Search

A sound understanding of magnetism, transport theory, spin relaxation mechanisms, and magnetization dynamics is necessary to engage in spintronics research. In this primer, special effort has been made to give straightforward explanations for these advanced concepts.This book will be a valuable resource for graduate students in spintronics and related fields. Concepts of magnetism such as exchange interaction, spin-orbit coupling, spin canting, and magnetic anisotropy are introduced. Spin-dependent transport is described using both thermodynamics and Boltzmann's equation, including Berry curvature corrections. Spin relaxation phenomenology is accounted for with master equations for quantum spin systems coupled to a bath. Magnetic resonance principles are applied to describe spin waves in ferromagnets, cavity-mode coupling in antiferromagnets, and coherence phenomena relevant to spin qubits applications.Key Features:• A pedagogical approach to foundational concepts in spintronics with simple models that can be calculated to enhance understanding.• Nineteen chapters, each beginning with a historical perspective and ending with an outlook on current research.• 1200 references, ranging from landmark papers to frontline publications.

Dimensions of Uncertainty in Communication Engineering is a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to the problems of nonaleatory uncertainty and the mathematical tools needed to solve them. The book gathers together tools derived from statistics, information theory, moment theory, interval analysis and probability boxes, dependence bounds, nonadditive measures, and Dempster–Shafer theory. While the book is mainly devoted to communication engineering, the techniques described are also of interest to other application areas, and commonalities to these are often alluded to through a number of references to books and research papers. This is an ideal supplementary book for courses in wireless communications, providing techniques for addressing epistemic uncertainty, as well as an important resource for researchers and industry engineers. Students and researchers in other fields such as statistics, financial mathematics, and transport theory will gain an overview and understanding on these methods relevant to their field. - Uniquely brings together a variety of tools derived from statistics, information theory, moment theory, interval analysis and probability boxes, dependence bounds, nonadditive measures, and Dempster—Shafer theory - Focuses on the essentials of various, wide-ranging methods with references to journal articles where more detail can be found if required - Includes MIMO-related results throughout

Microwave power transmission technology, which is a sub-discipline of the wireless power transmission technology, aims to transmit electrical power without using wires/cables in the microwave frequency band. The retro-reflective beamforming technique has the potential to enable efficient and safe microwave power transmission, as it includes the following two technical elements. First, a directional microwave beam is generated as the carrier of wireless power. Second, the microwave power beam could be steered in real time toward mobile wireless power receiver(s). This book offers a comprehensive narrative of retro-reflective beamforming in the context of microwave power transmission.

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 229 merges two long-running serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. Chapters in this release cover Characterization of nanomaterials properties using FE-TEM, Cold field-emission electron sources: From higher brightness to ultrafast beams, Every electron counts: Towards the development of aberration optimized and aberration corrected electron sources, and more. The series features articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy and the computing methods used in all these domains.Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authorsPresents the latest release in the Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series

Theory of Electromagnetoelasticity presents a systematic and unique treatment of elastic, electric and magnetic interactions in solids including various thermal and dissipative effects such as viscoelasticity and electrical conduction. In this book, a general and nonlinear continuum theory is constructed. The fundamental building blocks of the theory — the electromagnetic body force, couple and power — are calculated from a multi-continuum model consisting of a lattice continuum for elastic deformation, a bound charge continuum for electric polarization, a circulating current continuum for magnetization, and a free charge fluid for electrical conduction. The multi-continuum model is simpler than the common charged particle model and reveals the underlying physics from a unique angle. The complete set of Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic fields is included without the widely used quasistatic approximations of the electric and/or magnetic fields. The theory established can be used to describe different kinds of interactions between acoustic and optical fields or waves. Some linear problems are analyzed as examples to show some of the simplest elastic and electromagnetic couplings.

This book presents a collection of independent mathematical studies, describing the analytical reduction of complex generic problems in the theory of scattering and propagation of electromagnetic waves in the presence of imperfectly conducting objects. Their subjects include: a global method for scattering by a multimode plane; diffraction by an impedance curved wedge; scattering by impedance polygons; advanced properties of spectral functions in frequency and time domains; bianisotropic media and related coupling expressions; and exact and asymptotic reductions of surface radiation integrals. The methods developed here can be qualified as analytical when they lead to exact explicit expressions, or semi-analytical when they drastically reduce the mathematical complexity of studied problems. Therefore, they can be used in mathematical physics and engineering to analyse and model, but also in applied mathematics to calculate the scattered fields in electromagnetism for a low computational cost.

Spintronics, being a part of electronics, is under intense development for about forty years and mainly concerns transport of electronics spin in low-dimensional structures. This field, based on often difficult theoretical concepts of quantum physics, has surprisingly strong and real technological and application consequences. Thus, spintronic solutions concern memory systems, information processing devices and are used as sensors to detect variety of physical fields. The early development of this field can be associated with the names of such scientists as: E. I. Rashba, A. Fert, P. Grünberg, J. Barnaś, B. Hillebrands, G. Güntherodt, I. K. Schuller, M. Grimsditch, A. Hoffman, P. Vavassori, and S. Datta. This list is absolutely not closed and might be easily extended, however, it results rather from scientific history and contacts with people who influenced the research carriers of the authors. The authors give in this up-dated 2nd edition an insight into this emerging field providing theoretical and experimental aspects of spintronics and guide readers from a basic understanding of fundamental processes to recent applications and future possibilities opened by ongoing research. The textbook is suited for students and for interested scientists who were discouraged by the theoretical formalism only.

IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as infrared lasers and detectors. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. Doping with impurities is a common method of modifying and diversifying the properties of physical and chemical semiconductors. This book covers all known information about the phase relations in multinary systems based on IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in multinary systems based on IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors and making research originally published in Ukrainian and Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to researchers of phase equilibria, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists.Key Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases

The Chemistry of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Probes, Volume Seven focuses on the chemical aspects of hyperpolarized NMR/MRI technology, with synthesis and characterizations of labeled compounds discussed from a practical point-of-view. A brief overview of the various hyperpolarization techniques are given, with the optimization of hyperpolarization conditions and the determination of critical parameters such as polarization level and T1 relaxation values described. A practical guide on the in vivo applications of hyperpolarized compounds in small animals is also included. - Helps readers understand the structural features that determine the properties of HP-probes, such as chemical shift and relaxation times - Aids readers in selecting stable isotope labeled probes for hyperpolarized NMR/MRI applications - Teachers readers how to use the most appropriate synthetic methodology for the labeled probes - Covers how to find the most suitable polarization technique (DNP, PHIP etc.) for the probe

The exponential increase of the Internet of Things (IoTs) has revolutionized lives, but it has also resulted in massive resource consumption and environmental pollution. In conjunction with Green IoTs (GioTs), there is a parallel effort to create highly sensitive devices by device design to conserve power. Furthermore, numerous applications require deciphering information from very weak optical signals, such as from radiation, medical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing, quantum technologies, astronomy, and various other such routine measurements. It is necessary to design photodetectors with high photosensitivity using various technological innovations to reduce the noise level, such as with two inversely directed barriers, as proposed by the authors, in which the currents of devices mutually compensate each other and create low dark current with high photosensitivity thresholds. The implementation of internal amplification of photocurrents in them can provide high photosensitivity. The book presents the mechanism for the injection amplification of the photocurrent in devices based on cadmium telluride and silicon with a high-resistance sublayer, as well as the study of creating highly sensitive devices, that are resistant to radiation of optical and X-ray ranges of electromagnetic waves. Particular attention is drawn to the mutual compensation process for photocurrents arising in opposite potential barriers covering the layer during longitudinal absorption of radiation in the sublayer. Using structures on the base cadmium telluride and silicon, as an example, the phenomenon of a change in the sign of the spectral photocurrent and the possibilities of wave measurement is provided by this phenomenon. Photoelectronic processes occurring in these semiconductor structures are investigated, and expressions are obtained that relate the parameters of optical radiation and the structure. The algorithm developed using these expressions is based on a new spectral analysis mechanism, which is implemented to prepare inexpensive, reduced dimensions with the need for less materials, and energy-intensive devices. All this is considered in the context of solving urgent problems of quantitative remote identification of the components of an optically transparent medium. The global spectral analysis market is focused on the development of semiconductor photodetectors with spectral-selective sensitivity for spectral analysis. The use of such a photodetector in spectrometry will eliminate the use of opticalmechanical systems due to the new physical principle used in it and will ensure high resolution and reliability of spectrum recording. As environmental threats become increasingly unpredictable, there is also a growing need to develop remote spectral analysis, identification, and assessment of substances in air, water, and food, assessment of the effects of substances on humans, animals, and vegetation, and detection and elimination of pollution sources. Here, the spectral analysis of the electromagnetic radiation transmitting the information from the object with the help of primary sensors is essential.

Our current understanding of nature is in terms of matter that is acted on by forces. There are four fundamental forces, of which three are described by so-called gauge theories, a type of quantum field theory. The fourth force, gravity, is best described by general relativity, and our traditional ways of thinking about gauge theories and gravity look completely different from each other.In recent years, an exciting new correspondence called the'double copy'has emerged, which suggests that the above theories may be much more closely related than previously thought. Inspired by previous work in string theory, it originated in the study of how particles interact, but has since been generalised to show that many gravitational quantities can be simply obtained by recycling simpler gauge theory results. This has significant practical applications — such as new calculational tools for astrophysics — but is also of conceptual importance, in suggesting that our current ways of thinking about fundamental physics are hiding a vast underlying structure.This book reviews our current theories of fundamental physics, before describing in detail how the double copy was discovered, how it can be applied to different types of object in gauge or gravity theory, and what its current and future applications are. No prior knowledge of quantum field theory or string theory is assumed, such that the book will be of interest to a broad audience of physicists and mathematicians.

This is a research book centered on quantum-mechanical scattering in macroscopic targets, which may lead to coherent scattering on a macroscopic scale. Specific conditions for the occurrence of coherent scattering are formulated. X- and gamma rays, neutron and neutrino scattering, and electron scattering are examined, as well as light scattering and the Moessbauer effect. Coherence domains are introduced, and their role in scattering is explored. The momentum and energy transfer to the target, as well as the force acting upon the target are emphasized, for both atomic and macroscopic targets. The book addresses a wide readership of researchers, in both experimental and theoretical physics, with an interest in a new area of research in particle scattering by macroscopic targets.

Conservation laws, reflecting the symmetry of space and time, play a vital role in understanding the surrounding world. Conservation laws allow us to explain very different phenomena from a unified point of view. The textbook illustrates this principle taking examples from mechanics, optics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and medicine. They include, for example, positron annihilation used in experiments aimed at neutrino registration and in the positron emission tomography for patient diagnostics; the functioning of solar cells, infrared detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs); slowing down fission neutrons toward achieving a nuclear chain reaction; jet propulsion of a rocket and an octopus; principles of magnetic resonance imaging and principles standing behind fission and fusion nuclear reactions; and more.

Fourteen years after the first proposal of a fractal theoretical model to understand the dynamics of laser produced plasma, a complete image of the model is projected on a wide range of empirical data related to laser produced plasmas.The book tackles the two sides of laser produced plasmas with experimental data on a wide range of materials, from metallic alloys to geological samples and the associated mathematical model is developed in the multifractal theory of motion. A new perspective is explored in analyzing and interpreting the data collected by electrical or optical methods, focusing especially on the charged particles dynamics and the nature of fractal fluctuations and their influence during measurements as well as to the scattering process and plasma splitting phenomena, all seen through the lens of multifractal physics.The book offers the best presentation of the multifractal theoretical model for the study of transient phenomena in laser produced plasmas, which focus leads to a balanced development of the model showcasing both the flexibility and the unique vision of a multifractal mathematical apparatus.

This book describes both known and new results. In the sections devoted to the use of integral equations for the current in a linear metal radiator, the focus is on Leontovich's equation. An advantage of this equation is the simplicity of the solution and the absence of the argument φ in it because the integration over φ already performed. The refined solution makes it possible to determine the total sum of the series for the current, which is close to the known solution including only the first terms. The results of the synthesis of different types of antennas with capacitive loads are presented, which makes it possible to implement Hallen's hypothesis about the usefulness of applying such loads to create an in-phase current distribution in antennas and to obtain required characteristics.New results include the widespread use of the complex potential method in relation to the calculation of capacitive structures in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media, antenna patterns and flows of electrical fields between antenna elements and in the surrounding space. In particular, the analysis of field flows makes it possible to substantiate a rigorous method for analyzing microstrip antennas. The characteristics of antennas in various conditions of their installation are considered and compared. The results of the use of multi-floors structures that provide in the wide frequency range the radiation in direction perpendicular to the antenna axis, and structures that make it possible to reduce the mutual influence of antennas located at different heights on a common mast are described.

Explore the algorithms and numerical methods used to compute electromagnetic fields in multi-layered media In Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields in Layered Media, two distinguished electrical engineering researchers deliver a detailed and up-to-date overview of the theory and numerical methods used to determine electromagnetic fields in layered media. The book begins with an introduction to Maxwell's equations, the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory, and concepts and definitions relating to Green's function. It then moves on to solve canonical problems in vertical and horizontal dipole radiation, describe Method of Moments schemes, discuss integral equations governing electromagnetic fields, and explains the Michalski-Zheng theory of mixed-potential Green's function representation in multi-layered media. Chapters on the evaluation of Sommerfeld integrals, procedures for far field evaluation, and the theory and application of hierarchical matrices are also included, along with: A thorough introduction to free-space Green's functions, including the delta-function model for point charge and dipole current Comprehensive explorations of the traditional form of layered medium Green's function in three dimensions Practical discussions of electro-quasi-static and magneto-quasi-static fields in layered media, including electrostatic fields in two and three dimensions In-depth examinations of the rational function fitting method, including direct spectra fitting with VECTFIT algorithms Perfect for scholars and students of electromagnetic analysis in layered media, Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields in Layered Media will also earn a place in the libraries of CAD industry engineers and software developers working in the area of computational electromagnetics.

This book covers the theory, concepts, and applications associated with electricity and magnetism. It discusses various fundamental aspects including Coulomb's Law, electric potential, capacitors, dielectrics, and paramagnetism. Aimed at undergraduate students with an elementary knowledge of mathematical analysis, it also includes solved problems at the end of each chapter for better understanding.The subject matter of this book also includes: The Biot-Savart Law RL Circuit Electromagnetic Wave Equation Displacement Current Equipotential Surfaces Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan)

Laser-plasma interaction is a continuously growing field with a broad range of applications in fundamental science, industry, and medicine. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of the interaction of intense laser pulses with high-temperature plasmas motivated by applications in high-energy-density physics and inertial confinement fusion. It combines the presentation of basic elements of the kinetics of charged particles in plasma and properties of electromagnetic waves with up-to-date developments related to nonlinear laser-plasma interactions, plasma heating, particle acceleration, excitation and mitigation of parametric instabilities. The book is based on the lectures taught by the author to students at master's and graduate levels. It provides original material combining qualitative descriptions of physical processes with a strict but accessible theoretical background and practical exercises.

Multi-Dimensional Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar: Theory and Applications provides a complete description of principles, models and data processing methods, giving an introduction to the theory that underlies recent applications such as topographic mapping and natural risk situational awareness – seismic-tectonics, active volcano, landslides and subsidence monitoring - security, urban, wide area and infrastructure control. Imaging radars, specifically Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), generally mounted onboard satellites or airplanes, are able to provide systematic high-resolution imaging of the Earth's surface. Recent advances in the field has seen applications to natural risk monitoring and security and has driven the development of many operational systems. - Explains the modeling and data processing involved in interferometric and tomographic SAR - Shows the potential and limitations of using SAR technology in several applications - Presents the link between basic signal processing concepts and state-of-the-art capabilities in imaging radars - Explains the use of basic SAR processing tools and datasets

'Ferrite Materials and Technologies'is a comprehensive exploration into the world of ferrites, delving into their diverse applications, properties, and cutting-edge technologies that leverage their unique characteristics. This book offers a deep understanding of ferrite materials and their role in shaping modern technology across a spectrum of industries. In this meticulously crafted volume, readers will embark on a journey through the fascinating realm of ferrites, from their origins and fundamental properties to their advanced applications. The book unravels the intricate science behind ferrite materials, shedding light on their magnetic properties, crystal structures, and the factors influencing their behavior. Spanning from traditional ferrite applications to emerging fields,'Ferrite Materials and Technologies'underscores the pivotal role these materials play in driving innovation. The book highlights real-world applications that showcase the transformative impact of ferrite-based technologies on modern devices and systems.'Ferrite Materials and Technologies'is an essential guide to understanding the multifaceted world of ferrites for academic researchers, engineers, and technologists. Authored by experts in the field, this book combines theoretical insights with practical knowledge, making it a valuable resource for anyone seeking to grasp the profound impact of ferrite materials on our technologically driven society.

This book is written in a lucid and systematic way for advanced postgraduates and researchers studying applied mathematics, plasma physics, nonlinear differential equations, nonlinear optics, and other engineering branches where nonlinear wave phenomena is essential.In sequential order of the book's development, readers will understand basic plasmas with elementary definitions of magnetized and unmagnetized plasmas, plasma modeling, dusty plasma and quantum plasma. Following which, the book describes linear and nonlinear waves, solitons, shocks and other wave phenomena, while solutions to common nonlinear wave equations are derived via standard techniques. Readers are introduced to elementary perturbation and non-perturbation methods. They will discover several evolution equations in different plasma situations as well as the properties of solitons in those environments. Pertaining to those equations, readers will learn about their higher order corrections, as well as their different forms and solutions in non-planar geometry. The book offers further studies on different types of collisions between solitons in plasma environment, phenomena of soliton turbulence as a consequence of multi-soliton interactions, properties of large amplitude solitary waves which are discovered via non-perturbative Sagdeev's Pseudopotential Approach, as well as the speed and shape of solitons. Finally, the book reveals possible future developments of research in this rich field.

This book develops a theory of the nonlinear response of densely charged and neutral media to electric and electromagnetic fields and gradients of hydrodynamic variables. It considers phenomena related to the nonlinear response of the media to plasma echo, transformation of waves, and parametric and second harmonic generation of radiation, and determines exact expressions and calculation methods for Burnett transport coefficients describing heat, mass, momentum and charge flows. It also discusses the use of transport coefficients in hydrodynamic tasks outside the framework of Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions. It analyses in detail the thermal regimes calculated using linear and non-linear transport coefficients in the cavity of a gas-phase nuclear reactor, and in the shock layer of a spacecraft moving in the atmosphere of Mars during a soft landing on the planet. The book will appeal to researchers, as well as postgraduate and undergraduate students, working and specializing in the field of physics and gas dynamics of densely charged and neutral media characterized by chemical reactions.

This book is derived from modules forming a full course in electricity and magnetism (E&M) as given by the authors. The book starts with the definition of the electrisation state, describing both the electrisation state of charged and polarized bodies, respectively, and goes on to discuss how the electric field develops in conductors to electrostatic equilibrium, as well as in insulating materials especially in dielectrics. This book is suitable for students taking a general E&M course or those undertaking a more specialised course in electrostatics. The advanced math support required to follow the scientific content of the book is provided through appendixes, and theoretical concepts are consistently blended with examples of real-life applications. It contains numerous worked examples and exercises that help students to secure an excellent assimilation of the knowledge, as well as a deep understanding of the physical phenomena under discussion and representing the most important methods to solve electrostatic problems. Key Features: Self-contained with mathematical appendices Thoroughly class tested Numerous examples of applications, worked example problems and exercises Formalism of the electrostatic field in vacuum and matter Extensive study of the stationary electric charges

This updated edition is designed as a self-teaching, calculus-based introduction to the concepts of physics. Numerous examples, applications, and figures provide readers with simple explanations. Standard topics include vectors, conservation of energy, Newton's Laws, momentum, motion, gravity, relativity, waves, fluid mechanics, circuits, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and more. FEATURES:Designed as a calculus-based, introduction to the key concepts of physicsPractical techniques, including the collection, presentation, analysis and evaluation of data, are discussed in the context of key experiments linked to the theoretical spine of the work

IV–VI and IV–VI2 semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as light-emitting diodes and solar cells. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. Doping with impurities is a common method of modifying and diversifying the properties of physical and chemical semiconductors. This book covers all known information about phase relations in quaternary systems based on IV–VI and IV–VI2 semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in quaternary systems based on IV–VI and IV–VI2 semiconductors and making research originally published in Ukrainian and Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid-state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid-state physicists.Key Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information A source of information for synthesizing semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases

An award-winning Oxford physicist draws on classic sci-fi, fantasy fiction, and everyday phenomena to explain and celebrate the magical properties of the world around us.If you were to present the feats of modern science to someone from the past, those feats would surely be considered magic. Theoretical physicist Felix Flicker proves that they are indeed magic—just familiar magic. The name for this magic is “condensed matter physics.” Most people haven't heard of the field, yet more than a third of physicists identify as condensed matter researchers, making it the most active area in the subject—with good reason. Condensed matter is the solids, liquids, and gasses that surround us—and the more exotic matters—which dictate every aspect of our present existence and hold the keys to a brighter future, from quantum computing to real-life invisibility cloaks. Flicker teases out the magical threads that run through our daily lives. Condensed matter physics allows you to create anything abiding by the laws of reality—and often, we find that those laws can be bent. Flicker explains how to create new particles that never existed before, how to make crystals shoot out of such intense light they can cut through metal, how to separate the poles of a magnet, and more. The book's endearing conceit is that you are an aspiring wizard whose ability to cast spells (i.e. to do science) is dependent on your grasp of the fundamentals of our universe. This book contains no equations or charts—instead, it's full of owls and mountains and infinite libraries, and staffs and wands, and martial arts and mythical islands ruled by sage knot-makers. Part of the book's magic is that, for all these fanciful trappings, it still feels practical and applicable. The Magick of Physics will open your eyes to magic that surround us everyday.

The equipotential earth is a fundamental requirement of circuit theory, because it dramatically reduces the complexity of the mathematics required to simulate a circuit. Unfortunately, in the real world, no such equipotential earth exists, nor can it ever do so, which means simulating a circuit to evaluate its electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI) is largely dependent on using the Maxwell equations. The Maxwell equations are inherently complex, however, and so have high processing power requirements and, as with all complex systems, there is a propensity to generate and magnify errors.

This book deals with low-frequency diffraction characteristics of small aperture structures such as a narrow slit and a small hole and their periodic structures, with emphasis on the transmission maximum phenomena through those structures. A narrow slit structure in a conducting plane has been used as a simple model for a narrow slot planar antenna, for example, whereas a small hole structure has been widely used as an aperture-coupling element in a transmission cavity filter or a directional coupler in the microwave regime.

This book undertakes the unusual task of correcting and proposing supplements to the Landau and Lifshitz's highly celebrated textbook titled: The Classical Theory of Fields 1, which has been extraordinarily influential. Its first edition was publis

Metamaterials are commonly known to make things invisible. As artificially structured metal-dielectric composites mimicking natural materials they exhibit properties that are not available in nature including: negative refractive index, reversal of Doppler Effect and the reversed Čerenkov Effect. Metasurface is a planar version of metamaterial exhibiting a number of novel functionalities. This book reviews the physics, technology, and design issues related to metamaterials and metasurfaces. The text covers the fundamental concepts and potential applications as well as future trends. It explores all aspects of metamaterial's and metasurface's physics and engineering operating in the electromagnetic spectrum covering microwave, terahertz and optical domain. This is a suitable text for teaching in bachelors and masters degree courses on metamaterials and metasurfaces in universities and engineering colleges. The key audience for this book includes students enrolled on metamaterials and metasurfaces modules, researchers, as well as industry professionals. Key Features: Provides an introduction to the physics, analysis and technology of metamaterials and metasurfaces. Covers a range of metamaterial and metasurface developments in microwave, terahertz and optical domain with application view points and future trends. Can be used as a text book for postgraduate teaching with specialization in metamaterials and metasurfaces. Contains solved design problems which may be useful for dissertation work at the postgraduate level.

This hand book is concerned with optical imaging – from simple pinhole cameras to complex imaging systems. It spans the range all the way from optical physics to technical optics. Based on ray- and wave-optical approaches complemented by principles of Fourier optics, the book discusses the process of imaging from the beginning until image capture where, in particular, the different topics are well integrated with each other. Different imaging systems and sensors are reviewed as well as lenses and aberrations, image intensification and processing. The second and enlarged edition has been updated by actual developments and complemented by the topic of smart phone camera photography. The latter plays an important role today in the field of optical imaging and represents a fully integrated optical system with potential for further new developments. For physicists, natural scientists, engineers, photographers and microscopists on one side and students of physics, natural sciences or engineering in general on the other side, the books provides an introduction into the complex field of optical imaging. For all of them with practical experience the book conveys a deeper insight into the intricacies and quality assessment of their daily used devices.

This book explores the exciting and evolving world of plasma physics in materials manufacturing and processing. From ionized discharges to non-thermal equilibrium plasmas, new phenomena in physics are constantly emerging. Written, organized, and edited by internationally recognized experts, the various chapters delve into diverse issues in plasma science, including new applications at the nanoscale to the development of diagnostic tools and simulations. The interactions between the plasma state and matter, both surface and bulk, as well as gases and liquids, are explored. As electric discharges in plasmas continue to expand towards new horizons, anyone interested in this fascinating field would benefit from this book as an up-to-date and essential resource.

Deep learning has started to be applied to solving many electromagnetic problems, including the development of fast modelling solvers, accurate imaging algorithms, efficient design tools for antennas, as well as tools for wireless links/channels characterization. The contents of this book represent pioneer applications of deep learning techniques to electromagnetic engineering, where physical principles described by the Maxwell's equations dominate. With the development of deep learning techniques, improvement in learning capacity and generalization ability may allow machines to'learn'from properly collected data and'master'the physical laws in certain controlled boundary conditions. In the long run, a hybridization of fundamental physical principles with knowledge from training data could unleash numerous possibilities in electromagnetic theory and engineering that used to be impossible due to the limit of data information and ability of computation.

The Chemical History of a Candle presents a series of lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames given by Michael Faraday. The lectures described the different zones of combustion in the candle flame and the presence of carbon particles in the luminescent zone. Demonstrations included the production and examination of the properties of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases. An electrolysis cell is demonstrated, first in the electroplating of platinum conductors by dissolved copper, then the production of hydrogen and oxygen gases and their recombination to form water. The properties of water itself are studied, including its expansion while freezing (iron vessels are burst by this expansion), and the relative volume of steam produced when water is vaporized. Techniques for weighing gases on a balance are demonstrated. Atmospheric pressure is described and its effects demonstrated.

Deepen your understanding of physics by learning to use the Haskell functional programming language.Learn Physics with Functional Programming is your key to unlocking the mysteries of theoretical physics by coding the underlying math in Haskell.You'll use Haskell's type system to check that your code makes sense as you deepen your understanding of Newtonian mechanics and electromagnetic theory, including how to describe and calculate electric and magnetic fields.As you work your way through the book's numerous examples and exercises, you'll learn how to:Encode vectors, derivatives, integrals, scalar fields, vector fields, and differential equationsExpress fundamental physical principles using the logic of Haskell's type system to clarify Newton's second law, Coulomb's law, the Biot-Savart law, and the Maxwell equationsUse higher-order functions to express numerical integration and approximation methods, such as the Euler method and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methodCreate graphs, models, and animations of physical scenarios like colliding billiard balls, waves in a guitar string, and a proton in a magnetic fieldWhether you're using this book as a core textbook for a computational physics course or for self-study, Learn Physics with Functional Programming will teach you how to use the power of functional programming to explore the beautiful ideas of theoretical physics.

This book aims to present an introduction to numerical modeling of different aspects of large-scale superconducting applications: electromagnetics, thermal, mechanics and thermo-hydraulics. The importance of computational modeling to advance current superconductor research cannot be overlooked, especially given the enormous benefits provided by superconductors in many human endeavours, including energy generation, medical treatments, and future electrical technologies.Aimed at graduate students, researchers and practitioners in different fields of applied superconductivity, this book consists of four chapters. The chapter on electromagnetics provides a review of the state-of-the-art modeling of electromagnetic phenomena in superconductors, emphasising the theoretical aspects of the different numerical formulations. This is followed by a chapter on thermal effects, dedicated to the simulation of thermal stability and quench in superconducting magnets, with specific examples of magnets used in particle accelerators. Then, the chapter on mechanics provides details of the modeling of forces and stresses in cables composed of second-generation high-temperature superconducting wires. Finally, the chapter on thermo-hydraulics focuses on the fundamental thermal-hydraulic aspects involved in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with special reference to the issues related to the forced-flow cooling.

Given that charge acceleration is the cause of all electromagnetic radiation, the question arises about where such acceleration occurs on objects typically modelled and analysed by electromagnetic engineers. Charge acceleration, as the cause of radiation from these typical kinds of objects (antennas, radars etc) is examined in this book on a quantitative basis.

This book is dedicated to the study of the theory of electromagnetism. It is not intended to cover all aspects of the topic, but instead will give a certain perspective, that of its relationship with special relativity. Indeed, special relativity is intrinsic to electromagnetism; thus, this paradigm eliminates some false paradoxes. Electromagnetism also discusses the limit of classical mechanics, and covers problems that arise when phenomena related to the propagation of electromagnetic waves are encountered. These are problems that even the greatest scientists of the last two hundred years have not been able to entirely overcome. This book is directed towards the undergraduate level, and will also support the readers as they move on to advanced technical training, such as an engineering or master's degree.

MODERN FERRITES, Volume 2 A robust exploration of the basic principles of ferrimagnetic and their applications In Modern Ferrites: Volume 2, renowned researcher and educator, Vincent G. Harris delivers a comprehensive overview of ferrimagnetic phenomena and discussions of select applications of modern ferrite materials in emerging technologies and applications. Volume 2 explores fundamental properties of ferrite systems, including their structure, chemistry, and magnetism, as well as practical applications, such as permanent magnets; inductors, inverters, and filters; and their use in emerging applications as metamaterials, multiferroics, and biomedical technologies. In addition to the properties of ferrites, the included resources explore the processing, structure, and property relationships in ferrites as nanoparticles, thin and thick films, compacts, and crystals. The authors discuss how these relationships are key to realizing practical device applications laying the foundation for next generation communications, radar, sensing, and biomedical technologies. This volume includes: A comprehensive review of ferrite discoveries and impacts upon ancient cultures, their scientific evolution, and societal benefits; Discussion of the origins of magnetism in ferrimagnetic oxides including superexchange theory, GKA-rules, and recent developments in density functional theory; In-depth examination of ferrite power conversion and conditioning components and their processing as low temperature co-fired ceramics; Ferrite-based electromagnetic interference suppression and electromagnetic absorption; Nonlinear microwave devices; multiferroic and emerging magnetoelectric devices; Biomedical applications of ferrite nanoparticles Perfect for RF engineers and magnetitians working in the fields of RF electronics, radar, communications, and spintronics as well as other emerging technologies. Modern Ferrites will earn a place on the bookshelves of engineers and scientists interested in the ever-expanding technologies reliant upon ferrite materials and new processing methodologies. Modern Ferrites Volume 1: Basic Principles, Processing and Properties is also available (ISBN: 9781118971468).

This book covers a variety of problems, and offers solutions to some, in: Statistical state and parameter estimation in nonlinear stochastic dynamical system in both the classical and quantum scenarios Propagation of electromagnetic waves in a plasma as described by the Boltzmann Kinetic Transport Equation Classical and Quantum General Relativity It will be of use to Engineering undergraduate students interested in analysing the motion of robots subject to random perturbation, and also to research scientists working in Quantum Filtering.

The book aims to unravel some of the nature's mysteries by correlating the nature of fields and the transformations in their symmetries. It begins with a brief background on the foundation of symmetry and its meaning in fields such as architecture, mathematics, and physics. A special focus of the book is on the concept of symmetries in electromagnetism and explicit symmetry breaking which generates radiation. Despite the extensive developments of the concept of broken symmetry in different domains of physics, it has yet to be applied within the context of classical electromagnetism and related engineering applications in a broader context. The main audience for the book includes industry specialists and scientists working in the field of antennas and wireless technologies. The book is also highly useful to research scientists working within electromagnetics.Key Features:Presents a brief overview of the concept of symmetries and broken symmetries in different domains of physicsHighlights the role of broken symmetries in electromagnetic radiation.Provides a clear explanation of Gauge Fields in radiation.Offers a strong theoretical foundation of radiation from non-metallic systems.It holds special importance for antenna designers which is gaining importance against the framework of our current shift to 5G and related wireless technologies

With the increasing world-energy demand there is a growing necessity for clean and renewable energy. This book offers an introduction to novel types of solar cells, which are processed from solution. We discuss fabrication, different architectures and their device physics of these solar cells on the bases of the author‘s teaching course on a master degree level. A comparison with conventional solar cells is given and the specialties of organic, hybrid and perovskite solar cells are emphasized.

This book highlights cutting-edge topics in contemporary physics, discussing exciting advances and new forms of thinking in evolving fields with emphases both on natural phenomena and applications to modern engineering. It provides material for thought and practice in nanophysics, plasma physics, and electrodynamics.Nanophysics and plasmas are synergic physical areas where the whole is more than the sum of the parts (quantum, atomic and molecular, electrodynamics, photonics, condensed matter, thermodynamics, transport phenomena). The authors emphasize both fundamentals and more complex concepts, making the contents accessible as well challenging. Nanoscale properties and physical phenomena are explained under the umbrella of quantum physics. Advances made in the physical knowledge of the nanoworld, and its metrology are addressed, along with experimental achievements which have furthered studies of extreme weak forces present at nano- or sub-micron scales. The book does not focus in detail on the diversity of applications in nanotechnology and instrumentation, considering that the reader already has basic prior knowledge on that. It also covers an introduction to plasma universe phenomenology, the basics of advanced mathematics applied to the electromagnetic field, longitudinal forces in the vacuum, concepts of helicity and topological torsion, SU(2) representation of Maxwell equations, 2D representation of the electromagnetic field, the use of the fractional derivative, and ergontropic dynamics. The chapters include theory, applications, bibliographic references, and solved exercises.The synergies of the book's topics demonstrate their potential in critical issues, such as relieving humans from barriers imposed by energetic and entropic dependencies and penetrating the realm of weak forces at the nanoscale. The book will boost both post-graduate students and mature scientists to implement new scientific and technological projects.

The aims of the book are: (1) to extend Maxwell theory to non-Abelian group forms; (2) to demonstrate that the foundations of electromagnetism are topological; (3) to show the multi-disciplinary nature of communications; (4) to demonstrate the effectiveness of modulated signals in penetrating media; (5) to demonstrate that geometric (Clifford) algebra is the appropriate algebra describing modulated signals.The book is important in indicating that the classical theory of electromagnetism, or Maxwell theory, can be developed to address situations and signals of differing symmetry form, and that different topological spaces require that development.

Provides extensive and thoroughly exhaustive coverage of precision laser spectroscopy Presents chapters written by recognized experts in their individual fields Topics covered include cold atoms, cold molecules, methods and techniques for production of cold molecules, optical frequency standards based on trapped single ions, etc Applicable for researchers and graduate students of optical physics and precision laser spectroscopy

This comprehensive and self-contained resource conveniently combines advanced topics in electromagnetic theory, a high level of mathematical detail, and the well-established ubiquitous Method of Moments applied to the solution of practical wave-scattering and antenna problems formulated with surface, volume, and hybrid integral equations.

IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors are among the most interesting materials in semiconductor physics. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. These semiconductors either have already found use or are promising materials for infrared sensors and sources, thermoelectric elements, solar cells, memory elements, etc. The basic characteristics of these compounds, namely, narrow bandgap, high permittivity, relatively high radiation resistance, high mobility of charge carriers, and high bond ionicity, are unique among semiconductor substances. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. Doping with impurities is a common method of modifying and diversifying the properties of physical and chemical semiconductors. This book covers all known information about phase relations in ternary systems based on IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in ternary systems and making research originally published in Russia accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid-state physicists.FEATURES Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases

The purpose is to give a wide, tutorial-driven, presentation of the theory of wave processes occurring in layered nonlinear metamaterials (MM), gyrotropic and plasma media; to determine the regularities of electromagnetic wave propagation and formation of wave structures; to investigate the new wave structures (solitons etc.) and effects in MM, gyrotropic and plasma media with bulk, surface, resonant, moderate, strong nonlinearities; to study the effective methods of control of wave processes due to the use of inhomogeneous and non-stationary external fields. This book is aimed at graduates and postgraduates studying physical science and engineering, and can be used for training courses for specialists in meta- and nanophotonics and nanoelectronics.Key FeaturesNew types of modern nonlinear metamaterials, such as hyperbolics, are comprehensively describedApplications for specific developments based on hyperbolic metamaterials are providedImportant scientific and practical results are described for active systems using graphene-based structuresThe significant impact of higher-order nonlinearity upon the instability of bullets in a nonlinear metamaterial waveguide is demonstratedThe influence of metamaterials on rogue waves is presented in the kind of detail that will attract many readers

This book explores the development of electromagnetic theory in the field of scattering. Solutions to applied problems of electromagnetic wave scattering are presented and include resonant electromagnetic wave scattering, solved by the integral equation method, and 2D and 3D scattering problems, solved by the asymptotical (short wave) method. The book provides worked examples throughout for analysis of the electromagnetic wave scattering processes by different objects. The key audience for this book includes researchers in the field of electromagnetic scattering and designers of radar and radio equipment.Key Features: Presents solutions to several applied problems of electromagnetic wave scattering by the integral equation method and asymptotical (short wave) method.Includes the development of electromagnetic theory in the field of scattering for a wide range of objects of different nature.Uses worked examples for the analysis of electromagnetic wave scattering processes by different objects.Discusses how to obtain practically important estimates of scattering characteristics of objects.Contains tools to design new variants of the objects and entities.

Electromagnetic waves are waves that are formed due to vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. This book includes four chapters that present new applications and research on electromagnetic waves. Chapter One reviews the microwave absorption properties of CoFe2O4-based materials. Chapter Two examines strong resonance effects in ordered layered photonic structures for filtering, collimation, metrology and spectroscopy. Chapter Three describes an antenna array of upgraded quadruple sector emitters for wireless 4G networks. Lastly, Chapter Four explores the possibility of numerical solving scattering problems of electromagnetic waves by bodies with non-coordinate boundaries by reducing to infinite sets of linear algebraic equations relative to the coefficients of expansion of the unknown field in terms of eigen waves of coordinate domains in different coordinate systems.