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The book reviews the fundamentals of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) technologies to degrade hazardous organics via photocatalysis of 1-dimensional zinc-oxide (ZnO). One-dimensional ZnO nanorods (ZnO-NRs) have been of utmost interest due to their high surface area, efficient charge transport, and superior photosensitivity. These features make ZnO-based nanorods exciting candidates for applications in photocatalysis. Even though photocatalysis using bare ZnO nanorods is useful in pollutant remediation, several drawbacks such as high recombination of photo−excited charge carriers and ineffective operation of sunlight make it less effective. This book thus presents a review of the current modification strategies carried out to increase the ZnO nanorods photoactivity, such as enhancing the photocatalytic activity of ZnO through modification of its electronic and optical properties, doping metal/nonmetal atoms, depositing noble metals, constructing heterojunctions, and coupling carbon materials. This book provides invaluable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers seeking sustainable solutions for pollutant degradation. Furthermore, the discussion on future directions illuminates the potential of ZnO nanorods as a promising photoactive material, fostering continued innovation and progress in the field.

This book describes the basics and historical aspects of thin film. The introductory chapter of this book contains various aspects about thin-film deposition methods, significance of nanomaterials in the fabrication of thin film, certain fundamental characteristics of thin films (electrical, optical, and morphological), some challenges (thickness uniformity, film adhesion issues, temperature-related challenges, film defects and quality control, preparation of the surface of the substrate before deposition, etc.) faced during the formation of thin film, significance, and different types of deposition techniques along with their basic introduction, working principle, construction, merits/demerits, and also application in specific fields. This book specifically works on the techniques of thin-film deposition and role of the thin film in the formation of these deposition methods.

This book focuses on the multidisciplinary teamwork for the design of key interfaces in fuel cell devices. It covers the fabrication, modelling, and operando-microanalysis sections in each chapter. Also, each chapter in the book consists of the introduction of basic theory, representative experimental results, and future prospects in each field. The book is an edited volume, intended to serve as an introductory textbook in multidisciplinary research work for the design and development of fuel cells. To fully enjoy the multidisciplinary research activities in fuel cell field, the beginners need to learn the basic knowledge and experimental data in each field. Compared with the published introductory textbooks in the field of science and engineering of fuel cells, this book has the following advantages. Firstly, it is an introductory textbook of multidisciplinary work for the design and development field of intermediate temperature (IT) solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) and high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFCs). And at the same time, this book is convenient for practical research implementation in R & D of those IT-SOFC and HT-PEFC devices. Secondly recent research topics with sufficient references are included in each chapter. Scientists and engineers in the fuel cell field will obtain useful knowledge in critical review chapters in the fabrication, modeling, and operando-microanalysis fields. Finally experimental results are closely combined with the cutting edge of scientific research work in the IT-SOFC and HT-PEFC materials and devices field. For all these reasons, this book is a useful start-up in multidisciplinary work for R & D of IT-SOFC and HT-PEFC devices.

This book discusses research and development on various degradation types and their mitigation approaches in electrochemical energy storage and conversion (EESC) devices, such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, essential to realizing carbon neutrality and a sustainable energy economy. Corrosion and degradation of the components remains a major threat to EESC devices'long-term durability, and at present there is an insufficient number of book-length treatments of this topic. This volume brings together the most up-to-date findings from the research literature.

This book deals with surface defects in wide-bandgap crystals of lithium fluoride, silicon dioxide, and zinc oxide. Encompassing topics such as radiation-induced amorphization, crystallization, and various microstructural developments arising from defect production and annealing, the book delves into controlled modifications of physical and chemical properties, micro and nano-structuring of surfaces, and the creation and behavior of structures far from thermal equilibrium, including supersaturated solid solutions, ion tracks, and surfaces treated with electron- and high-intensity ion beams. Beyond its relevance to the academic community, this monograph serves as a valuable resource for design and installation organizations, offering insights for specialists involved in the development of modern, new, and energy-efficient innovative materials. The applicability extends to traditional silicon energy and semiconductor electronics, providing practical knowledge for professionals engaged in these fields. Additionally, the work is of significance to a broad spectrum of specialists and managers in various organizations involved in the development of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage systems, especially those employing cutting-edge high-performance materials. As a comprehensive reference in materials science, this monograph caters to a diverse audience engaged in the ongoing advancements and applications within this dynamic field. It is suitable for scientific and engineering professionals, as well as researchers specializing in materials science, physics, semiconductors, photovoltaics, defects engineering, laser technology, solid-state physics, and beam-enhanced synthesis and modification of materials.

This book presents the proceedings of the ‘3rd International Conference on Advanced Surface Enhancement', INCASE 2023. It compiles the papers presented by researchers in surface engineering field at INCASE 2023 conference. The book presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in surface engineering-related techniques and strategies, with a focus towards sustainability. The main topics include ‘Advanced techniques for surface engineering towards enhanced performance', ‘Surface and sub-surface characterisation', ‘Simulation and modelling of surface integrity', ‘Advanced coating materials design synthesis and industry applications', and ‘Emerging trends in surface engineering'. The book identifies the gaps between research and manufacturing and promotes sustainable approaches towards development of surface engineering solutions for adoption by industry. The book is useful for researchers, scientists, students, and engineers working in the field of surface engineering.

This book fills the gap in the field of anti-icing by providing a comprehensive introduction to anti-icing materials and their technology. Additionally, the contents are important guidance for researchers, engineers, and graduate and undergraduate students. Icing can cause malfunctions or serious performance degradation in outdoor facilities, such as transportation and energy equipment, resulting in significant economic losses and even loss of life. With the rapid development of the aviation and renewable energy industries, minimizing anti-icing has become an urgent scientific problem worldwide. Traditional thermal and mechanical de-icing methods are used to prevent or inhibit ice formation, but they consume a huge amount of energy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new passive anti-icing technologies. In the last decade, icephobic materials have received increasing attention as commonly used passive anti-icing materials.

This book explains the challenges and advancements in cutting precise cylindrical shapes on difficult materials through spark erosion. Titled'Spin while Burn,'it addresses the drawbacks associated with this process, including unsatisfactory surface finish and limited productivity. Despite utilizing advanced computing and statistical optimization methods, achieving the ideal balance between material removal rate (MRR) and surface quality remains elusive. In response, the book introduces a hybrid ultrasonic-assisted approach in the wire electrical discharge turning (WEDT) process. By integrating a rotating workpiece with ultrasonic vibration, the authors evaluate its impact on MRR and surface finish. Through meticulous design experiments and statistical analysis, they explore various cutting parameters and machining paths. The book highlights the characterization of machined surfaces through elemental analysis and surface morphology evaluations. The results demonstrate the positiveeffects of integrating ultrasonic vibration into WEDT, even without optimized ultrasonic parameters. By reducing electrode wire debris and employing multi-objective parameter optimization using the genetic algorithm, significant improvements are achieved in MRR and surface roughness compared to conventional WEDT.'Spin while Burn'consists of five chapters, delving into the challenges, history, principles, performance, and future perspectives of the Spin-while-Burn process in manufacturing. This comprehensive book offers valuable insights into enhancing surface quality and productivity in the cutting of precise cylindrical shapes on challenging materials through spark erosion.

Experience the eco-friendly breakthrough in corrosion mitigation through functionalized thin fi lm coatings! This book delves deep into the cutting-edge advancements in synthesizing and applying functionalized thin fi lm coatings to safeguard metals and alloys by replacing commercially available toxic inhibitors. It includes an overview, of properties, applications, and methodologies to detect and inhibit corrosion.

This book provides insights into the wetting behavior on fiber-dressed surfaces and guidelines for developing superhydrophobicity based on electrospinning. In developing superhydrophobicity, electrospinning possesses the following advantages over other fabrication techniques. First, the electrospun micro- and nanofibers, which may also featured with secondary fiber morphology, provide sufficient surface roughness for superhydrophobicity. Second, electrospinning is considered an additive manufacturing technique, so the surfaces to be modified are not destroyed for superhydrophobicity. Third, the introduced electrospun structure is featured with high porosity with inter-fiber pores, allowing for a high vapor transmission rate, which is necessary in many applications such as wound dressing, gas sensor.However, books focused on developing superhydrophobicity using electrospinning are rarely found. Electrospinning is only introduced as one section in most superhydrophobicity-related books, and the mechanism of superhydrophobicity by different electrospinning-based methods lacks detailed explanation.

This book focuses on ion transport and storage around the interfaces in solid-state-ionics devices, especially for all-solid-state batteries. It covers materials research from fundamental model systems to practically important materials, advanced analysis methods, and computational & data science. This volume is intended for researchers in academia and industry who have studied or worked in this field. It is expected to provide readers with guidelines for interface and material design aimed at advancing all-solid-state batteries, as well as insights into the development of novel solid-state ionics devices. This book is a summary of the studies obtained in the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas'Interface Ionics” founded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) during 2019-2023.

This second edition delves into surface topography, exploring its impact on the functionality of various components. Beginning with an introduction to surface topography in Chapter 1, the subsequent chapters delve into the areal field parameters, feature parameters, filtering methods, and form removal techniques, leading into more specialized topics such as fractal-related multiscale geometric characterization and deep learning-based quantification of surface texture. With a focus on characterizing measurement data to glean functional insights, the book presents a comprehensive framework adopted by the international community. Through a diverse array of case studies spanning automotive applications, road surface engineering, additive manufacturing, and precision machining, readers are offered a holistic understanding of how areal techniques are pivotal in modern manufacturing industries. This edition builds upon the foundation laid by its predecessor, integrating evolving standards and additional case studies to provide an updated and comprehensive resource for modern surface engineering.

This book offers a comprehensive review on the latest developments in the field of nanotribology. With contributed chapters covering instrumental aspects, theoretical models, and selected experimental results, this book provides a broad overview of the fundamental issues currently being investigated in the field. The updated third edition includes new topics such as molecular tribology, multiscale structural lubricity, tribofilm growth, nanoscale friction in liquids, and nanotribology at insect-plant interfaces. Written by a highly qualified group of international experts, this book aims to be a key reference on the subject for the next five to ten years, highlighting the importance of understanding the atomistic origins of friction and wear in everyday life and in technical applications.

This book offers an in-depth exploration of battery separators, a critical component in Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Serving as insulators between electrodes to prevent internal short circuits, these separators play a crucial role in retaining liquid electrolyte and facilitating the migration of lithium ions during battery cycling. In the face of increasing demand for high-performance LIBs across diverse applications, the development of superior separators is imperative. Among the various advancements in battery separator research, electrospun nanofibrous separators have gained significant attention. These separators exhibit compelling characteristics, including large pore size (typically above 500 nm), high porosity (typically above 70%), and an interconnected porous structure, all of which enhance ion transportation efficiency and battery cycling performance. However, a notable focus in previous studies has been on electrochemical inert materials as battery separators, which do not contribute to the battery's capacity. This book presents a comprehensive study that introduces a novel concept: the development of a redox-active separator based on electrospun polypyrrole (PPy) composite nanofibers to significantly enhance battery capacity. The book begins by exploring the effects of separators on battery performance, providing valuable insights and guidance for separator design. Then, a detailed investigation into the kinetics of in-situ polymerization of PPy with electrospun fibrous membranes as templates follows, shedding light on the mechanisms behind fabricating the proposed separator. Finally, this book presents the fabrication and characterization of the proposed separator, showcasing potential of the separator for enhancing battery capacity. This book is intended for researchers, engineers, and professionals in the field of battery technology, materials science, and electrochemistry. It is also a valuable resource for graduate students and academics seeking advanced insights into the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries and innovative separator technologies.

Graphical depictions of abstract concepts have played a major role in the formulation and communication of ideas since prehistoric times. The invention of photography in the nineteenth century and more recent advances in visualization techniques have catalyzed an enormous wealth of insights into every field of science and engineering by extending our senses far beyond our natural sensorial capabilities. The field of porous media has also benefited enormously from these developments in visualization techniques. Indeed, improvements in these techniques have led to the better morphological characterization of porous media and an enhanced understanding of the assorted physical processes, such as mass transport, capillarity, swelling, and fracturing, that can occur at the pore level. These observations, in turn, have led to superior usage practices for existing porous materials and the design of new products with porous media. Therefore, this bilingual English-Spanish album is aimed at providing a collection of state‐of‐the‐art visualizations of the diverse aspects of porous media that will serve as a reference in education and research. To cover all these aspects properly, the album is organized into seven thematic parts. Each part includes a collection of chapters with images accompanied by a brief English-Spanish description of the novelty of the observation, the visualization technique used, and the phenomenological insights gained. Las representaciones gráficas de conceptos abstractos han jugado un papel importante en la formulación y comunicación de ideas desde tiempos prehistóricos. La invención de la fotografía en el siglo XIX y los avances más recientes en las técnicas de visualización han catalizado una enorme riqueza de conocimientos en todos los campos de la ciencia y la ingeniería al extender nuestros sentidos mucho más allá de nuestras capacidades sensoriales naturales. El campo de los medios porosos también se ha beneficiado enormemente de estos avances en las técnicas de visualización. De hecho, las mejoras en estas técnicas han llevado a una mejor caracterización morfológica de los medios porosos y una mejor comprensión de los diversos procesos físicos, como el transporte de masa, la capilaridad, la hinchazón y la fractura, que pueden ocurrir a nivel de poro. Estas observaciones, a su vez, han llevado a mejores prácticas de uso para los materiales porosos existentes y al diseño de nuevos productos con medios porosos. Por lo tanto, este álbum bilingüe inglés y español tiene como objetivo proporcionar una colección de visualizaciones del estado del arte de los diversos aspectos de los medios porosos que servirán como referencia en la educación y la investigación. Para cubrir adecuadamente todos estos aspectos, el álbum está organizado en siete partes temáticas. Cada parte incluye una colección de capítulos con imágenes acompañadas de una breve descripción en inglés y español de la originalidad de la observación, la técnica de visualización utilizada y los conocimientos fenomenológicos obtenidos.

Nanostructured materials exhibit distinct properties by virtue of their nanoscale morphological variations, which open up endless possibilities to investigate unexplored and interesting applications. This textbook broadly covers the fabrication and characterization of nanostructured films and exploration of their gas-sensing applications. It presents the fundamentals of gas-sensing technology and a comprehensive study on smart gas sensing technology. Readers will find basics, analytical techniques, nanotechnology-enabled experimental findings, and future directions of smart gas-sensing technology at one place. Through the inclusion of up-to-date experimental knowledge of synthesis, processing, and application development, the book is suitable for academics at all levels.

This contributed volume presents multiple techniques for the synthesis of nanodielectric materials and their composites and examines their applications in the field of energy storage. It overviews various methods for designing these materials and analyses their properties such as mechanical strength, flexibility, dielectric as well as electrical performances for end-user applications such as thin-film flexible capacitors, advanced energy storage capacitors, and supercapacitors. The book gives a special focus on examining the dielectric properties of polymer-based nanomaterials, core-shell structured nanomaterials, and graphene-based polymeric composites among others, and explains the importance of their use in the aforementioned energy storage applications. It provides a great platform for understanding and expanding technological solutions needed for global energy challenges and it is of great benefit to industry professionals, academic researchers, material scientists, engineers, graduate students, physicists, and chemists working in the area of nanodielectrics.

While thin film technology has benefited greatly from artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques, there is still much to be learned from a full-scale exploration of these technologies in atomic layer deposition (ALD). This book provides in-depth information regarding the application of ML-based modeling techniques in thin film technology as a standalone approach and integrated with the classical simulation and modeling methods. It is the first of its kind to present detailed information regarding approaches in ML-based modeling, optimization, and prediction of the behaviors and characteristics of ALD for improved process quality control and discovery of new materials. As such, this book fills significant knowledge gaps in the existing resources as it provides extensive information on ML and its applications in film thin technology. Offers an in-depth overview of the fundamentals of thin film technology, state-of-the-art computational simulation approaches in ALD, ML techniques, algorithms, applications, and challenges. Establishes the need for and significance of ML applications in ALD while introducing integration approaches for ML techniques with computation simulation approaches. Explores the application of key techniques in ML, such as predictive analysis, classification techniques, feature engineering, image processing capability, and microstructural analysis of deep learning algorithms and generative model benefits in ALD. Helps readers gain a holistic understanding of the exciting applications of ML-based solutions to ALD problems and apply them to real-world issues. Aimed at materials scientists and engineers, this book fills significant knowledge gaps in existing resources as it provides extensive information on ML and its applications in film thin technology. It also opens space for future intensive research and intriguing opportunities for ML-enhanced ALD processes, which scale from academic to industrial applications.

Special topic volume with invited peer-reviewed papers only

Thin Films, Atomic Layer Deposition, and 3D Printing explains the concept of thin films, atomic layers deposition, and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) with an aim to illustrate existing resources and give a broader perspective of the involved processes as well as provide a selection of different types of 3D printing, materials used for 3D printing, emerging trends and applications, and current top-performing 3D printers using different technologies. It covers the concept of the 4IR and its role in current and future human endeavors for both experts/nonexperts. The book includes figures, diagrams, and their applications in real-life situations.Features: Provides comprehensive material on conventional and emerging thin film, atomic layer, and additive technologies. Discusses the concept of Industry 4.0 in thin films technology. Details the preparation and properties of hybrid and scalable (ultra) thin materials for advanced applications. Explores detailed bibliometric analyses on pertinent applications. Interconnects atomic layer deposition and additive manufacturing. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in mechanical, materials, and metallurgical engineering.

This book presents photo-driven seawater splitting technologies for hydrogen production. This technology is considered as a win–win interplay for both the utilization of solar energy as the most renewable energy and seawater as the most hydrogen source. The book also discusses topics from raw materials selection, characterization and mechanistic insights to the latest research developments in response to the need for environmentally friendly and low-carbon industries. In addition, it provides insights into a most attractive energy-conversion and storage cascade by combining solar energy and a hydrogen system. Given its scope, this book appeals to a broad readership, particularly professionals at universities and scientific research institutes, as well as practitioners in industry.

The book provides research scientists and engineers in industry information and data on the materials processing, characterization, and determination of materials'physical-chemical properties. The book highlights optical and chemical properties obtained on novel materials using a range of deposition methods by two different spectroscopic techniques: SE and UV-VIS-NIR. Emphasizing applications from across a number of domains including Healthcare, Opto-Electronic, and Defense, the book is ideal for academic researchers, graduate/undergraduate students, and practicing engineers concerned with optical coating technologies.

'Practical Rubber Rheology and Dynamic Properties'provides a unique overview of rubber rheology from a practical perspective. Written by expert authors with many years of experience in the rubber industry, it focuses on applications of rubber rheology testing to solving industrial problems, rubber compound development, predicting changes in processability in the plant, quality assurance, and research and development. However, basic principles are also covered.Aimed at practitioners in the rubber industry, this book promotes understanding of the material to support efficient production of the high-quality rubber products demanded in today's market. It is also suitable for students and their instructors on rubber courses taught in universities.

This book is based on a course of lectures aimed at undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science and welding at the E.O. Paton Institute of Materials Science and Welding National Technical University of Ukraine'Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.'The book is divided into four parts, each focusing on various aspects of magnetic solitons in ferromagnetic nanosystems.The first two parts of the book cover the quantum and thermodynamic properties of uniaxial ferromagnetic films with strong magnetic anisotropy and cylindrical nanowires made of different chemical compositions (ferrite-garnet, iron, nickel). These properties are related to the presence of'kink'solitons, which are vertical Bloch lines (BLs) and domain walls (DWs) of transverse type, respectively.The third part of the book discusses the effect of thermal motion of transverse-type DWs on the magnetocaloric effect in cylindrical iron and nickel nanowires. The fourth part of the book explores the conditions that lead to structural transitions between different types of DWs, including transverse, asymmetric, and DWs with a Bloch point (point soliton).Each part of the book is summarized at the end, highlighting the main results presented. Overall, the book is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of magnetic solitons in ferromagnetic nanosystems and their associated quantum, thermodynamic, and structural properties.

This book sheds new light on component surfaces and the scientific fundamentals of their creation, characterization, and application. The book also provides a new interdisciplinary perspective on the topic, studying component surfaces with a multiscale approach and linking fundamental and applied research. The book builds on the success of the coordinated research project funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) from 2011 – 2023: the CollaborativeResearch Center CRC 926 “Microscale Morphology of Component Surfaces (MI-COS)”, in which, over the years, 100+ researchers have co-operated at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, and affiliated institutes, yielding 500+ scientific papers in journals from different fields of science and engineering. Divided into 2 main parts, the book starts with an introduction to the concept of Manufacturing-Morphology-Property (MMP) Relationships and dives into the fundamentals and technologies, including topics such as the geometrical, microstructural, and chemical characterization, indentation, and scratching on the nanoscale, micro milling and micro grinding, cryogenic machining, cold spraying, and additive manufacturing. In the first part, readers discover more about the interactions between particles and surfaces, the interrelationship of manufacturing, surface morphology and properties of titanium, the influence of manufacturing and load conditions on the phase transformation and fatigue of austenitic stainless steels, and the influence of surface morphology on fatigue and tribological behavior of Transformation-Induced-Plasticity (TRIP)/Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels. The second part of this book is devoted to the applications of component surfaces, covering topics like the manufacturing of areal material measures, MMP relationships for rotating shaft sealing systems, the influence of the surface morphology on rolling bearing life under mixed lubrication, MMP relationships for chain joints, and MMP for biofilms. Scientists and engineers who deal with the influence of surfaces on macroscopic properties of components and who are interested in designing and manufacturing these surfaces to obtain desired component properties will understand the appeal of this work. Given its interdisciplinary breadth, the book also appeals to scholars and professionals in the fields of mechanical engineering, process engineering, and physics.

This book presents a balanced blend of fundamental research such as principles and characteristics of machining of difficult-to-cut materials and coating techniques and in-depth practical information on coatings techniques and classifications, the effect of coating parameters on machining responses, and finite element analysis of the machining performance of coated tools. In addition to the benefits of the thin-film deposition on the cutting tools, the limitations of the coating deposition techniques and the coating properties are also discussed.Features: Associates the application of coating technology for improving machining characteristics of difficult-to-cut materials Elaborates effect of coating architecture on the output machining parameters Explores the performance of coated cutting tools Discusses advanced coating systems and their application Includes industrial case studies and practical implementations where coatings were applied for the machining of difficult-to-cut materials This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in thin-films, coatings, machining, materials engineering, and manufacturing.

This book highlights the fabrication of orientation-controlled colloidal quantum well (nanoplatelet) thin films using liquid interface self-assembly. The book details methods for orientation-controlled deposition of CdSe core nanoplatelets for characterization of directional energy transfer in nanoplatelets and layer-by-layer construction of CdSe/CdZnS core/shell nanoplatelets to create optically active waveguides with precisely tunable thickness and excellent uniformity across device scale. It also provides a future outlook for construction of large-scale two- and three-dimensional nanoplatelet superstructures and their incorporation into device fabrication.

Ever since its invention in the 1980s, the compound semiconductor heterojunction-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has been widely used in radio frequency (RF) applications. This book provides readers with broad coverage on techniques and new trends of HEMT, employing leading compound semiconductors, III-N and III-V materials. The content includes an overview of GaN HEMT device-scaling technologies and experimental research breakthroughs in fabricating various GaN MOSHEMT transistors. Readers are offered an inspiring example of monolithic integration of HEMT with LEDs, too. The authors compile the most relevant aspects of III-V HEMT, including the current status of state-of-art HEMTs, their possibility of replacing the Si CMOS transistor channel, and growth opportunities of III-V materials on an Si substrate. With detailed exploration and explanations, the book is a helpful source suitable for anyone learning about and working on compound semiconductor devices.

This book presents recent advances in nanostructured materials. It describes the characterization of nanomaterials, their preparation methods and performance testing techniques; the design and development of nano-scale devices; and the applications of nanomaterials, with examples taken from different industries, such as energy, bioengineering and medicine. The book is broadly divided into sections such as nanostructure semiconductor materials for device applications, nanostructured ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials.. The topics covered include experimental approaches of device fabrication, photovoltaics and supercapacitors applications, etc. Given the contents, the book will be useful for students, researchers, and professionals working in the area of nanotechnology and nanomaterials.

This book compares premetered methods to self-metered processes and addresses general properties of premetered methods. It presents specific properties of slot, slide, and curtain coating. The book is divided in three parts: Part I compares premetered methods to self-metered processes. It explains the term “premetered,” which is an expression of the law of mass conservation, and discusses the physical fluid properties that are relevant for premetered processes. Furthermore, it presents in detail the various basic flow fields that make up premetered coating methods. Lastly, it introduces the concepts of wall shear stress, residence time, and hydrodynamic assist to dynamic wetting. Part II addresses general properties of premetered methods, such as the fluid conditioning and delivery systems, the nominal film thickness, and the film thickness uniformity, both in machine and cross-web directions (die design). It lists the attractive features of simultaneous multilayer applications, including an explanation of how mixing of adjacent layers can be prevented. This section concludes by revisiting examples of economic considerations. Part III presents specific properties of slot, slide, and curtain coating. It examines various topics, such as coating equipment and coating configurations, coating modes, details of the various flow fields, operating window and process limitations, and process optimization.

Thin Film Coatings: Properties, Deposition, and Applications discusses the holistic subject of conventional and emerging thin film technologies without bias to a specific technology based on the existing literature. It covers properties and delves into the various methods of thin film deposition, including the most recent techniques and a direction for future developments. It also discusses the cutting-edge applications of thin film coatings such as self-healing and smart coatings, biomedical, hybrid, and scalable thin films. Finally, the concept of Industry 4.0 in thin film coating technology is examined. This book: Explores a wide range and is not specific to material and method of deposition Demonstrates the application of thin film coatings in nearly all sectors, such as energy and anti-microbial applications Details the preparation and properties of hybrid and scalable (ultra) thin materials for advanced applications Provides detailed bibliometric analyses on applications of thin film coatings Discusses Industry 4.0 and 3D printing in thin film technology With its broad coverage, this comprehensive reference will appeal to a wide audience of materials scientists and engineers and others studying and developing advanced thin film technologies.

Special topic volume with invited peer-reviewed papers only

This book presents the work of RILEM Technical Committee 270-CIM: Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies - Theory and Practice. It provides a comparative benchmark analysis of various types of chloride ingress models with emphasis on short, medium and long-term predictions. The book is subdivided in five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction on the benchmark and selected cases. The second chapter reports theoretical backgrounds of various analytical and numerical models for chloride ingress, followed by a short description of the models employed in the benchmark analysis. Chapter three describes the benchmark results of the Marine Submerged case, and chapter 4 of the Road Sprayed case. The last chapter reports conclusions, guidelines for calibration and recommendations. The book will benefit academics, designers, engineers, consultants, but also asset owners and standardization committees interested in durability and service life assessment of concrete structures.

Exa-scale computing needs to re-examine the existing hardware platform that can support intensive data-oriented computing. Since the main bottleneck is from memory, we aim to develop an energy-efficient in-memory computing platform in this book. First, the models of spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction and racetrack memory are presented. Next, we show that the spintronics could be a candidate for future data-oriented computing for storage, logic, and interconnect. As a result, by utilizing spintronics, in-memory-based computing has been applied for data encryption and machine learning. The implementations of in-memory AES, Simon cipher, as well as interconnect are explained in details. In addition, in-memory-based machine learning and face recognition are also illustrated in this book.

This PhD thesis reports on investigations of several oxide-based materials using advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques and in combination with external stimuli such as high magnetic or electric field, sptial confinement in thin film heterostructures and the radiation with UV light. This leads to new results in the fields of superconductivity, electronic polarization states and nanoscale phenomena.Among these, the observation of anomalous polar moments is of great relevance for understanding the electric-field-induced metal-to-insulator transistion; and the demonstration that confocal Raman spectroscopy of backfolded acoustic photons in metal-oxide multilayers can be used as a powerful characterization tool for monitoring their interface properties and layer thickness is an important technical development for the engineering of such functional oxide heterostructures.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of low-energy ion–solid interaction from basic principles to advanced applications in materials science. It features a balanced and insightful approach to the fundamentals of the low-energy ion–solid surface interaction, focusing on relevant topics such as interaction potentials, kinetics of binary collisions, ion range, radiation damages, and sputtering. Additionally, the book incorporates key updates reflecting the latest relevant results of modern research on topics such as topography evolution and thin-film deposition under ion bombardment, ion beam figuring and smoothing, generation of nanostructures, and ion beam-controlled glancing angle deposition. Filling a gap of almost 20 years of relevant research activity, this book offers a wealth of information and up-to-date results for graduate students, academic researchers, and industrial scientists working in these areas.

This book presents a collection of chapters on modern bioelectrochemistry, showing different aspects of electron transfer reactions in biological systems and techniques. The chapters cover computer simulation, biomolecules on surfaces, direct and mediated electron transfer, electron transfer kinetics, surface-confined biomolecules, field-effect transistor effects, supramolecular electrochemistry, in situ and operando techniques in bioelectrochemistry. They provide relevant bibliographic information for researchers and students interested in computer simulation involving biomolecules on surfaces, processes of direct and mediated electron transfer kinetics of cytochrome c, surface-confined biomolecules for application in bioelectronics, sensitive devices based on field-effect transistors, insights on supramolecular electrochemistry with recent trends and perspectives and technological innovation on instrumentation applied in operando techniquesfield.

Silica is one of the key materials in many modern technological applications. Further miniaturization of nanoelectronic devices necessitates rational design of ultrathin silica films on electrically conductive substrates. This is the first-ever book on the preparation and atomic-level description of ultrathin silica films grown on metal substrates. Experimental and theoretical studies performed in recent years provide compelling evidence of the growth of well-ordered silica films that exhibit the structural motif of sheet silicates. A growing body of research suggests that a singlelayer silicate, which received the name silicatene by analogy with the famous graphene, should be included in the family of truly two-dimensional materials. In addition, the silicate films modified with metals such as Al and Fe offer a unique possibility to study the surface structures (and hence the surface chemistry) of natural silicates, e.g., clays and zeolites. Finally, ultrathin silica films represent well-defined model systems for elucidating the mechanism of crystal-glass transitions.

This book presents the select proceedings of 4th International Conference on Trends in Material Science and Inventive Materials (ICTMIM 2022). Various topics covered in this book are nanotechnology in materials science, green and sustainable materials, semiconductor & electronic materials and devices, bio electronic materials and sensors, thin films, materials surface and interfaces, modern electronic materials, multilayered structures and composite materials, quantum-sized structures and nanocrystals, electronic biosensors, MEMS and sensors, light emitting materials, nanomaterials, opto-electronic materials, microwave and antenna, nanostructure fabrication and self-assembly, self-healable and stretchable configurations, data-driven materials design, advanced charge transfer and suitable interfaces, metallization and superconductivity. Given the contents, the book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the area of material science and engineering.

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology is widely used in high-performance and low-power semiconductor devices. The SOI wafers have two layers of active silicon (Si), and normally the bottom Si layer is a mere physical structure. The idea of making intelligent pixel detectors by using the bottom Si layer as sensors for X-ray, infrared light, high-energy particles, neutrons, etc. emerged from very early days of the SOI technology. However, there have been several difficult issues with fabricating such detectors and they have not become very popular until recently.This book offers a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts and research issues of SOI radiation image detectors. It introduces basic issues to implement the SOI detector and presents how to solve these issues. It also reveals fundamental techniques, improvement of radiation tolerance, applications, and examples of the detectors.Since the SOI detector has both a thick sensing region and CMOS transistors in a monolithic die, many ideas have emerged to utilize this technology. This book is a good introduction for people who want to develop or use SOI detectors.

In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, in''Cramming more components onto Integrated Circuits''in Electronics Magazine (April 19, 1965), made the observation that, in the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. Since its inception in 1965 until recent times, this law has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide investments for long-term planning as well as to set targets for research and development. These investments have helped in a productive utilization of wealth, which created more employment opportunities for semiconductor industry professionals. In this way, the development of Moore's Law has helped sustain the progress of today's knowledge-based economy. While Moore's Law has, on one hand, helped drive investments toward technological and economic growth, thereby benefiting the consumers with more powerful electronic gadgets, Moore's Law has indirectly also helped to fuel other innovations in the global economy. However, the Law of diminishing returns is now questioning the sustainability of further evolution of Moore's Law and its ability to sustain the progress of today's knowledge based economy. The lack of liquidity in the global economy is truly bringing the entire industry to a standstill and the dark clouds of an economic depression are hovering over the global economy. What factors have been ignored by the global semiconductor industry leading to a demise of Moore's Law? Do the existing business models prevalent in the semiconductor industry pose any problems? Have supply chains made that progress unsustainable? In today's globalized world, have businesses been able to sustain national interests while driving the progress of Moore's Law? Could the semiconductor industry help the entire global economy move toward a radiance of the new crimson dawn, beyond the veil of the darkest night by sustaining the progress of Moore's Law? The entire semiconductor industry is now clamoring for a fresh approach to overcome existing barriers to the progress of Moore's Law, and this book delivers just that. Moore's Law can easily continue for the foreseeable future if the chip manufacturing industry becomes sustainable by having a balanced economy. The sustainable progress of Moore's Law advocates the''heresy''of transforming the current economic orthodoxy of monopoly capitalism into free-market capitalism. The next big thing that everybody is looking forward to after mobile revolution is the''Internet of Things''(IoT) revolution. While some analysts forecast that the IoT market would achieve 5.4 billion connections worldwide by 2020, the poor consumer purchasing power in global economy makes this forecast truly questionable. Sustaining Moore's Law presents a blueprint for sustaining the progress of Moore's Law to bring about IoT Revolution in the global economy.

Exa-scale computing needs to re-examine the existing hardware platform that can support intensive data-oriented computing. Since the main bottleneck is from memory, we aim to develop an energy-efficient in-memory computing platform in this book. First, the models of spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction and racetrack memory are presented. Next, we show that the spintronics could be a candidate for future data-oriented computing for storage, logic, and interconnect. As a result, by utilizing spintronics, in-memory-based computing has been applied for data encryption and machine learning. The implementations of in-memory AES, Simon cipher, as well as interconnect are explained in details. In addition, in-memory-based machine learning and face recognition are also illustrated in this book.

RRAM technology has made significant progress in the past decade as a competitive candidate for the next generation non-volatile memory (NVM). This lecture is a comprehensive tutorial of metal oxide-based RRAM technology from device fabrication to array architecture design. State-of-the-art RRAM device performances, characterization, and modeling techniques are summarized, and the design considerations of the RRAM integration to large-scale array with peripheral circuits are discussed. Chapter 2 introduces the RRAM device fabrication techniques and methods to eliminate the forming process, and will show its scalability down to sub-10 nm regime. Then the device performances such as programming speed, variability control, and multi-level operation are presented, and finally the reliability issues such as cycling endurance and data retention are discussed. Chapter 3 discusses the RRAM physical mechanism, and the materials characterization techniques to observe the conductive filaments and the electrical characterization techniques to study the electronic conduction processes. It also presents the numerical device modeling techniques for simulating the evolution of the conductive filaments as well as the compact device modeling techniques for circuit-level design. Chapter 4 discusses the two common RRAM array architectures for large-scale integration: one-transistor-one-resistor (1T1R) and cross-point architecture with selector. The write/read schemes are presented and the peripheral circuitry design considerations are discussed. Finally, a 3D integration approach is introduced for building ultra-high density RRAM array. Chapter 5 is a brief summary and will give an outlook for RRAM's potential novel applications beyond the NVM applications.

As technologists, we are constantly exploring and pushing the limits of our own disciplines, and we accept the notion that the efficiencies of new technologies are advancing at a very rapid rate. However, we rarely have time to contemplate the broader impact of these technologies as they impact and amplify adjacent technology disciplines. This book therefore focuses on the potential impact of those technologies, but it is not intended as a technical manuscript. In this book, we consider our progress and current position%toward on arbitrary popular concepts of future scenarios rather than the typical measurements of cycles per second or milliwatts. We compare our current human cultural situation to other past historic events as we anticipate the future social impact of rapidly accelerating technologies. We also rely on measurements based on specific events highlighting the breadth of the impact of accelerating semiconductor technologies rather than the specific rate of advance of any particular semiconductor technology. These measurements certainly lack the mathematic precision and repeatability to which technologists are accustomed, but the material that we are dealing with—the social objectives and future political structures of humanity—does not permit a high degree of mathematic accuracy. Our conclusion draws from the concept of Singularity. It seems certain that at the rate at which our technologies are advancing, we will exceed the ability of our post‒Industrial Revolution structures to absorb these new challenges, and we cannot accurately anticipate what those future social structures will resemble.

Low substrate/lattice temperature (< 300 K) operation of n-MOSFET has been effectively studied by device research and integration professionals in CMOS logic and analog products from the early 1970s. The author of this book previously composed an e-book in this area where he and his co-authors performed original simulation and modeling work on MOSFET threshold voltage and demonstrated that through efficient manipulation of threshold voltage values at lower substrate temperatures, superior degrees of reduction of subthreshold and off-state leakage current can be implemented in high-density logic and microprocessor chips fabricated in a silicon die. In this book, the author explores other device parameters such as channel inversion carrier mobility and its characteristic evolution as temperature on the die varies from 100-300 K. Channel mobility affects both on-state drain current and subthreshold drain current and both drain current behaviors at lower temperatures have been modeled accurately and simulated for a 1??m channel length n-MOSFET. In addition, subthreshold slope which is an indicator of how speedily the device drain current can be switched between near off current and maximum drain current is an important device attribute to model at lower operating substrate temperatures. This book is the first to illustrate the fact that a single subthreshold slope value which is generally reported in textbook plots and research articles, is erroneous and at lower gate voltage below inversion, subthreshold slope value exhibits a variation tendency on applied gate voltage below threshold, i.e., varying depletion layer and vertical field induced surface band bending variations at the MOSFET channel surface. The author also will critically review the state-of-the art effectiveness of certain device architectures presently prevalent in the semiconductor industry below 45 nm node from the perspectives of device physical analysis at lower substrate temperature operating conditions. The book concludes with an emphasis on modeling simulations, inviting the device professionals to meet the performance bottlenecks emanating from inceptives present at these lower temperatures of operation of today's 10 nm device architectures.

In order to sustain Moore's Law-based device scaling, principal attention has focused on toward device architectural innovations for improved device performance as per ITRS projections for technology nodes up to 10 nm. Efficient integration of lower substrate temperatures (

This book focuses on surface activity of electron emission (EE). Prior to protective painting, a steel surface is usually grit blasted or sandblasted to remove scale and contaminants and to roughen the surface. This book emphasizes that such surface treatment causes EE, increasing the strength of paint adhesion. Introduced here are the experimental results of thermally assisted photoelectron emission (TAPE) and tribo-stimulated (rubbing) electron emission (TriboEE) from practical metals after different kinds of surface-treatment processes. A detailed description is given of how Arrhenius activation energies relating to electron transfer through the surface overlayer and also the energy levels of electrons trapped in the overlayer can be obtained, and how TAPE and TriboEE data can be influenced by the chemical properties of that overlayer. This book is composed of four parts: I. Surface treatment processes; II. The principle of EE analysis used for practical surfaces; III. Materials andmethods of EE and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); IV. EE and XPS characteristics of practical surfaces. In the last part, the EE and XPS results for metals, semiconductors, and carbon materials are drawn from the author's own publications. The book will be useful for researchers engaging in surface-treatment processes of various materials.

This book introduces readers to interfacial reactions in confinement on stimuli-responsive homopolymer and diblock copolymer films. It also includes investigations concerning the immobilization of (bio)molecules and the fabrication of biomolecular patterns by reactive microcontact printing on these reactive polymer films. In turn, the book takes advantage of the microphase separation of diblock copolymer films to study the fabrication of nanopatterns, which could contribute to the future development of a model system that allows us to area-selectively deposit and address (bio)molecules. Given its scope, the book broadens readers'perspective on the microfabrication of stimuli-responsive polymers.

This book defines the concept of nanoparticles from the point of view of statistical physics and quantum physics. It gives an overview of their basic properties and of the basic methods of their preparation. The chapters are devoted to the problems of interactions between nanoparticles from elementary van der Waals interaction to Lifchitz macroscopic theory and Hamaker microscopic summation method. It elucidates the process of self-organization of nanoparticles released from the frozen liquid dispersion at the sublimation interface and mathematical simulations of the corresponding processes. It also presents applications of a completely new controlled sublimation technology.

This book guides beginners in the areas of thin film preparation, characterization, and device making, while providing insight into these areas for experts. As chemically deposited metal oxides are currently gaining attention in development of devices such as solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, etc., the book illustrates how the chemical deposition route is emerging as a relatively inexpensive, simple, and convenient solution for large area deposition. The advancement in the nanostructured materials for the development of devices is fully discussed.