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Recently with the rapid growth of solar energy, solar photovoltaics generation technology has been disturbed as many perilous issues. The conventional power grid is initial to substitute, since the renewable energy is demanded in particular solar PV power. Therefore, the power quality of PV grid connected has been inspecting for example grid control strategy, controller design, and the aspects of filter selection. In this paper, the electric performs for example, power quantity, voltage profile, and current waveforms is simulated in order to appreciate during connecting the grid voltage with number of solar PV models. This paper stages the simulation model based on the local load and irradiance profiles. Also, the output of solar PV power can be estimated with the time series output that is useful for investigating the possibility of implementing PV power source to grid with other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar cells are the most potential energy source for the future because they are a renewable and pollution-free energy source. Currently, solar power plants are increasingly being used to meet the electricity needs of consumers. Fixed-mounted solar panel construction makes the panel position the sun does not always face the sun, so the absorbed energy becomes not maximal and the electrical energy produced is not optimal. Therefore, solar panels equipped with a solar tracker system that can absorb energy more sunlight and produce greater electrical energy are described in this paper. This paper aims to investigate the solutions which were thought to maximize the absorbed solar energy. The performance of this system has been tested and compared between fixed-mounted, single-axis solar trackers, and dual-axis solar trackers. As a result, the dual-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage, and current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study focusing on Off-Shore Wind Turbines (OWTs) and the development of a real-time performance monitoring system designed using LabVIEW. OWTs represent a significant avenue for harvesting renewable energy, particularly in coastal regions with consistent wind patterns. The system aims to continuously assess and manage the efficiency and functionality of these turbines for maintenance, research, and improvement purposes. The document outlines the structure and operation of OWTs, emphasizing their significance as a renewable energy source and the necessity for monitoring their performance due to their complex mechanical nature. It introduces a monitoring system architecture using LabVIEW's graphical user interface (GUI), employing block diagrams and real-time data processing capabilities to oversee critical parameters such as power output, status of individual turbines, pricing structures, and abnormal conditions detection. Furthermore, it describes the system's functionalities, including power distribution to a target city, standby power supply integration, mechanisms for purchasing/selling excess power, and backup systems to ensure uninterrupted power supply. The system's adaptive nature enables automatic adjustments based on power levels, temperature effects on transmission losses, and timely alerts for maintenance and critical power supply scenarios. The paper concludes by highlighting successful system operations, including user interface interactions, power generation, distribution, and the generation of event reports for comprehensive data analysis. This study provides valuable insights into the efficient monitoring and management of OWTs, ensuring their sustained and reliable performance in generating renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change mitigation and sustainable development have become critical global priorities, leading to an increased emphasis on the development and adoption of green technologies. Buildings account for a significant share of global greenhouse gas emissions due to their high energy consumption for heating, cooling, lighting, and other functions. Wind energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy source for buildings to generate clean energy without producing harmful emissions. However, the efficacy and efficiency of wind turbines in reducing carbon emissions depend on several factors, including wind speed, air density, and topography. This research paper proposes an assessment of a sustainable green energy index that incorporates wind turbine technology. The study aims to investigate the available technology, challenges, and opportunities in implementing wind energy projects in buildings. The research will provide insights into the performance and feasibility of wind turbine technology in buildings, enabling policymakers, developers, and building owners to make informed decisions on the effective use of wind energy in the building sector. The paper begins by discussing the pressing need for green technologies and the challenges hindering their adoption. It then explores various types of green technologies, focusing on wind energy, and analyzes the factors that influence the efficacy and efficiency of wind turbines in generating clean energy. The paper proposes a sustainable green energy index that serves as an effective benchmark for evaluating sustainability performance and promoting the adoption of green technologies in buildings. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study's findings and the potential role of wind energy in the transition towards a sustainable and clean energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on robust and efficient control for a two-stage PV Solar water pumping system (PVWPS) Renewable energy(solar) is among the most affordable forms of renewable energy sources to meet the world's growing energy needs, due to its lower investment and running costs. Agriculture is one of the most important sector in our economy because it supports a large portion of the people. PV solar powered water pumping systems have recently gained popularity over traditional diesel engine-based pumped systems due to features such as fuel-free operation, lower operating costs, and environmental friendliness. Because to the lack of grid electricity in rural locations, this application is more useful. Since it is a two-stage system, the first stage includes an MPPT control mechanism that limits the duty ratio of the DC-DC Boost Converter to extract as much power as available from solar PV panels. The incremental conductance approach is used in this system because it generates a good amount of power under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. For controlling the switching pulses of Voltage Source Inverter(VSI) in the second stage, a controller is used. Because of this, a sliding mode controller is employed in this paper. The MATLAB-Simulink setting has been used to implement both the system under consideration and the control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residential load sector ensures power system stability and effective energy management. Despite efforts to integrate renewable energy sources and develop information and communication technology, the residential sector's flexibility, energy management, and scheduling challenges persist, impeding the power grid's stability and efficiency. Demand Side Management (DSM) has emerged as a crucial solution to address these challenges. This paper proposes a DSM model that employs Binary Particle Swarm Optimization to perform residential load scheduling while considering a time-of-use pricing scheme. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction in energy costs, validating the proposed model's effectiveness in enhancing the power grid's stability and efficiency. By adopting this approach, residential consumers can efficiently manage their energy consumption, reducing overall energy costs while contributing to the power grid's stability and efficiency. The proposed DSM model represents a significant step towards achieving a sustainable and cost-effective energy future, offering a compelling argument for its adoption in residential settings. This paper contributes to the field of energy management by providing a technically rigorous and persuasive analysis of the benefits of DSM in residential load scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to observe the possible future desalination techniques. Currently, the different types of technologies are proposed by the desalination industry. The number of RO applied worldwide increased over other desalination methods. In PLN, RO represents 39% of the total installed capacity, about 31% is provided by MSF, and MED units produce 30%. Therefore, this paper discussed the opportunities and challenges of desalination plants by reviewing the published papers and based on application experience in PLN. The traditional review method is used by summarizing previously published on-topic, further elaborating with PLN research in 2017 according to the context of this study. The results reveal that membrane, corrosion, and fouling are common problems in applying RO globally and based on practice in PLN. Meanwhile, the significant issues in thermal processes are problems with the instrument, pumps, and electrical systems. Optimization in material use, the mechanical design of evaporator systems, and performance rates are the main areas of improvement in thermal. These improvements are expected to reduce the energy demand of thermal processes due to the consumption of energy for thermal is higher than RO. Emerging trends in desalination innovation are also described in this paper. Since climate change has urged the energy transition worldwide by increasing the adoption of renewable energy for both electricity supply and direct use, renewable energy with desalination for future purposes has become a significant choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is getting more attention in recent years as it is bringing more devastating natural disasters such as heat waves, drought and floods around the world. Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which produce heat-trapping gases, are the main driver of climate change. The enormous amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere accelerates the pace of global warming. On the other hand, renewable energy is usually clean and sustainable. Thus, turning down the role of fossil fuel in the energy sector should be a priority and facilitating the use of renewable energy is the best solution to mitigate climate change. To have a clear picture on the current situation, the paper will include a literature review about climate change, greenhouse gases and renewable energy. The methodology, analysis methods and results will be included in the paper. Data collection, pre-processing, data analysis and data visualisation dashboard will be involved during the process. A data analysis dashboard will be created to incorporate the background of the story and the results of the data analysis. The users will be exploring the trends of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions with data analysis tools to gain useful insights from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of global energy demand and the pressure of environmental protection, ocean energy has received widespread attention as a clean and sustainable form of energy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various forms of ocean energy, explore its working principles, power generation technologies and application potential, and evaluate its research progress on a global scale. This paper details the working principle and power generation technology of ocean current, tidal, wave, temperature difference and salt difference energy. Especially in terms of salt differential energy, this paper analyzes the key role of permeable membrane technology and the large-scale production of low-cost special membranes. The analysis shows that countries have made significant progress in research in the field of ocean energy, especially in ocean current energy and tidal energy. China has also made breakthroughs in ocean current, wave and temperature difference energy. In short, ocean energy has great potential for development as a clean and sustainable energy source. Future development trends will focus on improving power generation efficiency, reducing costs, and reducing ecological environmental impact. As technology advances and costs fall, ocean energy is expected to occupy a more important position in the global energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's power scenario, the increasing power demand is a prevailing concern. The electrical power generated by non-renewable energy sources falls short in meeting this escalating demand. Utilizing renewable sources in conjunction with non-renewable energy becomes imperative. Among various renewable energy sources like wind, tidal, biomass, and solar, the latter is especially advantageous due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the power generated by solar cells is influenced by atmospheric conditions, and its delivery hinges on connected loads. Achieving maximum solar cell power output is challenging due to atmospheric variations, necessitating the use of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. This paper introduces the application of the Incremental Conductance (INC) method for MPPT, which, in comparison to the Perturb and Observe (P & O) method, is better suited for tackling oscillations arising from diverse atmospheric conditions. The selection of a DC-DC CUK converter holds significance for maximizing power, offering low ripple levels at both input and output stages. The paper comprehensively covers converter design, simulation outcomes for a battery-connected standalone PV system employing the INC MPPT method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a crucial technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize their energy conversion efficiency. This paper briefly reviews various MPPT techniques and algorithms utilized in solar-powered systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are explored, and a brief comparison table is offered to make it easier to choose the best MPPT approach for a given application. The paper also discusses the importance of MPPT research in harvesting pure energy from renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the power output issues faced by solar-powered systems, especially in partial shading conditions, which reduce the power output of the systems. Nonetheless, the maximum power point (MPP) is the only power point needed to obtain maximum PV power. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into MPPT techniques and algorithms, their strengths, and limitations, and their suitability for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has targeted to achieve 40% of renewable energy (RE) by 2035. It is evident that solar energy shall contribute the largest portion of the target due to the abundant resources of solar in Malaysia. Nevertheless, Malaysia should not limit its' RE resources to only solar energy. This includes RE in the likes of wind energy. Although generally Malaysia has comparatively low annual average wind speed, numerous studies have shown that there are several areas with relatively higher annual average wind speed. These areas may potentially be considered for wind energy development. Several methodologies have been utilized by researchers to identify such areas. Several researchers opted to develop wind maps to identify the potential area in Malaysia for wind energy development. Interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging are commonly utilised in wind mapping studies as these methods are effective to estimate the wind speed at unmeasured area. This paper reviews the comparison between the wind speed interpolation methods which are IDW and Kriging for wind energy applications in Malaysia. Among the interpolation parameters compared include input, results and validation. The way forward proposed by this paper will aid as a reference for future advances in wind mapping in Malaysia and its surrounding region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of green building is believed to be a key factor in achieving sustainable development in the building sector. The Green Building Council Indonesia is responsible for the development and deployment of green buildings in Indonesia, and has released version 1.2 of the Greenship rating tools for evaluating new green buildings. The use of renewable energy sources in green buildings is highly encouraged, with one point awarded for every 0.5% of energy usage covered by renewable energy, up to a maximum of five points. The installation of rooftop PV systems is a popular choice for renewable energy in many governmental green-rated buildings, but it is important to determine the ideal capacity to prevent overpriced installation costs. This paper proposes a method where the focus is on gaining maximum points in renewable energy and minimizing investment costs, rather than maximizing installed capacity. This approach can reduce capacity by up to 68%. Another important consideration is choosing the optimum grid connectivity type, and the paper discusses the options of on-grid or zero export schemes. Zero export scheme is chosen for this case since the capacity of the PV system is much smaller than the grid power connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy progress has picked up its significance in afterward days due to amplification in requirement for power as well as ecological variables. It's a great option to coordinate renewable energy to the utility power network instead of traditional resources to generate power because it does not cause any ecological contamination. The non-conventional energy sources like sun and wind has been broadly utilized and these innovations nearly come to its immersion level in terms of improvement. Additionally, they hang on with time and season. Contrarily, we can select wave energy, one of the inexhaustible source of energy, can be utilized to meet the continuous increase in everyday power requirement. Different advancements have been created within the later past to obtain power from the ocean waves. With the developments attained in these advanced technologies, analysis is done based on the amount of power generated by these two types of wave energy converters. The comparison of the output power generated by Archimedes Wave Swing and Wells turbine is presented in this paper in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated Cuk-SEPIC converter for a PV system is presented in this paper. It is built by combining the converter components from Cuk and SEPIC converters. The suggested converter for the PV system is constructed which benefits from a simple construction and fewer converter components as a result. For Energy Management System, a bidirectional SEPIC-CUK converter is created, and CNN is used to examine the State Of Charge. The efficacy of the suggested converter is confirmed by using outcomes of the experiment, and its use is based on the accessibility of renewable energy sources. With MATLAB / Simulink, the proposed methodology is thoroughly validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage and interfacing the energy storage device to the grid have become increasingly essential with the rise in demand for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. Continuous supply of energy to the grid obtained by using Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The output from the PV system is intermittent so that a DC-DC converter is used to step up/step down the output. In this paper, a Boost integrated flyback rectifier energy storage DC-DC (BIFRED) converter that can supply both AC and DC loads from a solar-powered PV to the nano grid. The output from the PV module is fed to the cascaded FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) using MPPT algorithm which generates the gating pulses and delivers them to the inverter. Inverter fed PV grid topologies are used to meet energy needs and link green energies into power grids. One of the additional benefits delivered by PV is reactive power. In order to compensate for reactive power in localized networks, reactive power from the inverter should be fed into the grid. Results for varied irradiance and temperature circumstances are obtained using a simulation model for solar panels and MPPT based fuzzy logic controller. Making use of batteries is ideal for conventional sources of energy such as solar, wind, etc. For charging and discharging of the batteries, a bidirectional DC-DC converter battery is used. Moreover, 1ϕ VSI is linked to the grid and developed by using FLC. The MATLAB simulation model verify the usefulness of the proposed control technique. The results of the simulated responses having the efficiency of 95.8% and 1:12 of voltage gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid-state transformers in the renewable energy domain allow DC power to be transmitted without using power converters,which reduces voltage fluctuations The new concept of using renewable energy sources to give power to the grid through solid-state transformers which reduces t h e size of the transformer compared the to the conventional transformer for the distribution Grid. The objective is to make an SST model to help evaluate the impact of replacing conventional transformers with SST on grid performance. MATLAB Test model of SST was simulated for various carrier frequencies and a constant output is received. The simulation was performed assuming a voltage dependent load and taking into account the fact that the current through one of the HV/MV sub-transformers are bi-directional. Simulation output shows accrued advantages on voltage can be expected at both medium and low voltage levels, and shows a new approach for SST design from non-conventional energy sources. A simulation of a single stage SST topology are simulated in MATLAB and the results are discussed in the paper, which are useful for Industrial experts and the R&D domain for its implementation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of renewable energy sources and the increasing demand for energy storage systems worldwide, hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) have emerged as a promising solution to overcome shortcomings of individual energy storage technologies and improve overall system performance. In this paper, we present the development and control of an innovative HESS using SIMULINK/MATLAB specifically designed for electric automobiles. The primary objectives are to provide sufficient traveling power while reducing the overall system cost. The proposed HESS incorporates a lithium-ion battery and super capacitors, with an optimal control algorithm based on power dynamic limitation rules, taking into account the state of charge of the super capacitors. To enhance power quality, a second-order low-pass filter is employedto eliminate switching ripples generated by DC-DC Converters. The outcome of this study demonstrates a reduction in battery volume and an improved overall system quality, showcasing the potential of the proposed HESS for electric vehicle applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the significance of battery and super-capacitor devices that are favored as storage technologies because of their high power density, energy densities, charging and discharging capabilities, longevity and ability to function across a broad range of temperatures. A comparison is made between a battery energy storage system (BESS) and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which integrates both batteries and super capacitors. The HESS stands out by effectively recycling surplus energy. The study proposes a hybrid energy storage system that can be employed in conjunction with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Such a system is particularly suitable for remote or backup systems lacking access to a power grid. By incorporating super capacitors in parallel with the battery and a periodic load, the aim is to achieve the highest level of efficiency. Additionally, the research includes a MATLAB/Simulink model illustrating the configuration of a hybrid energy storage system comprising batteries and super capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of electric vehicles is a phenomenon that will occur massively in the community. The availability of a battery charging system is a separate problem related to the infrastructure of the electric vehicle ecosystem. This paper focuses on discussing the analysis of the implementation of renewable energy sources for electric motorcycle charging systems. The charging system is swab-based, so the battery that is being charged must be removed from the electric motorcycle for charging. The test for the analysis of the charging system using renewable energy sources inserts 10 batteries with a power of 1.5kW per day. The results show a comparison of the application of power plants with a minimum power of 22.6 kW, a middle power of 32.8 kW, and a maximum of 43.0 kW to produce electrical energy for a year. The optimal number of plants implemented is analyzed based on the potential of renewable energy sources, solar and wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae is one of the main substances used in the biomass production process in order to produce environmentally-friendly biofuels. Microalgae biomass production process influenced by several of environmental factors, specifically, the use of catalysts which play an important role in order to produce a significant yield of microalgae biomass. The use of catalyst should obey the rules of green chemistry and also minimalizing the negative impact to the environment. This paper aims to compare the effectiveness of the use of three types of catalysts: biocatalysts (enzymes), homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. These three types catalyst then used as additive components in the transesterification process to produce microalgae biomass. This study was conducted by collecting data related to the yield of biomass contained in several scientific journals through the Science Direct website using the systematic literature review method. The data processing involves a semi meta-analysis method using the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test, followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test using Fisher's method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy has been rapidly growing since renewable resources have become a crucial necessity to fulfill electricity needs. Solar energy is constantly flowing away from the sun and will soon become one of the main energy resources that people depend on. Therefore, a highly efficient PV system is needed to get the maximum power of a panel could absorb. This paper presents an implementation of the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Incremental Conductance method on PV systems using a DC-DC Boost Converter. This algorithm controls the system by changing the duty cycle using the ATmega328 microcontroller on Arduino UNO. INA219 sensor is used to read the output of the converter, which is used as input for the algorithm. A motor DC will be used to drive the panel vertically (Single-Axis), therefore the panel will get the best intensity from the sun. The results of the study prove that solar panel with the MPPT Incremental Conductance method and vertical tracking system produces 45.52W of power with 91.01% efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important and effective source of energy production in the present and the future because it is clean, available, and unlimited. Because of Iraq's proximity to the equator, solar energy is available in large quantities. However, due to some limitations, such as the problem of overheating the board, the energy cannot be extracted in large quantities. The current research paper deals with a biaxial solar tracking system. In February, the system was installed in Iraq, specifically in Karbala (longitude 44.0270 degrees, latitude 32.60010 degrees). The system consists of a photovoltaic panel, a battery, a controller,d two actuators. When compared to a solar panel fixed in the same location, the system generates 39.98% more electrical energy. Solar panels benefit from the low temperatures in winter and spring in the cooling of the panel, as the tracking system keeps it perpendicular to the sun's rays, which increases the temperature of the solar panel. In the summer, an adequate cooling process must be provided for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the rising cost of petroleum products and the widespread demand for clean and renewable energy to lower carbon dioxide pollution to meet global emissions targets in developed and developing countries. For this reason, alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, and thermal have become crucial. This energy must be cheaper, and safer, and contribute significantly to energy development. Nigeria is faced with the problem of poor access to power supply, which contributes to retarded industrial growth, insecurity, and mass unemployment. Alternative sources, such as solar energy, bio-energy, etc are capable of solving the energy crisis in Nigeria with average solar insolation of 7.0KWℎ∕m2 per day in the north and 3.5KWℎ∕m2 per day) in the south. Biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass are also promising alternatives. They can reduce harmful emissions and give Nigeria hope for energy security and sustainable development. This paper reviews the potential of various renewable sources for energy generation in Nigeria. Presently, Nigeria requires thermal power plants from renewable sources capable of providing 13000MW, to meet the daily energy needs in Nigeria compared to the available 4000MW which is insufficient for over two hundred (200) million Nigerians. This study identifies biofuels as a major energy innovation for car engines, gas turbines, power plants, etc. In Nigeria and throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the use of biofuels could prevent energy shortages and promote more sustainable development. Challenges to widespread biofuel adoption in developing countries include deforestation, land scarcity, and the conflict between energy production and food security. It concludes that significant spending on energy research and the right institutional and governmental frameworks are needed to overcome the difficulties in order to realize the potential of alternative energy for sustainable development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the issues of climate change and global warming, the transportation industry is gradually shifting from the usage of hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. The electric vehicles (EVs) are uses battery to store the energy with is subsequently used to convert into mechanical energy while driving the vehicle. Similarly, Micro-grids are used in distribution system that adds renewable energy sources along with the loads. The batteries placed in the EVs could be used significantly applied as energy storage units within the MG system. A good control system have to research and developed in order to satisfy the goal of fast charging of the EV batteries to avoid large queues at the charging stations. In this paper, the implementation of a MG model based vehicle to grid (V2G)-grid to vehicle (G2V) system using the level-3 fast charging of EV's is presented. A level-3 fast charging model consist of a fast DC charging technology for operating the electric vehicle. Various simulation conditions were realized and results have been observed to carry out to operate the power flow of V2G-G2V. Test results shows that regulation of the active power is achieved in the MGs by using the batteries of the EVs as dispatchable sources via the G2V-V2G operational modes. The charging infrastructure that is built should be attaining minimum harmonic distortions for injecting current into the of grid as well as while charging the EV and the controller should always give the very good dynamic results in the point of the DC-bus link voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the issues of climate change and global warming, the transportation industry is gradually shifting from the usage of hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. The Electric Vehicles are uses battery to store the energy with is subsequently used to convert into mechanical energy while driving the vehicle. Similarly, Microgrids are used in distribution system that adds renewable energy sources along with the loads. The batteries of the Electric vehicle (EVs) can be possibly used as energy storage and buffering devices inside the microgrids (MGs) or parking space of buildings. These EVs can help in managing the microgrid energy balance under two circumstances, viz. surplus generation it can store the excess energy as the Grid-To-Vehicle, G2V mode by charging of the batteries and during energy deficient in the MG it can provide energy back to the grid by working as Vehicle-To-Grid, V2G operation as discharging of the batteries. To facilitate these concepts proper development of inter-connecting infrastructure and control system arrangements have to be done. This paper provides a literature survey on various architecture for realizing the V2G-G2V strategies within a MG by studying different types of power electronics interfacing (PEI) like level-1, level-2, and level-3 acting as fast charging stations for the EVs are presented. Maintaining the power balance state and improving the reliability of the intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) MGs using proper PEI is a critical task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to combating climate change and global warming, the best course of action is to promote the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. In this regard, most nations have resolved to boost the use of solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WTs) to generate clean green energy and curb carbon emissions. India is actively contributing to the international change of the energy sector. When it comes to renewable energy and encouraging the use of electric vehicles, India is among the top five countries in the world. There has been a recent push to increase the world's renewable energy generation capacity to 450 GW by 2030, up from its current level of around 400 GW. Getting India's total generation beyond 60%using the low-carbon energy sources is encouraged because it will help the country meet its larger climate goals and push it above the amount agreed upon in the Paris Agreement. Economic growth, increased energy security, and expanding access to energy for the rural population are only a few of the goals, roles, and responsibilities of government. As part of India's progress toward modernization, this paper details a number of related efforts, policy shifts, technical and economic hurdles, and regulatory rules for rolling out renewables and EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the vehicles uses fossil fuel or gasoline for transportation. Usage of fossil fuel contaminates the air due to emission of nitrous oxides and particulates. It also causes the depletion of ozone layer. These fossil fuels are non-renewal and hence will be deplete from the earth in near future dueto increased demand. Moreover, due to scarcity, its cost is also increasing rapidly. In order to deal with this, an electric vehicle can be good alternative for transportation. With usage of electricvehicle, demand for fossil fuel can be greatly reduced. All the electric vehicle (EVs) are refer to BEV (battery electric vehicles) and they are equipped with the battery to store power. With increasing usage of renewable energy sources, clean power can be generated which can be supplied for charging of the electric vehicle. In this paper, review of electric vehicle is carried. Itinvolves various features of EV like its tractive effort, efficiencyof motor and battery necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For researchers working for electric utilities, using renewable energy sources to lessen the impact of various uncertainties on electric power networks is a hot topic. The usage of Photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation would become widely accessible in the future due to a number of anticipated cost savings. Enhancing Power Quality (PQ) becomes imperative for utility-grid connected systems. In this study, the Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) architecture, which is based on solar photovoltaic (SPV) as a DC (Direct Current) source, is used to examine the performance of a grid-connected system. Simulink/MATLAB software is used for the imitation model. Imitation models are carried out for SPV connected to CHB multilevel inverter (MLI) system. The paper analyzes various parameters including solar, grid and MLI output such voltage, current and power. In this study, a comparison of 7-level, 9-level and 11-level CHB MLI is presented. Different results are analyzed and based on a comparative analysis; the imitation model results are shown to be accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons for pollution and the limitations of fossil fuels have driven the use of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are synonymous with electric batteries that require periodic charging. There has been an increase in research on battery charging for electric vehicles. There is also the use of renewable energy resources such as photovoltaics for battery charging stations. This paper focuses on prototyping battery charging stations from solar photovoltaic energy using ANN-based MPPT controllers within the framework of optimizing solar energy harvesting and comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. Test results showed that the prototype of the proposed charging system took 33.3 minutes to charge a 7Ah battery. Compared to conventional MPPT methods, the charging time of MPTT methods with Neural Network is 6.01% faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand-side management (DSM) is an effectual approach by coordinating utility management and routinely tracking energy usage, the intelligent grid assists in controlling energy demand and promotes its efficiency. However, the paper aims to utilize Linear programming optimization algorithms as an effective tool for managing energy demand and maximizing the use of renewable energy sources. These algorithms are able to estimate which is the best utilization of what resources are accessible and reduce consumption by describing the energy system as a collection of linear equations. The optimization system makes assumptions about the various energy costs when it will be high or low and modifies energy use accordingly. We applied different scenarios to assess the resiliency of the system. The simulation took into account a number of variables, including the weather, energy usage, and pricing fluctuations. MATLAB R2023a and Simulink provide an integrated platform with data analytics to build the proposed system and optimization model to minimize cost in MATLAB. Compared to other methods using various optimization algorithms as the binary orientation search algorithm (BOSA), cockroach swarm optimization (CSO), and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were applied to DSM methodology for a residential community with a primary focus on decreasing peak energy consumption results as in previous study was, BOSA has a lower standard deviation (0.8) compared to the other algorithms (1.7 for SSA and 1.3 for CSOA), making it more robust and superior, in addition to minimizing cost (5438.98 cents of USD (mean value) and 16.3% savings), the suggested approach is used for lowering electrical energy costs in a micro-grid system while maintaining their regular load and operating hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for energy is surpassing its availability owing to the increase in population and advancements in technology. It is essential to move closer to a dependable, economical, and sustainable renewable energy source to meet future energy demands. All alternative energy sources, including photovoltaic (PV) energy, have the potential to be renewable resources that can be used to address these ongoing issues with the energy crisis. PV systems are subject to the dynamic and fluctuating nature of the surrounding environment, which can lead to the manifestation of a diverse array of defects. It is essential to promptly identify and rectify any defects in order to ensure that the photovoltaic panel's efficiency, endurance, and durability remain uncompromised. The significance of automated defect detection is increasing in the PV industry due to the limitations of manual or visual inspection and the expanding production of PV modules. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a deep learning (DL) system that can accurately classify and detect defects in Electrouminescent (EL) images of PV cells, more specifically through implementing Convolutional Neural Networks CNN. Surprisingly, the suggested PV fault detection model outperformed commercially available PV fault detection systems by resolving existing challenges. The proposed model was further evaluated in terms of accuracy, loss, recall, f1 measure, and precision. The precision measure was 97.4% and the accuracy was 91.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maldives' optimal options for renewable energy systems are determined using a model analysis that is provided in this paper. The systems' technical and financial performance was examined using the HOMER simulation tool. Malé, the nation's capital as well as the four inhabited outlying islands that represent the majority of the Maldivian islands— Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru were used for the investigation. Studies and comparisons have been conducted on a number of systems that utilize photovoltaic (PV), wind, and biomass electricity generators. Regarding outer islands of the Maldives: Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru, a hybrid system of photovoltaic, wind, and biomass is the most intriguing option for these islands because using biomass is worthy way to complement the fluctuations in the production of energy from photovoltaic and wind under variable weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing worldwide concern about global warming and the usage of fossil fuels has increased the demand for clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources (RESs) for energy production via the microgrid (MG) paradigm. Among the AC MG then DC MG, the DC has several advantages. DC MGs can be linked to the primary electrical grid or operate independently. As a result, it is an effective mechanism for remote and rural places, and it may be used to power everything from small structures to massive facilities. It has several advantages, such as higher system efficiency, lower cost, and smaller system size. However, protection is a predominant concern, which needs to be occupied upkeep for flat process. In this research the author discussed the various issues and challenges of the DC-MG. Various methods adopted for safeguarding the DC Microgrid system is discussed which mainly includes different current, voltage and impedance operated schemes, different fuses and circuit breakers etc. At the end a comparison is also carried out for evaluating various methods. The paper obliges as a reference for the researcher and industrial working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the sparrow search optimisation algorithm (SSA) is utilised to obtain the optimal values for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters to reduce frequency deviation and change in tie-line power in interconnected power systems within a deregulated environment. A load frequency control (LFC) was designed and analysed for the proposed power system model, which consists of a two-area reheat steam turbine generator integrated with a solar thermal renewable energy source in area 1 and a geothermal energy plant in area 2. All possible contracts in the deregulated power market, including Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract violations, were thus investigated, and the performance of the proposed controller analysed. The simulation of the proposed model was implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the robustness of the proposed control technique using a PID controller using SSA compared with the results of using a Particle swarm optimisation technique (PSO) and Gray wolf optimisation (GWO). The SSA algorithm optimised PID controller performance was found to be considerably better in terms of the settling time of power system frequency deviation, with improvements of 71.25%, 67.44%, and 56.39% in terms of Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract scenarios seen, respectively. Moreover, the rise time and steady-state error of the frequency deviation and the change in power in the tie line were also significantly enhanced. The suggested controller was thus shown to be more reliable and to produce superior outcomes in all possible scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has become a hot issue as the solution to avoid the energy crisis, while fossil fuel production has decreased. In this paper, the renewable energy from the potential of vibration power plants on motorcycle suspensions is designed to generate electricity. For that purpose, a module of the powerplant, which contains a series of piezoelectrics, is arranged and installed in the suspension of the motorcycle to convert the suspension vibration to electricity. The experiments are then conducted to get the powerplant's performance for several types of roads. The data acquisition and PC laptop are used in the experimental set-up to get real-time data on the voltage produced by the powerplant. The results show that the concrete road makes 11,9 V, the route with speed bump 30,79 V, and 5,56 V for smooth asphalt. It is shown that the potential of the designed powerplant is to charge the battery while running on the road. The module can be applied to online motorcycle taxis for charging the phone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy learning is the first step to create energy security in the future. However, in fact, there are still many students who find it difficult to learn about renewable energy in high school. Learning materials have good role in support students in learning physic. Therefore, this study aims to develop learning materials on the renewable energy topic based on STEM framework. The research method used is development study consisting of 3 stages namely the preliminary stage, the prototyping stage and the assessment stage. However, the discussion on this paper just describes the preliminary prototype of STEM-based learning material on renewable energy topic. The subjects of this study are the 10th grade students in Palembang. Data related to prototyping of learning materials are collected by documents and walkthrough. They are analyzed and described descriptively. The results showed the first prototype of the renewable energy learning materials based on STEM framework containing 8 learning objectives on the renewable energy, the limitation of electrical energy problem, the sources related to renewable energy topic, the series of STEM-based activities, and the evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the promising renewable energy sources that has the ability to supply all the world's energy needs in the future is solar energy. The determination of the maximum output from a photovoltaic system remains a significant challenge for photovoltaic researchers. This paper presents an experimental analysis of uncertainties such as variation in irradiation, temperature,andtilt angle, on two polycrystalline solar modules of 80W each. An experimental set-up consisting of halogen bulbs with a mechanism to vary the tilt angle and irradiation is incorporated with a regulatory mechanism which serves as artificial light source. The experimental results and graphs illustrate the variation in different parameters which impact the power output. From the results it is suggested that tilt angle between (15-20) o C is best suited for extracting the maximum power at the specified location. Finally, a power conditioning circuit with MPPT control is adopted to verify the effect of the presented dynamics. A simulation study using MATLAB is also being conducted by considering battery as a load and charging and discharging of battery along with state of charge is presented to fit the proposed method for future battery charging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the global warming, a supportable and sustainable transportation system needs to be established, which should be relied on renewable energy resources. This paper presents design, calculations of each parameter and simulation of solar powered ferry boat propulsion system which consist of 2.6kW photovoltaic (PV) system, 19.2 kWh battery system, bidirectional converter, inverter & 2.2 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor as an alternative to diesel powered ferry boat. The ferry boat is 21 feet long and 8 feet beam, capable of carrying 7 passengers at the maximum speed of 5 knots. Empty boat weight is 700 kg and capable up to 1.5 ton of water displacement. The performance of the system is validated through numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entire modern world is dependent on energy. Providing cooling with renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is one of the primary answers to the energy and environmental issues. Phase change materials (PCMs) play a significant role in the utilisation of solar energy in cooling applications. Recent study on solar energy using PCMs for low and medium temperature cooling applications indicates that PCMs are widely employed in solar thermal cooling, transport refrigeration, and commercial food outlets. Since low-temperature PCMs can maintain the temperature of small-scale refrigerators for an extended time, it can be used to maintain the space temperature of the appliance without the use of an electrical energy storage during the night. The primary factors in adapting a conventional system to work with solar energy with PCM are performance parameters such as pull-down time and on-off cycle of the compressor. In this paper, therefore, the experimental findings for the pull-down time and on-off cycle time of a 210-liter solar refrigerator with and without a PCM are provided. The experimental data revealed that the compressor's pull-down time and off-time were raised by 78% and 6.1 times, respectively. In addition to enhancing performance and facilitating temperature maintenance within the refrigerated space, the per-day energy consumption was reduced from 14.4 to 18.5% as compared to the system without PCM. It was confirmed that the use of PCM in refrigeration systems can play an essential role in enhancing their overall performance. Furthermore, this study could serve as a key link between the PCM and all currently available small-scale solar-powered household cooling appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study of the possibility of highly efficient conversion of solar energy and heat using photothermoelectric converters (FTC). Design solutions of the device are shown. In this article, we conducted a literature analysis of the development of technology for the development and research of highly efficient combined solar and thermoelectric generators that simplify the operation of renewable energy sources, as well as increase the efficiency of photothermal devices. The theory of thermoelectric compatibility was explored to provide analytical solutions for device efficiency in idealized materials with temperature dependent properties. The methods of theoretical calculation of the mechanism of absorption and refraction of light were analyzed. The article presents the radiation of a selected wavelength in the volume of a photoelectric converter and the design of an efficient photothermal converter with a fixed slit. The possibility of optimal distribution of the light spectrum on the frontal surfaces of the solar cell and thermoelectric converter has been studied. According to the results of experimental studies, it was concluded that the efficiency of the photoconverter increases by 3 times compared to analogues, but operating without a thermal converter. A comparative analysis of the results of both foreign and domestic scientific developments is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current period, the solar energy system has become the most important source of renewable energy, such as wind, fuel cells, and others. The need for it has increased greatly, so that it is relied upon in many services, industrial and agricultural fields, etc. With the increase in demand for solar energy, it leads us to develop and increase its efficiency and improve its performance in various ways. One of these ways is the interest in the monitoring system, which has received great attention from researchers and designers recently. Wireless monitoring systems have been linked with photovoltaic systems and display them on a platform in a more clear and easy way for the user. The design and implementation of a wireless data acquisition system for a photovoltaic panel system is discussed in this paper. based on the ATmega328P microcontroller integrated with the Arduino Uno board, In the proposed monitoring system, the Bluetooth technology was relied on to receive the values of the variables or parameters to be measured by the sensors that were previously determined, namely temperature, humidity, solar radiation, voltage, current, and power, and then display the results taken on smart phones and tablets running Android operating systems using the APK application. The proposed system is characterized by its low cost, simple design, open source, real-time measurement, developable, efficient, high accuracy, reliable, and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources. Various collectors were made, tested, and refined to perform in various temperature ranges. The parabolic trough solar collectors (PTC) are the most frequent in steam production and heat process applications. The receiver tube is the heating element and a crucial device (PTC) component. Many studies have focused on improving the thermal efficiency of receiver tubes. A detailed evaluation of the experimental and numerical investigations carried out to improve heat transmission in receiver tubes in four different ways. 1. Use to reduce heat loss (glass cover, selective coating, and evacuated tube) 2. They increase the heat transfer coefficient by using (turbulent flow, Nanofluid, and different gaseous). 3. Increase the surface area of heat transmission using (fins, porous material, surface modification). 4. Combine two or more of these methods. The aims of the current review papers is to improve heat transfer in the receiver tube and reduce heat loss, resulting in improved heat transfer to the thermal fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing population density causes an increased demand for energy. Also, the large number of power generating stations, in addition to the rapid development of renewable energies, has brought an important challenge: developing energy networks and making them smart. Advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) provides data on energy use and network status by connecting utility companies and homeowners through wireless communication. Smart meters with real-time invoicing are a measurement device, tool that uses automatic data reading to give users information on how much energy they have used in the past hour, day, and month. The gadget advises the user on when to use energy and forecasts when power consumption will exceed the intended power. This paper reviews all aspects of smart power meters and their applications and billing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, solar power represents one of the most stable and important renewable energy resources in our life, its importance increases every second because the planet will be run out of fossil fuel in the near future, but sometime uncertain fluctuations appear duo to rain, dust, clouds, and heat which prompts the issue of power supply interference. So that, in the traditional way, the solar panels have to be check from time to another to figure out if they still work correctly, and that could make either the maintenance cost will be high, or there will be loss in the performance, that could be obvious in a solar system of large number of panels. As a result a better way to check the solar cells is needed to make the performance better, especially in case of a large number of solar panels. In this paper, a study will be made about solar system consists of an array of solar panels and photovoltaic parameter in each of them. The main purpose is building a system which works on fault detection. This study depends on Smart Monitoring Device (SMD) sensors, which connected to each PV panel. These sensors collect the measurements periodically, and send them to an IoT central server, in order to detect the faults to correct them as soon as possible and improve the efficiency of solar panels. The results showed that the AC voltage from the applying the system of Solar Voltage 1when the fault occurs as the maximum is 30.62 V and average is 17.9 V while the Solar Voltage 2 as max is 31.05 V, and average is 18.15 V. The AC power consumed per unit time (0.1 seconds is 20.573 W to 0.8 seconds is 20.592 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroelectricity one of the best practical it works sources of renewable energy, based above than a century of knowledge in this field. energy and installation are two necessary the criteria to classify a hydroelectric power plant. The first includes six technologies: reservoir dam, flow flow, pumped storage, current technology, pipeline water turbine technology and new gravity vortex technology. The other is classified on the energy scale as major, minor, minor, micro, and hydro peak. Today, most rural areas of developing countries rely on hydropower to generate electricity, and it is cheap and efficient. This paper provides an overview of Hydropower technology and turbines with emphasis to categories characteristics of linear hydropower systems, as well as more appropriate spherical turbines that It can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of industries and people around the globe continues to rise, so do energy demands, necessitating the use of renewable energy sources. One of the long-term energy storage devices being developed by participants in the competition is a supercapacitor with a high power density and an extended life cycle. To expand the applications of supercapacitors, however, a greater energy capacity is required, necessitating the development of high-performance, secure, and environmentally favorable supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as electrolytes due to the presence of organic cations and anions, as well as their excellent ionic conductivity, strong temperature stability, and broad potential window. Consequently, ILs can be used as electrolytes in supercapacitors, enabling them to store more energy while remaining safe to use. Electrolytes serve as an insulator between positive and negative electrodes and conduct electricity by transporting ions. However, ILs have a high viscosity, which could be an advantage because they can be solid electrolytes, allowing supercapacitors to be widely used in promising energy storage systems with specific energy as high as 710.526 Wh.kg-1, specific power as high as 51000 W.kg-1, and an operating voltage as high as 3.4 V. This paper will discuss the performance of ILs as electrolytes in supercapacitors, the various types of ILs as electrolytes, and the outlook for the development of supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of fossil energy consumption to catalyze the production of biofuels as renewable energy, especially heat and electricity generation, will raise a level of concern for the environment and health. Biomass waste that is produced into biofuel is very promising as a renewable energy raw material. The utilization of biofuels from biomass has the advantage of increasing the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One very promising way of generating electricity is by using co-firing biomass pellets, especially for renewable energy generation. There are several routes in thermochemical conversion, but torrefaction is one technology that can produce pyrolysis at low temperatures. In addition, co-firing biofuels can produce efficiently at temperatures of 200-300oC with low conversion losses. However, the conventional heating used today, especially in batch operations, adversely affects the torrefaction of palm oil. In addition, the biomass processing rate and throughput are very low and the heat transfer rate is very poor. The integrated microwave technology can provide a good and promising solution, especially in increasing the capacity for upscaling torrefaction technology. The production quantity offered is also higher with optimal volumetric heat transfer. Critically the discussion in this paper is to discuss the latest developments in palm oil waste torrefaction technology for the production of biochar energy with low water content and better durability and resilience. The microwave radiation used is intended for heating so that the catalytic reaction of torrefaction on energy activity is lower. Based on the continuous microwave system that is included in the reactor, it has enormous potential, especially during the torrefaction streamlining process. Thus, the energy produced is more friendly to the environment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented paper the flow charts for Life cycle of main types of fuels/energy sources and cars is done. Respective mathematical models, taking into account the stages of material and cars production, exploitation and recycling are developed. Based on the energy production for 2015 and 2020 years and energy mix of European countries and Bulgaria, an assessment of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the cars is done. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cars using gasoline, natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells etc. show advantages and disadvantages of different type of vehicles, during its entire Life cycle. Development in regarded 5 years is analyzed. Results show a decrease of the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the period. The main cause is increase the part of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]