoing serial, highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. Topics of interest in this update include Mycobacterial Efflux systems, New insights in bacterial organophosphorus cycling: from human pathogens to environmental bacteria, Link between gut sulfidogenic bacteria and disease, The Formate-H2 Axis and its Importance for Microbial Physiology, Physiology of diazotrophs, Antibiotic efficacy, and Microbial metabolites as modulators of host physiology. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Microbial Physiology serial - Covers Mycobacterial efflux systems, New insights in bacterial organophosphorus, The link between gut sulfidogenic bacteria and disease, and much more

'Biological Insights of Multi-Omics Technologies in Human Diseases´ provides detailed information about the basics of multi-omic technologies including ethics, historical perspective, science, drug discovery, and development and metabolism. With a strong focus on the practical application of omics approaches in cancer, cardiovascular, neurology, respiratory, viral, gastroenterology, autoimmune diseases, PCOS and tuberculosis, this book also includes special topics related to COVID-19 and Machine learning approaches. In 13 chapters this book provides comprehensive coverage of the challenges and opportunities facing the therapeutic implications of multi-omics from academic, regulatory, pharmaceutical, socio-ethical, and economic perspectives. The chapters are designed in a well-defined chronology such that readers will intuitively understand the central idea. This book is an ideal resource for health professionals, scientists and researchers, nutritionists, health practitioners, students, and all those who wish to broaden their knowledge in the allied field. • Explains the in-depth role of multi-omics on drug discovery/metabolism, diseases, and highlights progress in both the research and clinical areas of computation, as well as relevant implementation experience and challenges. • Describes the practice of multi-omic technologies in the treatment of several diseases.• Includes practical application and machine learning approaches of multi-omics.

Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Medicine provides a multivariate conceptual framework that allows readers to understand the interconnectivity and interrelations among variables, which maintains the intrinsic precision of statistical theories. With a strong focus on the fundamental concepts of multivariate statistical analysis, the book also gives insight into the applications of multivariate distribution in biomedical fields. In 14 chapters, Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Medicine covers the main topics of multivariate analysis methods widely used in health science research. The content is organized progressively from fundamental concepts to sophisticated methods. It begins with basic descriptive statistics in multivariate analysis and follows with parameter estimation, in addition to the hypothesis testing of a multivariate normal distribution, which has heavy applications in biomedical fields where the relationships among approximately normal variables are of great interest. Keeping mathematics to a minimum, considerable emphasis is placed on explanations and real-world applications of core principles to maintain a good balance between introducing theory and cultivating problem-solving skills. This book is a very valuable reference text for clinicians, medical researchers, and other researchers across medical and biomedical disciplines, all of whom confront increasingly complex statistical methods during the analysis and presentation of their results.Gives understanding and mastering of the multivariate analysis techniques in the medical sciencesMaintains a balance between the introduction of statistical analysis theory and the cultivation of practical skillsExposes a variety of well-designed real-life cases that integrate concepts and analytical techniquesIncludes substantive exercises, online coding sources, and case discussions to solidify a conceptual understanding

Exosomal RNA: Role in Human Diseases and Therapy provides an in-depth study of exosomes and their RNA in the context of a variety of diseases. The book explores the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomal RNA as biomarkers across a range of different conditions, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as bacterial infections and tissue repair. The link between exosomal RNA expression and neurodegenerative disease is also explored. The book goes on to share the significance of exosomal RNA in preserving cellular function, with special attention given to their role in the autophagy process. This book gives an overview of the isolation, characterization, and potential applications of exosomal RNA, providing researchers with an understanding of how they can be manipulated and utilized for the treatment of various diseases and conditions. This is an ideal reference for researchers in the field of molecular biology, cell biology, and related fields, as well as those involved in the development of therapeutics and personalized medicine. - Provides an introduction into exosomal RNA and their potential as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for various conditions - Considers exosomal RNA in a variety of human disorders, including metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer - Discusses the role of exosomal RNA in preserving the cellular environment and its role in the autophagy process

Microbial Diversity in the Genomic Era, Second Edition presents techniques used for microbial taxonomy and phylogeny, along with their applications and respective strengths and challenges. Though many advanced techniques for the identification of unknown bacterium are available in the genomic era, a far fewer number of the total microbial species have been discovered and identified to date. With that in mind, this book incorporates recently developed biosystematics methods and approaches to assess microbial taxonomy, with suitable recommendations for where to apply them across the range of bacterial identification and infectious disease research. Here, international researchers in the field first provide a broad overview of microbial genomics research and microbiome directed medicine, followed by sections on molecular tools for microbial diversity research, extremophilic microbial diversity, functional microbial diversity across application areas, microbial diversity and infectious disease research, and future directions for research. Step-by-step methodologies are provided for key techniques, along with applied case studies breaking down recent research studies into the practical components, illuminating pathways for new studies across the field. This new edition has been fully updated to address advances in the field of microbiome directed medicine, and whole genome sequencing for studying microbial diversity, considering both recent technological advances and new applications areas, from extremophile studies to the latest approaches in human microbiome analysis. - Instructs in techniques used for microbial taxonomy and phylogeny, with discussions of their applications and respective pros and cons - Reviews the evolving field of microbial typing and the genomic technologies that enable comparative metagenomic analysis of complex microbial environments - Covers microbiome directed translational research, as well as whole genome sequencing for studying microbial diversity, with newly added research protocols and case studies - Reviews future applications in the field of microbiome directed medicine - Features chapter contributions from global experts in the field

This volume provides a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its impact on human health. Written by a team of expert contributors, the book covers various aspects of the virus, including its structure, life cycle, and genomic replication. It delves into the epidemiology of COVID-19, comparing it with other related coronaviruses and discussing the concept of herd immunity. The structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 is examined, with a focus on techniques such as electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography. The book also explores the biology of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their immune evasion strategies. Furthermore, it delves into the pathogenesis of COVID-19, examining its multiorgan manifestations and the long-term effects of the disease. The innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are discussed in detail, along with the role of B cells and T cells in the immune response. The volume concludes with a look at future insights and potential developments in the field. Accompanied by illustrative diagrams and visuals, this volume would aid in grasping complex concepts, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the intricate details of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on global health. - Comprehensive coverage of various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including virus structure, variants, immune responses, disease pathogenesis including its multiorgan manifestations and long COVID - Focus on in-depth analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, including B cell and T cell responses, discussing the recognition and activation mechanisms, antibody production, immunological memory as well as the role of spike proteins in immunological regulation - Richly illustrated with informative diagrams, providing visual aids to enhance understanding of complex concepts and structures related to COVID-19

Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, Volume 138 covers reviews of methodology and research in all aspects of protein chemistry, including purification/expression, proteomics, modeling and structural determination and design. Chapters in this release include Proteomic Applications in Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions, Understanding functions of eEF1 translation elongation factors beyond translation. A proteomic approach, Proteomics provides insights into theranostic potential of extracellular vesicles, Towards a shareable functional analysis of the structural proteome, Functional unfoldomics, In-silico Network Pharmacology Study on Glycyrrhiza glabra: Analyzing the Immune-Boosting phytochemical properties of Siddha Medicinal Plant against COVID-19, and more.Other chapters cover In silico Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Docking Validation of Swasa Kudori for Screening Druggable Phytoconstituents of Asthma, Proteomics and Genomics Insights on Malignant Osteosarcoma, Application of functional proteomics in understanding RNA Virus-Mediated Infection, Biofilm proteome of Staphylococcus aureus: implications for therapeutic interventions to biofilm-associated infections, A computational pipeline elucidating functions of conserved hypothetical Trypanosoma cruzi proteins based on public proteomic data, Functional Proteomics based on Protein Microarray Technology for Biomedical Research, and an Analysis of endoglucanases production using proteomics and metatranscriptomics. - Includes new information about Protein Aggregation - Presents chapters by a wide range of leading experts - Cover new, cutting-edge information that will serve as an essential addition to any bookshelf or laboratory

This book delves into the fascinating realm of eukaryotic gene regulation. The specific expression of genes shapes the phenotype of cells and tissues. The regulation of gene expression, including up- and downregulation, is a fundamental aspect of nearly all physiological processes, both in health and disease. These dynamic processes respond to various daily challenges, such as dietary changes and infections. Therefore, it is crucial for not only biologists and biochemists but also all students in biomedical disciplines to understand gene regulation concepts. This foundational knowledge will benefit them in their specialized fields. A comprehensive understanding of transcription factors and the mechanisms that alter their activity is a fundamental goal of modern life science research. Epigenetics refers to the packaging and accessibility of the genome in each of the trillions of cells in our bodies. The prefix “epi” (meaning “upon,” “above,” or “beyond”) indicates that epigenetic processes do not alter the DNA sequence of our genome, adding a layer of information beyond that encoded in our genome. Genomic DNA is wrapped around complexes of histone proteins, helping it fit into a cell nucleus with a diameter of less than 10 μm. This protein-DNA complex is known as chromatin. The content of this book is linked to the “Molecular Medicine and Genetics” course, which the author has lectured on in various forms since 2002 at the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio. This book is an updated version of the textbooks “Mechanisms of Gene Regulation” and “Human Epigenomics.” It is divided into 16 chapters. Following two introductory chapters, four chapters explore gene regulation from the perspective of transcription factors, while another four chapters focus on chromatin and non-coding RNA. Three chapters then discuss the impact of epigenetics from a health perspective, and the final three chapters address epigenetics from the perspective of diseases. A glossary in the appendix explains the major specialist terms.

Epigenetics encompasses all changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence. These modifications involve DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNA pathways. Plants have evolved remarkable resilience to environmental challenges mediated by epigenetic modifications rather than genetic variation. Epigenetic variation provides a means for designing crop varieties with enhanced resilience to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. By understanding how epigenetic information systems interact among them and with other canonical genetic pathways, we can develop crops better equipped to withstand the challenges of climate change, ultimately contributing to global food security. Epigenetics in Crop Improvement: Safeguarding Food Security in an Ever-Changing Climate is primarily a comprehensive guide that explores the role of epigenetics in plant growth, development, and adaptation. This book also offers a valuable resource for anyone looking to investigate and develop innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of climate change.

This volume in the Subcellular Biochemistry (SCBI) series is a continuation of several previous volumes devoted to the structural and functional study of protein complexes. The expanding nature of this field of study, derived mainly from X-ray crystallography and electron cryomicroscopy, justifies the continuing expansion of coverage in an almost encyclopaedic manner within the SCBI series. Experienced and active researchers in the field shed light on the biology of protein complexes involved in important cellular functions from different perspectives, such as AcrAB-TolC, and CST. Other topics covered are: the Toxin-Antitoxin systems in cell survival, the role of the ATPases CueR and RUVBL1-RUVBL2 in the regulation of gene expression, complexes with multiple functions in the cell such as VCP/p97 or the Vault complex, FtsA and FtsZ in bacterial cell division, GATOR1 and GATOR2 in amino acid sensing, TRPA1 and the Serotonin Transporter in signaling, oligomeric structures in eukaryotic cells such as amyloids and invertases, among others. The book is richly illustrated, the result of an impressive integration of structural data from X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Functional aspects of protein-protein interactions are also featured prominently, providing a valuable contribution for researchers and scholars. Chapter 13 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been sought to be a potential alternative to the current arsenal of antibiotics against undesirable microbes. AMPs synthesized by lactic acid bacteria have attracted significant attention due to their strong activity against a broad range of bacteria including pathogens. The bacteriocin (an AMP) has been known to us since early 1928, a year before penicillin was reported. This is possibly due to their narrower activity compared to antibiotics. However, several AMPs having promising activity have been thoroughly characterized in the past few decades. Renewed interest has developed focusing on industrially important bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Some of these AMPs are also active against food spoilage and clinically important pathogens. Similar to antibiotics, large-scale intellectual screening is ongoing in the search for novel AMPs with unique properties. Recent research has revealed that AMPs may also play a role in maintaining gut microflora and keeping us protected from food-borne pathogens. The ongoing genomic studies suggest that there may be more such bioactive compounds waiting to be explored. This book provides an overview of the fundamental knowledge accumulated so far regarding the diversity and potential applications of AMPs produced by lactic acid bacteria. This updated reference book on AMPs from lactic acid bacteria is timely, covering the most important achievements in the field and providing the scientific community particularly graduate students, researchers, and clinicians with the latest updates. The goal of this book is to illustrate and detail the findings made so far, debate the state of the art, and draw new perspectives.

This book focuses primarily on the newly discovered theory and techniques of veterinary molecular immunology. It also covers application of modern immunological methods into the treatment and control of infectious diseases and cancer, and future research trends. In terms of new immunological theories, this book focuses on recently-discovered innate lymphocytes (ILCs), signal transduction triggered by engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and signal communication between nerve and immune systems, antimicrobial peptides, immunoregulation and checkpoint, development and maturation of T and B lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, immune tolerance, and immunosuppression and evasion. In terms of new techniques and application, the book covers the categories and designs of preventive and therapeutic vaccines and the principle of developing vaccination program, occurrence, development and immune evasion of cancer cells, and the novel techniques for cancer therapy. In addition, comparison of avian and porcine cytokines with human and mouse ones is also provided in the appendices to illustrate the differences in cytokines between species. This book is valuable for the undergraduates, graduate students or professional researchers with requirement for advanced studies in veterinary immunology. It meets their requirements for improving and expanding knowledge of immunology.

Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology is a comprehensive textbook designed to explain the molecular mechanisms that underpin the functions and structures within living organisms. This resource focuses on improving the reader's understanding and exploration of the cellular and molecular basis of life, emphasizing the latest research findings and technological advancements. The book is structured into 18 chapters that systematically cover topics ranging from the basic structural components of cells to the complex processes of gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. It offers a detailed examination of DNA replication, repair mechanisms, and the molecular basis of genetic diseases. Additionally, the book explains the application of molecular biology in biotechnology, medicine, and environmental science, as well as advanced topics like cloning, gene therapy, and molecular diagnostics.Key features:- Clear explanations of complex concepts, bridging basic biology concepts with applied scientific fields- Uses real-world examples to illustrate scientific principles- Includes information on the latest research and technological breakthroughs.- Glossaries and references for each chapter- Facilitates learning with diagrams, flowcharts, and tables that summarize critical information, making complex subjects accessible.Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology is an essential resource for students in life science courses such as biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine.

This biography of Nobel Laureate Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) places her life and work in its social, scientific and personal context. The author examines the development of Barbara McClintock's scientific work and her influence upon individuals and upon the fields of cytogenetics and evolutionary biology in the period from 1902 to the present. The history documents years of McClintock's notable and lauded scientific work long before she discovered and named transposable elements in the mid-1940s for which she ultimately received the Nobel Prize. The biography employs documented evidence to expose, demystify, and provide clarity for legends and misinterpretations of McClintock's life and work.Key Features Exposes and demystifies myths and legends told about McClintock's time in Missouri Clarifies the changing language of genes and genetics Places in perspective the history of McClintock's research Documents McClintock's family and early life before college Provides documented details of McClintock's time in Nazi Germany

This edited book is a comprehensive compilation of applications of plant molecular farming in various fields including agriculture, industry and medicine, using different plant/crop systems as bioreactors for the bulk production of products of interest. The book places special emphasis on plant molecular farming being utilized for the bulk production of biologics, industrial enzymes, vaccines, drugs and recombinant pharmaceutical proteins.Plant molecular farming (PMF) is an upcoming promising interdisciplinary subject, and therefore the book contains contributions from experts across the disciplines. The utilization of plant viral vectors to produce biologics, virus-like particles and antimicrobial peptides via PMF have been highlighted. Molecular farming for the bulk production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins and various types of human and veterinary vaccines in different crops/plants and genetically modified seeds has been included. The process of scaling up to manufacturing capacity, product formation by bioprocessing of plant cell suspension culture, and bioreactor engineering have been incorporated. Lastly, the book provides special coverage on utilizing PMF made products to control neglected tropical diseases and plant-made antigens as immunotherapies for allergic and autoimmune diseases.The book has chapters from leading experts on the subject, making it equally beneficial for researchers, policy planners, industrialists, medical professionals, entrepreneurs, and students of various related disciplines.

Understanding of bacterial genetics and genomics is fundamental to understanding bacteria and higher organisms, as well. Novel insights in the fields of genetics and genomics are challenging the once clear borders between the characteristics of bacteria and other life. Biological knowledge of the bacterial world is being viewed under a new light with input from genetic and genomics. Replication of bacterial circular and linear chromosomes, coupled (and uncoupled) transcription and translation, multiprotein systems that enhance survival, wide varieties of ways to control gene and protein expression, and a range of other features all influence the diversity of the microbial world. This text acknowledges that readers have varied knowledge of genetics and microbiology. Therefore, information is presented progressively, to enable all readers to understand the more advanced material in the book.This second edition of Bacterial Genetics and Genomics updates the information from the first edition with advances made over the past five years. This includes descriptions for 10 types of secretion systems, bacteria that can be seen with the naked eye, and differences between coupled transcription-translation and the uncoupled runaway transcription in bacteria. Topic updates include advances in bacteriophage therapy, biotechnology, and understanding bacterial evolution.Key Features Genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics integrated in one place Over 400 full-colour illustrations explain concepts and mechanisms throughout and are available to instructors for download A section dedicated to the application of genetics and genomics techniques, including a chapter devoted to laboratory techniques, which includes useful tips and recommendations for protocols, in addition to troubleshooting and alternative strategies Bulleted key points summarize each chapter Extensive self-study questions related to the chapter text and several discussion topics for study groups to explore further This book is extended and enhanced through a range of digital resources that include: Interactive online quizzes for each chapter Flashcards that allow the reader to test their understanding of key terms from the book Useful links for online resources associated with Chapters 16 and 17

CRISPR is a crucial technology in plant physiology and molecular biology resulting in more sustainable agricultural practices, including outcomes of better plant stress tolerance and crop improvement. CRISPR and Plant Functional Genomics explores ways to release the potential of plant functional genomics, one of the prevailing topics in plant biology and a critical technology for speed and precision crop breeding. This book presents achievements in plant functional genomics and features information on diverse applications using the emerging CRISPR-based genome editing technologies producing high-yield, disease-resistant, and climate-smart crops. It also includes theories on organizing strategies for upgrading the CRISPR system to increase efficiency, avoid off-target effects, and produce transgene-free edited crops.Features: Presents CRISPR-based technologies, releasing the potential of plant functional genomics Provides methods and applications of CRISPR/Cas-based plant genome editing technologies Summarizes achievements of speed and precision crop breeding using CRISPR-based technologies Illustrates strategies to upgrade the CRISPR system Supports the UN's sustainable development goals to develop future climate-resilient crops CRISPR and Plant Functional Genomics provides extensive knowledge of CRISPR-based technologies and plant functional genomics, and is an ideal reference for researchers, graduate students, and practitioners in the field of plant sciences as well as agronomy and agriculture.

The fields of molecular evolution, genome evolution, and evolutionary genetics are now well-established. Remarkably, however, although all evolutionary modifications begin at the cellular level, and despite the advances made in cell biology and microbiology over the past few decades, there is as yet no recognised discipline of evolutionary cell biology. The goal of this book is to help establish the foundations for this emerging field. Its principal aims are twofold: firstly, to promote an understanding among evolutionary biologists as to why the cellular details matter if we are to understand the mechanisms of evolution; secondly, to make clear to non-evolutionary biologists - cell biologists in particular - that evolution is not just a matter of natural selection and optimization, but a process whose reach depends on other population genetic features such as mutation, recombination, and random genetic drift. Although there are many excellent books on cell biology, microbiology, and biophysics, almost no attention is given to evolution. Likewise, although there are numerous evolutionary biology books on the market, none of them gives more than passing attention to details at the cellular level. Thus Evolutionary Cell Biology is genuinely novel, offering a broader understanding of evolutionary processes and an appreciation for the many interesting problems that remain to be solved at the cellular and subcellular levels. This advanced textbook is aimed at both cell biologists and evolutionary biologists. It will be accessible to upper-level undergraduates in biology, and certainly to graduate students in all areas of the life sciences. Professionals from a wide range of fields - cell biology, microbiology, evolution, biophysics, biochemistry, and mathematics - will be exposed to entirely new ideas not traditionally covered in their primary fields of expertise.

Nowadays, the field of microbiology is undergoing a revolutionary change due to the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is being used to analyze massive data in a predictable form, about the behavior of microorganisms, to solve microbial classification-related problems, exploring the interaction between microorganisms and the surrounding environment. It also helps to extract novel microbial metabolites which have been used in various fields like medical, food and agricultural industries. As the pace of innovation in Microbiology is accelerating, the use of AI in these industries will be beneficial. AI will not only show its extraordinary potential in expanding the market of antibiotics, food, and agriculture but also offer an eco-friendly, safer, and profitable solution to the respective industries. It would be challenging to search out specific features and discuss future research on AI in microbiology with a wide perspective. - Uncovering extended functions of AI in Microbiology. - Production and development of novel drug targets through AI. - Challenges for using and selecting appropriate AI tools in health, agriculture and food sector

Targetting Signaling Pathways in Solid tumour Part B, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. - Provides the latest information on cancer research - Offers outstanding and original reviews on a range of cancer research topics - Serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and students alike

Personalized Epigenetics, Second Edition discusses the core translatability of epigenetics to health management of individuals who have unique variations in their epigenetic signatures that can guide both disorder and disease prevention and therapy. Fully updated and revised, this new edition details inter-individual variability in the major epigenetic process in humans consisting of DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding RNA, and the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of the field. It also reviews the impact of the environment on epigenetic variations among individuals and the role of pharmacology and drug development in personalized epigenetics. Most importantly, the text covers personalized epigenetics from a disease-oriented perspective, presenting chapters that provide advances in widespread disorders or diseases, including diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disorders, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and pain management. - Includes new chapters on topics such as the limitations of personalized epigenetic variation comparisons; personalized epigenetics technologies; epigenetics of personalized nanomedicine; personalized epigenetic management of diabetes; epigenetics and chemoresistance; and personalized epigenetics and neurological disorders - Covers key methodological processes that are important in personalized medicine - Offers disease research case studies to provide in-depth discussion of examples of recent epigenetic research on a disease area - Features topics such as forensic epigenetics, epigenetics of personalized toxicity, limitations of epigenetic variation comparisons, and nanomedicine and nutrigenomics as applied to personalized epigenetics

Terpene Synthases, Volume 700 in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this highly respected laboratory standard with its first dedicated collection on this important family of enzymes. Terpene synthases are a diverse set of enzymes that use exquisite mechanisms to form complex (poly)cyclic hydrocarbon skeletons. Chapters in this new volume include Structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, Understanding mechanisms using stable isotopes, substrate analogs, or computational tools, Engineering fusion enzymes, Ancestral terpene cyclases, as well as the Sequence, structure, and function of non-canonical terpene synthases. - Presents the only collection of current methodology for the investigation of terpene synthases, with topics including from bioinformatics, enzymology, computational chemistry, and engineering - Includes chapters authored by international experts in the field - Provides the latest contributions in the leading serial Methods in Enzymology

Research data sharing has traditionally been addressed to other peer researchers. Nowadays there is general awareness that putting research at the disposal of society is beneficial and necessary. However, the popularization of science is a hard endeavor. It must deal with transmission of transcendental knowledge with the appealing adornment of a good story, but avoiding the risk of falling into banality. This book consists in a series of individual stories delving into the world of biology and medicine. Some topics included in this volume consist in the explanation of basic biological concepts like the origin of modern eukaryotic cells, the importance of mutations as the driving force behind evolution, the molecular ins and outs of the nervous system, or the relevance of microorganisms to humans and science including food and energy industries. Others rather lean to a more biomedical perspective and constitute popular cases that have been, to some extent, trending in global media outlets: the divulgation of some current under-reckoned non-infectious pandemics like obesity and chronic pain, the presence of longer-living populations around the world named blue zones, the American (and African) opioid crisis, or the discovery and development of CRISPR-Cas as a promising genetic editing tool. All chapters are depicted with accompanying illustrations thoroughly elaborated by professionals of Fine Arts to make it easier to understand for the non-experts… but may perhaps also proof that the scientific method and multidisciplinary work are not unique to natural sciences, but also shared by other apparently distant disciplines like arts.

This book focuses on cold habitat microbes as a potential source of elite enzymes and secondary metabolites to meet the growing demands of the pharmaceutical, food and biotechnological industries. Microbes living in such extremely cold conditions are reported to produce various biomolecules with potential biotechnological applications.The book overviews recent research trends to discover such important biomolecules and also suggests future research directions to discover such elite novel biomolecules. Salient features: Covers studies on various biotic communities and abiotic components of the soil of terrestrial habitats with a focus on cold habitats Discusses various'Omic'approaches: metagenomics and meta-transcriptomics Lists adaptation strategies adopted by cold-adapted microbes Highlights various biotechnological and industrially important biomolecules produced by cold-adapted microbes Explores the role of microbial biofilm in the degradation of microplastics in cold habitats

An accessible undergraduate textbook in computational neuroscience that provides an introduction to the mathematical and computational modeling of neurons and networks of neurons.Understanding the brain is a major frontier of modern science. Given the complexity of neural circuits, advancing that understanding requires mathematical and computational approaches. This accessible undergraduate textbook in computational neuroscience provides an introduction to the mathematical and computational modeling of neurons and networks of neurons. Starting with the biophysics of single neurons, Robert Rosenbaum incrementally builds to explanations of neural coding, learning, and the relationship between biological and artificial neural networks. Examples with real neural data demonstrate how computational models can be used to understand phenomena observed in neural recordings. Based on years of classroom experience, the material has been carefully streamlined to provide all the content needed to build a foundation for modeling neural circuits in a one-semester course.Proven in the classroomExample-rich, student-friendly approachIncludes Python code and a mathematical appendix reviewing the requisite background in calculus, linear algebra, and probabilityIdeal for engineering, science, and mathematics majors and for self-study

Proteins are the workhorses of cells, performing most of the important functions which allow cells to use nutrients and grow, communicate among each other, and importantly, die if aberrant behavior is detected. How were proteins discovered? What is their role in cells? How do dysfunctional proteins give rise to cancers? Landmark Experiments in Protein Science explores the manner in which the inner workings of cells were elucidated, with a special emphasis on the role of proteins. Experiments are discussed in a manner as to understand what questions were being asked that prompted the experiments and what technical challenges were faced in the process; and results are presented and discussed using primary data and graphs.Key Features Describes landmark experiments in cell biology and biochemistry. Discusses the'How'and'Why'of historically important experiments. Includes primary, original data and graphs. Emphasizes biological techniques, that help understand how many of the experiments performed were possible. Documents, chronologically, how each result fed into the next experiments.

Chromatin: Structure, Function, and History covers the basics of chromatin biology, beginning with the discoveries that culminated in the recognition of the nucleosome as the basic subunit of chromatin. Chromatin folding, nucleosome positioning, and histone variants are discussed, as well as research on chromatin modifications and remodeling, which exploded in the early to mid-1990s and led to widespread interest in epigenetics. Considerable attention is given to methods and experiments that led to key insights and recent developments such as the use of genome-wide approaches and innovations in imaging approaches are also emphasized. By providing historical background together with detailed discussion of contemporary studies, the book aims to instill in the reader an appreciation not only of our current knowledge of chromatin structure and function, but also of the remarkable path that has taken chromatin to the forefront of modern research. - Provides a current, expansive, and well-documented resource on chromatin and epigenetics - Addresses the role of chromatin in transcription regulation and chromatin abnormalities in disease - Reviews the historical background of specific areas of chromatin research, enabling readers to understand how the field was born and to appreciate the discoveries and technical advances that have propelled it forward

This interdisciplinary book enables scientists and non-specialists from various fields to delve into fascinating historical and recent scientific advancements in physics, astrophysics, genetic evolution, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. Paradigm shifts are common in science, but some have significantly changed our perception and understanding of the world. This volume not only explores the profound implications of these scientific frontiers but also forecasts their impact on daily life. It delves into ongoing research and the technology that fuels advancements in physics and related fields. Authored by renowned researchers and science communicators, this book appeals to researchers and non-experts seeking a comprehensive overview of emerging developments that challenge ongoing research and will impact education and society in the coming years. Structured into distinct sections - New Physics World, Evolutionary Genetics to Epigenetics, Neurosciences and Neurophilosophy, Applications of Artificial Intelligence, and The Mystery of the Dark Sector - each chapter provides a deep dive into its respective subject, shedding light on the mysteries and implications of cutting-edge science. The book ends with an Epilogue illustrating the limitations of and challenges for our cognitive abilities.

The book explores the world of medicinal plants through a groundbreaking and comprehensive book. It delves into high-throughput technologies and multi-omics approaches to unlock the untapped potential of endophytic fungi, revealing novel bioactive compounds. It further talks about the diverse biodiversity and ethnopharmacological knowledge, unravelling the molecular intricacies of secondary metabolites under varying ecological conditions. This gives insights into medicinal plant research, offering cutting-edge insights into genome-based barcoding, nanotechnology, and functional genomics for revolutionary drug discoveries. From proteomic and epigenomic analysis to big data exploration, this book presents a holistic view of medicinal plants'potential and discusses the latest advancements in micropropagation, agronomical approaches, and genome editing, paving the way for transformative medicines and healthcare breakthroughs.It serves as a great resource for academicians, researchers, and pharmacologists.

This edited volume provides insights into the current state of food and nutritional security, highlights the significance of micronutrients for human health, offers a historical perspective on biofortification, and covers current strategies and challenges. This book explores the role of multidisciplinary approaches to cope up with the challenges of major nutrient deficiency. Hidden hunger (aka micronutrient deficiencies), a prevalent global issue, refers to the chronic deficiency of essential micronutrients despite sufficient caloric intake. With over 2 billion affected individuals, particularly women and children in low-income countries, it impairs physical and cognitive development, increases disease susceptibility, and diminishes productivity. Despite economic progress, undernourishment remains prevalent in the developing countries including India. Among all nutrients, the deficiencies of iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A are highly prevalent. Crop biofortification seems a sustainable solution to reduce the global burden of hidden hunger. Previous reports examined the genetic diversity related to micronutrients in germplasm of staple crops and their wild relatives. A number of biofortified crops have been developed by utilizing genetic diversity and biotechnological approaches. This book explores crop-specific biofortification initiatives and diverse approaches, encompassing both traditional and genomics-driven enhancements. It also enlightens the efficacy of biofortification, bioavailability, and future thrust. This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, academics, extension workers, policymakers, students, and all those involved in agriculture, nutrition, and health. It focuses on promoting diets that are rich in nutrition, benefiting everyone along the value chain.

This book explains the translational aspects of ethnomedicinal plants of different geographical regions including India by explaining the medicinal properties against several diseases, genomic evolution in changing environments, metabolic profiling for biomarker discovery, the role of non-coding RNA in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, genome-wide transcriptome profiling, application of pluripotent stem cells for drug discovery, the importance of high-throughput omics, and genome-editing techniques. In addition, some of the chapters have been designed to describe the role of artificial intelligence, plant database, and network-based drug discovery to explore the medicinal importance of compounds as well as challenges and opportunities in drug discovery from ethnomedicinal plants. The book serves as a great source of information for the students, researchers/scientists of diverse fields such as pharmacognosy, plant physiologists, biotechnologists, and pharmaceutical scientists etc., working in the areas of phytotherapy from ethnomedicinal plants.

Environmental conditions and processes are one of the major pillars on which the human well-being rests. It is the core responsibility of the society to preserve and enhance better conditions for the human well-being. Indeed, there are several evolving unmet needs in public health. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and a surge in the incidence of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CAD), chronic respiratory diseases, and metabolic diseases have been impediments to sustainable well-being. Many factors are critical in the global surge in the rate and incidence of cardiovascular diseases. These include the shift from acute to chronic conditions, the shift from single risk factor vs. multiple influences, aging population, global health disparities, exposure to lower harmful influences over a longer period, etc. However, the epigenetic factors due to unhealthy environment play a most significant role in the underlying pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, this has been ignored for a long time and realized lately to expand and disseminate knowledge to general population, expand research activities to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms, and develop better preventive and treatment strategies. The most significant environmental impoverishment in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases include different genetical, chemical, physical, and biological influences, but not limited to, socio-economic status and lack of nutrients, nutritional aspects including habits, diets and additives, inhaled and ingested pollutants, exhaust gas and gasoline products, tobacco smoke, water pollution, alcohol consumption, soil and mineral pollution, solvents, pesticides, microplastics, non-critical usage of drugs, climate change, extreme atmospheric conditions, extremes in noise and temperature, electromagnetic influences, microwaves and radiation, outdoor light pollution, mental stressors, lack of or over exercise, microbiota and microbiological agents like SARS CoV-2 virus, etc.

Aging is a topic that concerns all of us, since none of us can escape it. The molecular and cellular process is built in every of the billions of cells forming our body. Some of these cells, such as immune cells and red blood cells, live only for a few days to weeks and get life-long constantly replaced by cells produced in the bone marrow. In contrast, there are cells, such as neurons and memory lymphocytes, that get as old as we get. The process of aging limits our maximal life span, which is for us humans 120 years. However, only a very few individuals reached this age. How did their life differ from others that died decades earlier? Is it just the absence of life threatening disease paired with a more healthy life style? Or is it build in in our genome or epigenome? In this book we try to give answers to these questions from the perspectives of evolution, our genome, the epigenomes of our different tissues and cell types and the functionality of our cells. We should try to understand ourselves in detail as well as in a global setting. Basic biology explains cellular mechanisms, such as growth, differentiation, and cell death, which make life as a whole possible. Every (human) organism represents a complex interplay between hundreds of different cell types forming distinctive tissues and organs with specialized tasks. These processes need to be highly orchestrated especially during development, maintenance and aging. Studying the cellular and molecular basis of aging is one of the most fascinating areas but also a great challenge. Nevertheless, research made the biggest steps in elucidating biological processes via studying malfunctions of normal mechanisms leading to different diseases, such as progeroid syndrome and cancer. We will start this book with the understanding of the human genome in relation to principles of evolution. Then we will explain the basics of gene regulation and epigenetics, i.e., the interplay of transcription factors and chromatin. Next, we will shift to cellular mechanisms of aging and discuss then the impact of nutrition and immunity on the aging process. In the following the relation of aging to so-called aging-related common diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer and Alzheimer. Do we get these diseases because we are aging or are we aging because we get one of these diseases? The book will end how we can slow down the aging process so that we can age healthy. In short, healthy aging is not an option but is a must. An ancient poem says “Teach us to number our days, that we may get a heart of wisdom.” It is up to each one of us and a daily decision to live a healthy lifestyle and to be aware of the unique gift of live we all have.