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A captive population of California yellowtail ( Seriola lalandi) was used to document spawning patterns, including measures of egg production, population fecundity and egg and larval quality from 2007 to 2010. Spawned eggs were also used to document larval development and to develop rearing techniques for aquaculture in the region. Broodstock growth and condition factor were best when feeding rations were maintained at 10-15% body weight week−1 during the warm summer months. A winter ration based on satiation feeding was typically 4% body weight week−1. During the 4-year study period, the only broodstock health issue was an infestation by the parasitic gill fluke Zeuxapta seriolae, which was readily treated. Spawning occurred naturally in the 140 m3 tank when the ambient water temperature reached 16°C and ended when the temperature exceeded 22°C. Egg production reached a maximum in 2010 when 43 spawn events were recorded from a pool of nine females yielding 36.8 million eggs in total. The average female size at this time was 20 kg, which equated to a total annual population fecundity of approximately 226 000 eggs kg−1 female year−1. Larval rearing trials yielded survival rates as high as 5.8% from egg to 50 days post-hatch (dph). Successful larval culture methods included the addition of algae paste for green water culture, rotifers (20 rotifers mL−1) at 2 dph and Artemia (5 Artemia mL−1) at 6 dph. Larvae were transferred from the incubation tank at 10 dph to a shallower tank with 33% greater surface area to accommodate the larvae's strong orientation to surface waters. This research represents the first documentation of successful spawning and larval rearing for S. lalandi in the eastern Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larval rearing performance of California yellowtail ( Seriola lalandi) and white seabass ( Atractoscion nobilis) was compared between larvae fed taurine-supplemented rotifers ( Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia ( Artemia franciscana) and control groups fed live feeds with no taurine enhancement. Results from the S. lalandi trial demonstrated that when fed taurine-supplemented rotifers, survival was significantly higher than the control group (20.1% vs. 9.1%, P < 0.01) as was notochord length (5.43 mm vs. 5.13 mm, P < 0.005). No larval performance differences were detected between experimental and control treatments of A. nobilis. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that taurine concentrations were significantly elevated in both S. lalandi (23.7 vs. 2.7 mg g−1, P < 0.001) and A. nobilis (33.0 vs. 21.0 mg g−1, P < 0.005) when live feeds were supplemented with taurine. Results suggest that taurine is a limiting nutrient in the larviculture of S. lalandi but may not be for A. nobilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on methods to reduce bacterial loads in the larval culture tanks of California yellowtail ( Seriola lalandi). We conducted two trials to evaluate methods to minimize bacterial loads in the larval rearing water. The first trial examined the use of bentonite clay as a turbidity agent to replace algae in a green water-type environment. This trial consisted of three treatments: (1) clay with continuous feeding ( CCO), (2) clay with batch feedings ( CBA) and (3) algae paste with batch feedings ( ALG). The results showed that both clay treatments had significantly fewer Vibrio colonies in the water column ( CBA - 180 ± 78; CCO - 377 ± 120 CFU mL−1) than the ALG treatment (5692 ± 2396 CFU mL−1) after 14 days of culture. Survival was significantly higher in the CCO treatment (14.1 ± 2.6%) than either the CBA (2.3 ± 0.5%) or ALG treatments (2.8 ± 1.5%). The second trial attempted to limit bacterial loading in the larval culture tank by passively transferring the larvae into an adjacent, clean tank at 1, 5 and 9 days post hatch during the first 2 weeks of culture. The results from this trial showed that after 12 days of culture, water in the transfertank had fewer Vibrio colonies (1025 ± 541 CFU mL−1) than the water in the control tanks (1962 ± 1415 CFU mL−1). Also, survival was significantly higher among larvae that were transferred (43.9 ± 13.5%) than in the control tanks (23.1 ± 6.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface disinfection trials were performed on eggs from three marine finfish species: California yellowtail (CYT; Seriola lalandi), white seabass (WSB; Atractoscion nobilis) and California halibut (HA; Paralichthys californicus). All three species were spawned from captive populations maintained at the Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI). Five disinfection treatments were used for each species; Treatment 1 included 100 mg L−1 of formalin (F100) for 60 min (current HSWRI treatment), Treatment 2 included 1000 mg L−1 of formalin for 15 min (F1000), Treatment 3 included povidone-iodine of 50 mg L−1 for 15 min (PI50), Treatment 4 included povidone-iodine of 100 mg L−1 for 10 min (PI100) and Treatment 5 involved a control with no chemical treatment (CONT). For each treatment, the per cent egg hatching rate, per cent survival to first feeding and notochord length at the time of hatching to the nearest 0.1 mm were recorded. Bacteria were also cultured from eggs after treatment to determine the effectiveness of each treatment in reducing the bacterial counts (CFU mL−1). Treatments F100, F1000 and CONT yielded the highest hatch rates for each species (70-80%), whereas treatments PI50 and PI100 yielded the lowest hatch rates (0-2%). There were no significant differences in survival to first feeding or notochord length, which suggests that the disinfection treatments did not have a negative effect on the yolk sac larvae. The PI50 and PI100 treatments had the lowest bacterial colony counts, showing almost zero bacterial growth. The highest bacterial growth occurred in the F100, F1000 and CONT treatments. Based on the results from this study, the F100 treatment provided the best balance of disinfection and larval health for CYT, WSB and HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pelagic fish species, studying reproductive behaviour and spawning dynamics is challenging. In culture scenarios, these parameters are difficult to investigate for broadcast spawners such as Seriola. Hubbs‐SeaWorld Research Institute has been culturing California yellowtail (S. dorsalis) since 2003 and now it is poised to become one of the first commercial offshore aquaculture marine finfish species in Southern California. Brood fish are typically kept in large tanks and spawn volitionally throughout the spawning season. This method is successful in yielding a consistent supply of eggs; however, it limits the understanding of spawning group dynamics or individual brood fish contribution, information that will be important to scaling production to commercial levels. In this study, genetic‐based offspring parentage analyses were used to evaluate captive spawning dynamics in S. dorsalis over two consecutive spawning seasons. The analyses determined that typically one female released eggs during a spawning event, compared with an average of six males who released milt during these same spawning events. Notably, the analyses revealed that a single female dominated spawning output in both years, participating in 63 spawning events and producing 49.7 million eggs. The largest single spawn contribution by a female was 2.5 million eggs, corresponding to a batch fecundity estimate of 110,000 eggs kg−1. The spawning interval for the most productive females was 5–6 days. Using genetic tools to characterize spawning events will help to improve breeding programme designs for S. dorsalis, and this information can serve as a proxy for estimating spawning capacities of this species in the wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]