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Simple Summary: It is well known that the thermal environment has an integral role in maintaining the health and productivity of cattle. Although cold stress has been identified to negatively influence cattle comfort and productivity, the predominant focus herein has been describing the influence of heat stress on bovines. The impact of heat stress is particularly important due to the changing global environment. Global warming is likely to occur, however, the nature and magnitude of environmental changes, both climatic and non-climatic, are difficult to elucidate. Therefore a predominant focus on the impact of hot environments on cattle is warranted. This review provides an overview of the dynamic relationship that exists between the thermal environment and bovines. Heat stress and cold stress have a negative influence on cattle welfare and productivity. There have been some studies investigating the influence of cold stress on cattle, however the emphasis within this review is the influence of heat stress on cattle. The impact of hot weather on cattle is of increasing importance due to the changing global environment. Heat stress is a worldwide phenomenon that is associated with reduced animal productivity and welfare, particularly during the summer months. Animal responses to their thermal environment are extremely varied, however, it is clear that the thermal environment influences the health, productivity, and welfare of cattle. Whilst knowledge continues to be developed, managing livestock to reduce the negative impact of hot climatic conditions remains somewhat challenging. This review provides an overview of the impact of heat stress on production and reproduction in bovines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: An understanding of the way that animals respond to heat stress is key to the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies for a changing climate. The response of mammals to heat exposure involves changes at every level of organization from molecular and cellular to systemic and behavioral. The concert of events involves many genes and gene products. The Na+/K+ ATPase ∝1 (ATP1A1), a product of the ATP1A1 gene, is important for the response to heat because it determines the activity of the Na+/K+ pump that is ubiquitous in cell membranes. It was shown recently that ATP1A1 is important in combating the oxidative stress that a cell faces and that it modulates the Src signaling pathway that is involved in the response to many stressors. Vechur cattle (dwarf Bos taurus indicus) are well known for their adaptability to the tropical heat and humidity that persists in their native state of Kerala, India. We here analyze the comparative expression profile of the ATP1A1 gene in heat-tolerant Vechur and Kasaragod (another dwarf B. t. indicus) cattle and a heat-intolerant crossbreed (B. t. taurus × B. t. indicus) and characterize the sequence of ATP1A1 mRNA in the Vechur genotype. Environmental stress and heat tolerance were measured. Expression profiling indicated that ATP1A1 was differentially expressed in the phenotypically disparate cattle breeds. A molecular evolutionary genetic analysis revealed that the divergent origin of dwarf cattle was adaptive in response to heat stress and suggests the potential use of ATP1A1 as a marker for heat tolerance. Climate change is an imminent threat to livestock production. One adaptation strategy is selection for heat tolerance. While it is established that the ATP1A1 gene and its product play an important role in the response to many stressors, there has been no attempt to characterize the sequence or to perform expression profiling of the gene in production animals. We undertook a field experiment to compare the expression profiles of ATP1A1 in heat-tolerant Vechur and Kasaragod cattle (Bos taurus indicus) with the profile of a heat-susceptible crossbreed (B. t. taurus × B. t. indicus). The cattle were exposed to heat stress while on pasture in the hot summer season. The environmental stress was quantified using the temperature humidity index (THI), while the heat tolerance of each breed was assessed using a heat tolerance coefficient (HTC). The ATP1A1 mRNA of Vechur cattle was amplified from cDNA and sequenced. The HTC varied significantly between the breeds and with time-of-day (p < 0.01). The breed–time-of-day interaction was also significant (p < 0.01). The relative expression of ATP1A1 differed between heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible breeds (p = 0.02). The expression of ATP1A1 at 08:00, 10:00 and 12:00, and the breed–time-of-day interaction, were not significant. The nucleotide sequence of Vechur ATP1A1 showed 99% homology with the B. t. taurus sequence. The protein sequence showed 98% homology with B. t. taurus cattle and with B. grunniens (yak) and 97.7% homology with Ovis aries (sheep). A molecular clock analysis revealed evidence of divergent adaptive evolution of the ATP1A1 gene favoring climate resilience in Vechur cattle. These findings further our knowledge of the relationship between the ATP1A1 gene and heat tolerance in phenotypically incongruent animals. We propose that ATP1A1 could be used in marker assisted selection (MAS) for heat tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]