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This book is devoted to non-destructive materials characterization (NDMC) using different non-destructive evaluation techniques. It presents theoretical basis, physical understanding, and technological developments in the field of NDMC with suitable examples for engineering and materials science applications. It is written for engineers and researchers in R&D, design, production, quality assurance, and non-destructive testing and evaluation. The relevance of NDMC is to achieve higher reliability, safety, and productivity for monitoring production processes and also for in-service inspections for detection of degradations, which are often precursors of macro-defects and failure of components. Ultrasonic, magnetic, electromagnetic and X-rays based NDMC techniques are discussed in detail with brief discussions on electron and positron based techniques.

This book describes the methods of signal processing used in the non-destructive diagnostics of mechanical and electrical properties of high-voltage electrical machines. Traditional and less traditional methods are given, which allow measuring the mechanical and electrical properties of these machines in order to determine their technical condition, including a description of their measurement methods. Separate chapters are devoted to the causes and methods of measuring and evaluating partial discharges arising in the insulation systems of high-voltage electrical machines. The following chapters provide an overview of the test methods used in the non-disassembly diagnostics of high-voltage transformers, rotary machines, high-voltage cables, insulators, surge arresters and circuit breakers.The book is intended for students of technical universities and experts in the field of non- destructive diagnostics of high-voltage electrical machines.The book was reviewed by Ing. Jiří Brázdil, Ph.D. MBA, Head of the HV laboratory of ORGREZ in the Czech Republic.

Electrical and Magnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing presents a comprehensive account of the electrical and magnetic methods of nondestructive testing (NDT). The book begins with a discussion of the requirements for NDT and the criteria for the choice of a given method, followed by a summary of the general theory relating to electrical and magnetic testing techniques. Subsequent chapters discuss specific methods, including eddy current and flux-leakage techniques and microwave and potential drop methods. The appendix provides some useful programs for eddy current impedance analyses. These programs are in BASIC and can be run on PCs.

This book covers the topic of eddy current nondestructive evaluation, the most commonly practiced method of electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation (NDE). It emphasizes a clear presentation of the concepts, laws and relationships of electricity and magnetism upon which eddy current inspection methods are founded. The chapters include material on signals obtained using many common eddy current probe types in various testing environments. Introductory mathematical and physical concepts in electromagnetism are introduced in sufficient detail and summarized in the Appendices for easy reference. Worked examples and simple calculations that can be done by hand are distributed throughout the text. These and more complex end-of-chapter examples and assignments are designed to impart a working knowledge of the connection between electromagnetic theory and the practical measurements described. The book is intended to equipreaders with sufficient knowledge to optimize routine eddy current NDE inspections, or design new ones. It is useful for graduate engineers and scientists seeking a deeper understanding of electromagnetic methods of NDE than can be found in a guide for practitioners.

Maximizing reader insights into the use of thermography, specifically pulsed and pulse phase thermography (PT and PPT), for the identification of kissing defects in adhesive bonds, this thesis focuses on the application of PT and PPT for the identification of a range of defect types in a variety of materials to establish the effect of material properties on identification of defects. Featuring analysis of a numerical model developed to simulate the thermal evolution created during a PT or PPT experiment, after validation through a series of case studies, this model is then used as a predictive tool to relate defect detectability to the thermal property contrast between defect and bulk materials. Demonstrating a means of producing realistic kissing defects in bonded joints where insufficient thermal property contrast exists defects have a limited effect on heat propagation through a component and therefore are not detected using PT or PPT, this thesis discusses the addition of a small load to bonds containing kissing defects which was found to open the defects sufficiently to enable their detection. A low cost infrared detector, Flir Tau320, is compared to the research based photon detector, Flir SC5000, and is shown to be suitable for application in PT, thus enabling a significantly lower cost tool to be developed.

Die Magnetpulverprüfung ist ein zerstörungsfreies Verfahren zur Prüfung von metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen auf Oberflächenfehler. Das Buch behandelt die physikalischen und die verfahrensspezifischen Grundlagen, die Magnetisierung und Entmagnetisierung, Prüfmittel, die Prüfsystem- und Verfahrenskontrollen, die Geräte-, Prüf- und Auswertetechniken der Magnetpulverprüfung, die Ungänzen im Fertigungsprozess und bei der Betriebsbeanspruchung sowie die Durchführung von Magnetpulverprüfungen. Weitere Themen sind die Klassifizierung und Beurteilung von Anzeigen, die Grenzen des Prüfverfahrens sowie den einschlägigen Arbeits- und Umweltschutz.Das Buch vermittelt dem Werkstoffprüfer das erforderliche Rüstzeug für seine praktische Tätigkeit einschließlich der dabei zu beachtenden wichtigsten Normen und Regelwerke. Es eignet sich ebenso zur Ausbildung in der Werkstoffprüfung sowohl in Hochschulen, Firmen oder Werkstoffinstituten.Der Autor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karlheinz Schiebold ist ein ausgewiesener Spezialist auf dem Gebiet der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung mit langjähriger Erfahrung in Prüfpraxis und Ausbildung.

Die Sichtprüfung ist ein noch junges zerstörungsfreies Verfahren zur Prüfung von metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen auf Ungänzen, die zur Oberfläche offen sind. Das Buch behandelt die physikalischen und die verfahrensspezifischen Grundlagen des Verfahrens. Dann werden die Prüfmittelsysteme, die Geräte-, Prüf- und Auswertetechniken der visuellen Materialprüfung vorgestellt. Der Autor beschreibt die Klassifizierung und Beurteilung von Anzeigen und zeigt die Grenzen des Prüfverfahrens auf. Er gibt Empfehlungen für den einschlägigen Arbeits- und Umweltschutz und liefert dem Werkstoffprüfer das erforderliche Rüstzeug für seine praktische Tätigkeit einschließlich der dabei zu beachtenden wichtigsten Normen und Regelwerke. Der Autor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karlheinz Schiebold ist ein ausgewiesener Spezialist auf dem Gebiet der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung mit langjähriger Erfahrung in Prüfpraxis sowie Ausbildung.

This book deals with a number of fundamental issues related to the practical implementation of ultrasonic NDT techniques in an industrial environment. The book discusses advanced academic research results and their application to industrial procedures. The text covers the choice and generation of the signals energizing the system to probe position optimization, from quality assessment evaluation to tomographic inversion. With a focus to deepen a number of fundamental aspects involved in the specific objective of designing and developing an ultrasonic imaging system for nondestructive testing, aimed to automatically classify the entire production of an industrial production line, targeted to the field of precision mechanics. The contents of this book is the result of the common effort of six University Research Groups that focused their research activities for two years on this specific objective, working in direct conjunction with primary industrial firms, in a research project funded by the Italian government as a Strategic Research Project.

Die Eindringmittel-Materialprüfung ist ein spezielles Verfahren zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung der Oberflächen von metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen. Das Buch behandelt die physikalischen und die verfahrensspezifischen Grundlagen, die Prüfmittelsysteme, die Geräte-, Prüf- und Auswertetechniken der Eindringprüfung, die Klassifizierung und Beurteilung von Anzeigen, die Grenzen des Prüfverfahrens sowie den einschlägigen Arbeits- und Umweltschutz. Damit vermittelt es dem Werkstoffprüfer das erforderliche Rüstzeug für seine praktische Tätigkeit einschließlich der dabei zu beachtenden wichtigsten Normen und Regelwerke.

This volume will define the direction of eddy-current technology in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the twenty-first century. It describes the natural marriage of the computer to eddy-current NDE, and its publication was encouraged by favorable responses from workers in the nuclear-power and aerospace industries. It will be used by advanced students and practitioners in the fields of computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic inverse-scattering theory, nondestructive evaluation, materials evaluation and biomedical imaging, among others, and will be based on our experience in applying the subject of computational electromagnetics to these areas, as manifested by our recent research and publications. Finally, it will be a reference to future monographs on advanced NDE that are being contemplated by our colleagues and others. Its importance lies in the fact that it will be the first book to show that advanced computational methods can be used to solve practical, but difficult, problems in eddy-current NDE. In fact, in many cases these methods are the only things available for solving the problems.The book will cover the topic of computational electromagnetics in eddy-current nondestructive evaluation (NDE) by emphasizing three distinct topics: (a) fundamental mathematical principles of volume-integral equations as a subset of computational electromagnetics, (b) mathematical algorithms applied to signal-processing and inverse scattering problems, and (c) applications of these two topics to problems in which real and model data are used. This will make the book more than an academic exercise; we expect it to be valuable to users of eddy-current NDE technology in industries as varied as nuclear power, aerospace, materials characterization and biomedical imaging. We know of no other book on the market that covers this material in the manner in which we will present it, nor are there any books, to our knowledge, that apply this material to actual test situations that are of importance to the industries cited. It will be the first book to actually define the modern technology of eddy-current NDE, by showing how mathematics and the computer will solve problems more effectively than current analog practice.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) uses one or more in situ sensing systems placed in or around a structure, providing real-time evaluation of its performance and ultimately preventing structural failure. Although most commonly used in civil engineering, such as in roads, bridges, and dams, SHM is now finding applications in other engineering envir

Tomography provides three-dimensional images of heterogeneous materials or engineering components, and offers an unprecedented insight into their internal structure. By using X-rays generated by synchrotrons, neutrons from nuclear reactors, or electrons provided by transmission electron microscopes, hitherto invisible structures can be revealed which are not accessible to conventional tomography based on X-ray tubes. This book is mainly written for applied physicists, materials scientists and engineers. It provides detailed descriptions of the recent developments in this field, especially the extension of tomography to materials research and engineering. The book is grouped into four parts: a general introduction into the principles of tomography, image analysis and the interactions between radiation and matter, and one part each for synchrotron X-ray tomography, neutron tomography, and electron tomography. Within these parts, individual chapters written by different authors describe important versions of tomography, and also provide examples of applications to demonstrate the capacity of the methods. The accompanying CD-ROM contains some typical data sets and programs to reconstruct, analyse and visualise the three-dimensional data.

Non destructive testing aimed at monitoring, structural identification and di- nostics is of strategic importance in many branches of civil and mechanical - gineering. This type of tests is widely practiced and directly affects topical issues regarding the design of new buildings and the repair and monitoring of existing ones. The load bearing capacity of a structure can now be evaluated using well established mechanical modelling methods aided by computing facilities of great capability. However, to ensure reliable results, models must be calibrated with - curate information on the characteristics of materials and structural components. To this end, non destructive techniques are a useful tool from several points of view. Particularly, by measuring structural response, they provide guidance on the validation of structural descriptions or of the mathematical models of material behaviour. Diagnostic engineering is a crucial area for the application of non destructive testing methods. Repeated tests over time can indicate the emergence of p- sible damage occurring during the structure's lifetime and provide quantitative estimates of the level of residual safety.

This book deals with ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspections where high frequency waves are used to locate and characterize dangerous flaws (such as cracks) in materials. Ultrasonic NDE flaw inspections involve a very complex combination of electrical, electromechanical, and acoustic/elastic components so that it is important to understand the behavior of those components and their interactions in order to make quantitative flaw measurements. It will be shown that through the use of models and measurements it is now possible to characterize all the elements of an ultrasonic NDE flaw inspection system. Those elements include the pulser/receiver, the cabling, the transducers, and the wave propagation and scattering processes present in an ultrasonic NDE flaw measurement. It will also be demonstrated how to combine models and measurements of those elements to form ultrasonic measurement models which can simulate the flaw signals seen in ultrasonic NDE tests. This comprehensive modeling and measurement capability is described for the first time in this book. There are important engineering applications of this new tech- logy. For example, these ultrasonic models and measurements can be used to design new ultrasonic inspections as well as optimize existing ones. This technology can also help one to extract information on the nature of the flaw present from the measured ultrasonic flaw signals that can then be used to evaluate the safety and reliability of the material being inspected.