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The Internet of Things (IoT) is constantly evolving. The variety of IoT applications has caused new demands to emerge on users' part and competition between computing service providers. On the one hand, an IoT application may exhibit several important criteria, such as deadline and runtime simultaneously, and it is confronted with resource limitations and high energy consumption on the other hand. This has turned to adopting a computing environment and scheduling as a fundamental challenge. To resolve the issue, IoT applications are considered in this paper as a workflow composed of a series of interdependent tasks. The tasks in the same workflow (at the same level) are subject to priorities and deadlines for execution, making the problem far more complex and closer to the real world. In this paper, a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing algorithm (PSO–SA) is used for prioritizing tasks and improving fitness function. Our proposed method managed the task allocation and optimized energy consumption and makespan at the fog-cloud environment nodes. The simulation results indicated that the PSO–SA enhanced energy and makespan by 5% and 9% respectively on average compared with the baseline algorithm (IKH-EFT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, cloud computing technology has attracted the attention of many researchers. According to the needs of users to quickly execute requests and provide quality services, optimal allocation of resources and timing of task execution between virtual machines in cloud computing are of great importance. One of the important challenges that cloud service providers face is the effective management of resources by physical infrastructure. Therefore, in this paper, an autonomous system based on the Clipped Double Deep Q-Learning (CDDQL) Algorithm and the meta-heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for resource allocation is proposed in the Fog-cloud computing infrastructure. The PSO algorithm is used to prioritize the tasks and CDDQL is used as the core of the autonomous system (Auto-CDDQL) to allocate the desired VM resources to the tasks. The proposed Auto-CDDQL is implemented in the Fog and performs this process autonomously. By evaluating the results, it was observed that the amount of Make Span, response time, task completion, resource utilization, and energy consumption rate in the proposed AutoCDDQL on the c-hilo dataset, compared to the FCFS, RR, and PBTS methods, are significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]