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This article argues that existing approaches to programming ethical AI fail to resolve a serious moral-semantic trilemma, generating interpretations of ethical requirements that are either too semantically strict, too semantically flexible, or overly unpredictable. This paper then illustrates the trilemma utilizing a recently proposed 'general ethical dilemma analyzer,' GenEth. Finally, it uses empirical evidence to argue that human beings resolve the semantic trilemma using general cognitive and motivational processes involving 'mental time-travel,' whereby we simulate different possible pasts and futures. I demonstrate how mental time-travel psychology leads us to resolve the semantic trilemma through a six-step process of interpersonal negotiation and renegotiation, and then conclude by showing how comparative advantages in processing power would plausibly cause AI to use similar processes to solve the semantic trilemma more reliably than we do, leading AI to make better moral-semantic choices than humans do by our very own lights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the issue of fractal computer visualization in the field of psychological research; it describes some features of visual information interaction between a person and the world. The present paper, part of the research project Personal Fractal, focuses on computer fractal images as a stimulus material for psychodiagnostic purposes. The study is based on a new understanding of scientificity and systematicity criteria in psychological science. We follow the principle of psychology approaching a person's daily life and the creative modern information experience. Participants' creativity was analyzed by means of fractal computer images. These images were found to possess a pronounced psychodiagnostic, psychocorrectional, and psychotherapeutic potential to be applied as an important methodological resource for psychological aid. The authors assume that the interplay between individualization and socialization can be interpreted in terms of the concept of fractality as a similarity of sociopsychological phenomena. The pilot study results are preceded by an extensive theoretical review reflecting historical and cultural aspects of the problem of fractal computer visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies are significant in research not only as instruments for gathering data and analyzing information; they also provide a valuable resource for the development of theory-in terms of what has been called the "tools to theory heuristic." Focusing on the specific example of the fields of educational psychology and instructional technology and design, this paper begins by describing how the workings of the "tools to theory heuristic" are evident in the metaphors and descriptions of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. In each of these psychological paradigms, the mind is understood in terms of a contemporaneous technological innovation: as rudimentary circuitry, as computerized data processing, and finally, in terms of information representation and visualization. The paper then argues that in applied disciplines like educational technology and human-computer interaction, technology plays two important but conflicting roles. It first operates heuristically to explain complex mental phenomena; it is then designed and developed explicitly as a tool for facilitating and developing these same complex mental processes. This paper concludes by arguing that this dual role represents an ethical dilemma—a kind of epistemological and practical "conflict of interest" in instructional technology and in related fields of systems and interface design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shikake is a design approach that proposes solving problems by inducing spontaneous behavior, rather than by relying on the use of extensive resources or expertise. This paper contributes to the study of Shikake principles and examples by describing a methodology for their formalization in the declarative, logic-based language of Answer Set Prolog (ASP). Modeling qualitative theories and principles such as Shikake in the precise language of ASP can play a significant role in indicating possible areas for their future refinement and improvement, as shown here. Our formalization is used in creating a system, ShAsp, that can automatically determine if a design is a Shikake or not, as illustrated by two examples and one counterexample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shikake is an embodied trigger for behavior change to solve social or personal problems. In this paper, we first present a general statement regarding the concept of Shikakeology as the science of shikake. The mechanism behind a shikake covers a wide range of physical and psychological triggers. From a shikake perspective, physical triggers are used to ignite psychological triggers, and psychological triggers work as driving forces for changing behavior. We use a case study approach to explain the shikake mechanism. We describe five simple cases to explain the concept of shikake as well as their trigger mechanisms. We then present shikake trigger categories, which are used to systematically describe shikake triggers. To date, we have annotated 120 shikake cases according to these categories. To explore rules of thumb for the shikake triggers, we finally present the statistics as a shikake trigger matrix to represent patterns of triggers frequently used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a framework to dissect a shikake to identify its fundamental aspect as a shikake. The framework consists of four elements: mechanics to cause the effect; action provoked, prompted, or inspired by the mechanics; effect observed as the result of the action; and principle, which explains how and why the mechanics lead to the effect through the action. By using these four elements, this paper presents the anatomies of three artifacts as shikakes: (1) a telescope-like cylinder in the zoo as a canonical example of a shikake; (2) a museum candle, which we have designed and studied as a probe to investigate the inspirational experience at a museum; and (3) an omni-viscosity string, which we have developed for communicating weight through visual interactivity by using pseudo-haptics. The anatomies demonstrate that a shikake's low-cost and simple but yet effective nature comes from the aspect that exploits human psychology, cognition, and perception, and that the principle element plays a key role to ascribe the way the action mediates the mechanics and the effect to human nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]