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Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a promising cost-effective alternative for grid energy storage for renewable energy sources such as wind- and solar power. In this work, a bismuth nano-spheres and porous carbon composite (Bi-NS@C) is developed via an oleate-oriented dual-phase interfacial reaction and a molten salt calcination process. Materials characterizations suggest that the Bi-NS with a size of 20–30 nm are uniformly distributed in the sponge-like porous carbon network. Such a structure could enable a conductive network, prevent particle aggregation, shorten the ions transportation pathways, accommodate volume change and prevent the collapse of the electrode. As a result, this anode delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 106 mAh g −1 after even 1000 cycles at 0.2 A g −1 . Even at 2 A g −1 , the specific capacity of the electrode can still retain at ∼110 mAh g −1 . The remarkable electrochemical performance of the Bi-NS@C composite suggests that the as-prepared nanocomposite can simultaneously enhance the Na + ion conductivity and electronic conductivity in the charge/discharge processes, which offer guidance in anode materials design and synthesis in SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Optimum cotton stalk/carbide slag humification conditions are 250 ℃, 5:1, and 2 h. • Carbide slag can enhance the decomposition of hemicellulose and proteins. • Py-GC/MS is used to analyze the humification mechanism of biomass pyrolysis. • Maillard and Glycosamine condensation reactions are critical to form humic acid. • Humic substances exhibit excellent effects on Cd content and microbial diversity. Unlike traditional biomass composting humification, pyrolysis humification can rapidly convert waste biomass into humic substances (HSs) at lower temperatures and in an alkaline environment for soil remediation. This study utilized the strong alkaline solid waste carbide slag (CARBIDE) and cotton stalk (CS) for pyrolysis humification. The pyrolysis humification mechanism and effect of CARBIDE and CS were investigated using FT-IR, NMR, and Py-GC/MS. Furthermore, the ability of HSs to remediate cadmium-contaminated soil (Cd-soil) was assessed through soil property analysis, pot tests, and microbial diversity studies. The results showed that humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) had the highest yield of 19 % and 5 %, respectively, among the humic substances (HS-CS&CA) produced under the conditions of 250 ℃, reaction time of 2 h and mass ratio of CS to CARBIDE of 5: 1. At 250 ℃, CARBIDE changed the heat transfer mechanism of biomass, promoted the decomposition of more hemicellulose and protein, promoted the Deamination, Ketonization and Maillard reaction, and synthesized more HAs. HS-CS&CA had a significant remediation effect on Cd-soil. The immobilization rate of Cd was as high as 23 %, and the accumulation of Cd in maize was reduced by 65 %. At the same time, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Xanthomonadaceae and Bacillaceae for immobilizing Cd was increased, and the cycling effect of N and P was also enhanced. This study provides an innovative technical route for the rapid humification of CARBIDE and CS and its application in Cd-soil remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract The NA-LDH-OA-2//AC ASC device deliver a high energy density of 40.26 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 943 W kg−1, and good cycling performance. Highlights • The NA-LDH-OA ultrathin nanosheets were synthesized by two-phase solvothermal method. • Excellent cycling stability of 94.5% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. • The asymmetric supercapacitor achieved a high energy density of 40.26 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 943 W kg−1. Abstract Using sodium oleate as surfactant and intercalating agent, a regulated Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (NA-LDH-OA) nanosheets with a high interlayer space were prepared by two-phase method combined with a short reflux process and mild solvothermal reaction. In the process of electrochemical reaction, the electron transport is accelerated by the higher base spacing of the NA-LDH-OA ultrathin nanosheets. The as-prepared material exhibited a high specific capacity (1.040 C cm−2 at a current density of 1.68 mA cm−2) and good cycling performance (capacity retention of 88.25% after 2000 cycles) in a three-electrode system. Moreover, an aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was assembled using the synthesized NA-LDH-OA nanosheets as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The aqueous ASC device (NA-LDH-OA-2//AC) achieved a high energy density of 40.26 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 943 W kg−1, and a good cycling performance of 94.5% retention after 5000 cycles. These results demonstrated that the NA-LDH-OA nanosheets possess the potential for upcoming energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DBD plasma-catalysis facilitated the RWGS reaction at low temperature. • LCNCO and LCNFO perovskite-derived bimetallic catalysts showed superior activity. • Ni-(Cu, Fe) alloys with smaller particle size promoted H 2 activation and spillover. • Higher oxygen vacancies of LCNCO and LCNFO facilitated selective formation of CO. Reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction is one of the most promising and feasible CO 2 utilization strategy to generate CO, which together with renewable H 2 could be employed for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In this study, RWGS over La 0.9 Ce 0.1 B 0.5 B' 0.5 O 3-δ perovskite-derived bimetallic (Ni-Cu, Ni-Fe and Fe-Cu) catalysts as well as the corresponding Cu-, Ni- and Fe-based monometallic catalyst were investigated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-catalysis system. The result demonstrated that the plasma-catalysis system is of great potential in promoting RWGS reaction at low temperature and atmospheric pressure. Among different catalysts, La 0.9 Ce 0.1 Ni 0.5 Cu 0.5 O 3-δ (LCNCO) and La 0.9 Ce 0.1 Ni 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3-δ (LCNFO) exhibited higher catalytic performance in terms of CO 2 conversion (27.3–53.7% for LCNCO and 26.8–51.4% for LCNFO) and CO selectivity (59.4–94.9% for LCNCO and 58.0–91.8% for LCNFO). Their superior performance should be attributed to the formation of Ni-(Cu, Fe) alloy with smaller particle size, which facilitated the activation of H 2 and its spillover to nearby oxygen vacancies. In addition, the abundant oxygen vacancies of LCNCO and LCNFO provided sufficient active sites for CO 2 adsorption, promoting the selective dissociation of CO 2 to CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -NH 2 loaded enzyme can improve the activity and stability of the enzymes. • Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -NH 2 can prolong the action time of enzyme in sludge dewatering. • Immobilized enzyme promoted organic degradation and acted as a hydrophobic channel. • Immobilized enzyme is conductive to enhance the dewaterability of sludge. Enzymes have important advantages in sludge dewatering, but their catalytic performance is limited by their poor activity and stability. To address this issue, we develop a series of immobilized enzymes (immobilized acid protease, IE 1; immobilized pectinase, IE 2; immobilized laccase, IE 3) prepared by the electrostatic interaction between the Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -NH 2 as immobilized carrier and the free enzyme, and used for sludge dewatering. As-obtained immobilized enzymes endowed high efficiency and stable sludge dewatering performance in a wide pH range, and had the best dewatering performance when the pH was 5. Specifically, the specific resistance filtration (SRF) performance of the immobilized enzyme at pH 5 was better than that of the control group, and the order was FE 3, 3.84 × 1013 m kg−1 > FE 1, 2.52 × 1013 m kg−1 > CL 1, 2.16 × 1013 m kg−1 > CL 2, 1.34 × 1013 m kg−1 > FE 2, 2.06 × 1013 m kg−1 > IE 2, 0.89 × 1013 m kg−1 > IE 1, 0.82 × 1013 m kg−1 > IE 3, 0.73 × 1013 m kg−1. Such improvement is attributed to two respects: Firstly, the immobilized enzyme has good activity, stability, and abundant functional groups on the surface, which is conducive to the attachment and continuous decomposition of organic matter. Secondly, the solid immobilized carrier can construct the skeleton structure in situ and effectively promote the release of water in sludge. This study provides a feasible way for the practical application of biological enzyme in sludge dewatering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new method for preparation of HA-K by alkali quenching of sludge was proposed. • Chlorination roasting and quenching can control the pore structure of carbon. • The specific capacitance of the prepared N, O porous carbon is 395F g−1. • This study provides a new idea for the harmless and resource utilization of sludge. Municipal sludge (MS) pyrolysis is often used to produce carbon materials for supercapacitors, however, the conventional heating process limits the improvement of its performance. In this paper, a facile method for the preparation of potassium humate (HA-K) by co-pyrolysis of MS and alkali was proposed for the first time, and then it was mixed with sodium chloride for roasting and quenching to obtain high performance HA-K carbon materials for supercapacitors. Compared with the electrode without chlorination roast quenching, the sample of HA-K-650-M−Q (the sample calcined at 650°C and quenched at 200°C) exhibited higher specific capacitance (395F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and enhanced energy density (32.28 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 2805 W kg−1). After 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1, the capacitance retention rate reached 87%. This remarkable performance is due to its proper N- and O- self-doping and hierarchical porous geometry, which fundamentally promotes mass and charge transfer in the reaction. Therefore, this study provides a feasible method to solve the problem of sludge value-added and design suitable for the practical application of carbon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A universal approach for the preparation of hexagonal ring-like LDH was proposed. • A series of hexagonal ring-like LDH were synthesized by a universal NaOA-assisted TTS method. • The formation mechanism of nanoring was systematically studied. • As-prepared ring-like CoAlNi LDH exhibited enhanced supercapacitor performance than that of the plate-like LDHs. Hexagonal ring-like structure of ternary-component layered double hydroxide (LDH) could be promising materials for advanced energy storage and conversion systems. However, it is still a great challenge to present a universal and cost-effective approach to fabricate ternary-component LDH nanomaterials with ring-like micro-/nano-structure. In this work, a universal sodium oleate (NaOA)-assisted two-step two-phase solvothermal (TTS) method is developed to synthesize hexagonal ring-like structure of ternary-component LDH nanomaterials. This strategy is generic for synthesis of ring-like LDHs with different element components, such as CoAlNi, MgAlNi, and MgAlCo. The formation mechanism of nanorings constructed by TTS method is further systematically studied, which can be ascribed to the dissolution-recrystallization process driven by the solubility product of different reactant and Ostwald ripening effect. The ring-like CoAlNi LDH exhibited enhanced supercapacitor performance with a specific capacitance of 1339.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Its asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibited high energy density (50.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1) and stable cycling performance (about 82.2% capacitance retention over 3000 cycles). All of the electrochemical results of ring-like CoAlNi LDH are superior to that of pristine CoAlNi LDH nanosheets. The present work makes a significant contribution to the design and synthesis of ternary-component LDH with a unique hexagonal ring-like nano-architecture, as well as their potential applications in electrochemical energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]