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Among the applications enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT), continuous health monitoring system is a particularly important one. Wearable sensor devices used in IoT health monitoring system have been generating an enormous amount of data on a continuous basis. The data generation speed of IoT sensor devices is very high. Hence, the volume of data generated from the IoT-based health monitoring system is also very high. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a scalable three-tier architecture to store and process such huge volume of wearable sensor data. Tier-1 focuses on collection of data from IoT wearable sensor devices. Tier-2 uses Apache HBase for storing the large volume of wearable IoT sensor data in cloud computing. In addition, Tier-3 uses Apache Mahout for developing the logistic regression-based prediction model for heart diseases. Finally, ROC analysis is performed to identify the most significant clinical parameters to get heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dataset is created using velocities of wheels and distance of obstacle from AMR. • The left and right turn of AMR is framed as a two class problem. • The parameters of the proposed algorithm are updated by SGD optimization technique. • The proposed algorithm provides better results with other existing algorithms. In this paper, a novel approach based on Machine Learning (ML) concept, i.e., the Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Descent Linear Regression (ASGDLR) algorithm, is developed to segregate an AMR's directional movement as right and left turn. Moreover, the developed algorithm is employed for path planning and navigational purposes. Here, real-time velocities of the right and left wheel and distance from obstacle data have been acquired by two Infrared (IR) sensors and one Ultrasonic (US) sensor positioned on the AMR. The weights of the proposed ASGDLR model are iteratively updated by applying Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimization technique by considering the difference between the actual velocity and model output velocity as an error signal. For the performance analysis of the proposed algorithm, three different performance indices, such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), have been evaluated. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is compared with six different AI-based regression algorithms for validation purposes. Moreover, the performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated for both obstacle avoidance and path planning in dense and cluttered environments. The simulation findings indicate that our proposed algorithm can accomplish tasks more efficiently than others while eliminating their shortcomings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous vehicles are the latest engineering research sensations. The development of these needs the collaboration of studies in the automotive and artificial intelligence domains. Self-driving cars face a slew of security issues when left on their own without human supervision. However, the massive volumes of data required for vehicle operation can't be processed rationally by humans. This is where modern intelligence systems can help. They can facilitate clear decision-making regarding the state of the systems. A unique technique based on Machine Learning (ML) procedures is proposed in this paper. Two cluster models have been constructed and coupled with three Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) models based on Demand-Side Management (DSM). These models are integrated to determine the optimal operating time, stability, and management model. Data from the previous three years have been used in this study. The results show that the proposed CNN and cluster 2 models are the best for energy optimization. The best thing is that this real-time model can meet the demands of large traffic. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While deep learning models are thought to be resistant to random perturbations, it has been demonstrated that these architectures are vulnerable to deliberately crafted perturbations, albeit being quasi-imperceptible. These vulnerabilities make it challenging to deploy Deep Neural Network (DNN) models in security-critical areas. Recently, many research studies have been conducted to develop defense techniques enabling more robust models. In this paper, we target detecting adversarial samples by differentiating them from their clean equivalents. We investigate various metrics for detecting adversarial samples. We first leverage moment-based predictive uncertainty estimates of DNN classifiers derived through Monte-Carlo (MC) Dropout Sampling. We also introduce a new method that operates in the subspace of deep features obtained by the model. We verified the effectiveness of our approach on different datasets. Our experiments show that these approaches complement each other, and combined usage of all metrics yields 99 % ROC-AUC adversarial detection score for well-known attack algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, incorporating advanced machine learning techniques into intrusion detection systems (IDSs) plays a crucial role in securing mobile edge computing systems. However, the mobility demands of our modern society require more advanced IDSs to make a good trade-off between coping with the rapid growth of traffic data and responding to attacks. Thus, in this paper, we propose a lightweight distributed IDS that exploits the advantages of centralized platforms to train and learn from large amounts of data. We investigate the benefits of two promising bio-inspired optimization algorithms, namely Ant Lion Optimization and Ant Colony Optimization, to find the optimal data representation for the classification process. We use Deep Forest as a classifier to detect intrusive actions more robustly and generate as few false positives as possible. The experiment results show that the proposed approach can enhance the reliability of lightweight intrusion detection systems in terms of accuracy and execution time. [Display omitted] • Hybrid learning model has benefits in supporting intrusion detection in mobile edge computing. • Deep Forest is effective in strengthening attack detection predictability of IDSs in mobile edge computing. • Bio-inspired optimization algorithms improve the classification process. • The employed strategy enhances attack recognition of IDSs to deal with different threats in mobile edge computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Message passing is a class of extremely powerful distributed iterative algorithms based on probabilistic graphic model, in which little computation performed per iteration on minimal data structure. As a prototypical message-passing algorithm, belief propagation (BP) algorithm has wide applications in various fields of coding theory, machine learning and combinatorial optimization. Due to its distributed and iterative nature, BP algorithm can run effectively and fast on large data networks. In this paper, we study the behavior of Min-Sum BP algorithm for the capacitated directed Chinese postman problem (CDCP). We derive the iterative process of message passing for solving CDCP. As the main result, for any weighted digraph G of size n , if the weight on each edge is nonnegative integral, then our algorithm converges to the optimal solution of CDCP after O (w ∗ n 2) iterations, provided that CDCP has a unique optimal solution, where w ∗ = max { w e : e ∈ E (G) }. [Display omitted] • Message passing is a class of extremely powerful distributed iterative algorithms based on probabilistic graphic model. • Due to its distributed and iterative nature, belief propagation (BP) algorithm can run effectively and fast on large data networks. • BP-based algorithms can also run fast on a large data network in synchronous circumstances. • Min-Sum BP algorithm could converge to the optimal solution of the capacitated directed Chinese postman problem after O (w m a x n 2) iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The combination of mobile devices and edge computing reduces the total computing overhead and makes resource allocation reasonable. • Evaluate system performance by the weighted sum of delay and energy consumption. • Change the parameter update method to accelerate the convergence speed of the deep reinforcement learning algorithm. • A neural network is used to approximate the behavior value function, and a target q network is used to update the target. With the arrival of the 5th generation mobile networks (5 G) era, the data needed by mobile devices (MDs) is explosively growing. High-consumption, low-latency applications are huge challenges for resource-constrained Internet of things (IoT) devices. Mobile edge computing overcomes the limitations of computing resources on MDs by offloading tasks generated by MDs and assigning them to nearby MEC servers. Therefore, mobile edge computing (MEC) becomes important. This paper presents a task offloading strategy for the multi-device multi-server system. To meet the task requirements of different MDs, we formulate an overhead minimization problem to optimize the delay and energy consumption of the system. We propose the Double Deep Q Network (Double-DQN) algorithm to perform location selection strategies for tasks generated on the mobile devices and allocate respective computing resources. Simulation results show that the algorithm can allocate resources reasonably and reduce the overhead of the entire system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Visually evoked potentials (VEPs) originate from the occipital cortex and have long been used as a reliable indicator for vision impairments by ophthalmologists. Any abnormalities in the visual pathways of a person can be diagnosed by analyzing these responses. The amplitudes and latency of VEP responses have been traditionally used for the diagnosis of vision impairments. This paper proposes new ways in which to analyze VEP responses by investigating the time and frequency domain characteristics of the signals. The single trial VEP’s are decomposed into six different frequency bands; delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma1 and gamma2, using digital elliptic filters. Statistical features are extracted from the decomposed VEP’s and are analyzed using student two tailed t-test and box plot analysis. Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation neural network (LMBP) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) algorithms are employed for the discrimination of vision impairment. The proposed method gives promising classification accuracy ranging from 90.90% to 96.89%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Artificial neural networks are some kind of data processing systems, which try to simulate features of the human brain and its learning process. So, they are widely used by researchers to solve different problems in optimization, classification, pattern recognition, associative memory and control. In this paper, an educational tool, which can be used to work on different kinds of neural network models and learn fundamentals of the artificial neural network, is described. At this point, the whole tool environment provides an advanced system to ensure mentioned functions. The developed system supports using MLP, LVQ and SOM models and related learning algorithms. It employs some visual, interactive tools, which enable users to compose their own neural networks and work on the developed networks easily. By using these tools, users can also understand and learn working mechanism of a typical artificial neural network, using features of different models and related learning algorithms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A cross-layer parallel attention network is proposed to further refine the semantic information of the high-level fusion features and the fine-grained information of the low-level fusion features. • A multiscale perception module is proposed to improve the robustness of the network to object scale change. • An effective anchor box allocation strategy is proposed to detect small objects at the low-level feature maps. • Our model can achieve mAP of 88.1% on the GDUT-HWD dataset and mAP of 80.5% on the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset respectively. To solve the problem of low accuracy in existing safety helmet detection methods, a novel object detection algorithm based on Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD) is proposed in this paper. The algorithm uses the spatial attention mechanism for low-level features and the channel attention mechanism for high-level features, this cross-layer attention mechanism can further refine the feature information of the object region. The proposed detection algorithm introduces a feature pyramid and multiscale perception module to improve its robustness to object scale change. In addition, an effective anchor box adaptive adjustment method is designed to adaptively adjust the scale distribution of each layer of the anchor boxes based on the feature map size. Experiment results demonstrate that our detection model has mean Average Precision (mAP) of 88.1% and 80.5% on helmet dataset and VOC 2007 dataset respectively, which is better than baseline by 15.65% and 3.4%. The network framework of CASP detection algorithm for safety helmet-wearing detection. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new paradigm of IoT monitoring using sonar sensors and microphones is studied as a contactless alternative to the traditional devices for sleep disorders in this paper. A pair of sonar sensors are used to measure the distance from the bottom and side of the body to the bedside respectively, and the basic posture of the human body during sleep can be inferred by using machine learning. When a person sleeps still, two streams of sonar signals from two adjacent sides remain unchanged. Any movement would disrupt the stationary sonar streams. Hence it could be detected as change of posture from lying still. Different sonar patterns could be recognized as specific sleeping postures by some non-linear machine learning model. This simple and novel solution could potentially be used as an alternative or supplementary to video analytics which can feedback to the user about their sleeping pattern. A new data transformation method namely Kennard-stone Balance (KSB) algorithm is also proposed for simplifying the data streams and enhancing the accuracy of the machine learning model. Simulation results show the feasibility of this sonar method, and KSB is able to improve the pattern recognition performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instance selection is an important problem in medical data mining. It focuses on selecting representative data samples from a given training set, whereas unrepresentative (or noisy) data samples are filtered out. This reduces the size of the training set, which then requires less storage space. In addition, when the instance selection algorithm was carefully chosen, a reduction in the training set so that it contains less noisy data can usually make the classifiers perform better than the ones without considering instance selection. In the literature, many instance selection algorithms have been proposed. However, different algorithms tend to use different criteria to determine the noisy data, making it difficult to find the best algorithm for different domain datasets. In other words, some algorithms may perform better than the others for some specific domain datasets, but may perform worse than others over other domain datasets. Instead of developing a novel algorithm that performs better than most other algorithms, this paper introduces a divide-and-conquer based instance selection (DCIS) framework that aims to improve the performance of each specific instance selection algorithm per se. Two well-known algorithms, i.e., DROP3 and IB3, are used as the baseline, and various small and large scale medical datasets are used in the experiments. Our results show that when DROP3 and IB3 are used to perform instance selection based on the DCIS framework, there is an improvement in the performance of the k-NN and SVM classifiers over the ones by the DROP3 and IB3 baselines, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A comprehensive classification of VANET clustering algorithms: strength and weakness. • Intelligence-based VANET clustering including machine learning and fuzzy logic. • The distinction between vehicle mobility as well as network mobility strategies. • A detail study of VANET multi-hop clustering strategies. Clustering is an important concept in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) where several vehicles join to form a group based on common features. Mobility-based clustering strategies are the most common in VANET clustering; however, machine learning and fuzzy logic algorithms are also the basis of many VANET clustering algorithms. Some VANET clustering algorithms integrate machine learning and fuzzy logic algorithms to make the cluster more stable and efficient. Network mobility (NEMO) and multi-hop-based strategies are also used for VANET clustering. Mobility and some other clustering strategies are presented in the existing literature reviews; however, extensive study of intelligence-based, mobility-based, and multi-hop-based strategies still missing in the VANET clustering reviews. In this paper, we presented a classification of intelligence-based clustering algorithms, mobility-based algorithms, and multi-hop-based algorithms with an analysis on the mobility metrics, evaluation criteria, challenges, and future directions of machine learning, fuzzy logic, mobility, NEMO, and multi-hop clustering algorithms. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]