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The article offers information on the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association focused on fiscal policy that was held on August 2011 in Washington, D.C. It mentions that taxation is an important determinant of the scope of government. It presents information on the decision-making during fiscal stress related to various states.

This paper makes three key contributions to debates surrounding the effectiveness of democratic innovation, deliberation, and participation in representative political systems. In the first instance we argue that more attention should be paid to the role that participation actually plays in governance. We show that the burgeoning literature on democratic institutional design often neglects concern about the outcomes and effect of these designs on more traditional representative fora, at the expense of concerns about their internal procedures. Secondly we argue that despite limitations, replicable systematic comparison of the effects of institutional design is both necessary and possible even at the national level. We present a qualitative comparative analysis of 31 cases of National Public Policy Conferences (NPPCs) in Brazil. Finally, we show that popular deliberative assemblies that vary in their familiarity and their policy area of interest, and that organize their structure and sequence deliberation in different ways can be associated with differential effects on both option analysis and option selection stages of the policy process respectively. The paper proceeds by critically reviewing the relevant literature, presenting the data and describing its operationalization before explaining the different associations between NPPC designs and their effects on legislative activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social information, defined as information about what others have done, are doing or will be doing in future, is a powerful motivator of pro-social behaviour. However there is little research on the role of social information on volunteering, where work has instead examined socio-economic and demographic correlates, the role of personal networks and barriers to participation. In this paper we examine the effect of leader and peer endorsement as forms of social information where such endorsement provides a signal to others that these people value the activity and sets an example that others could emulate. The paper presents the results of a field experiment carried out in the autumn of 2013, which examined the effect of different forms of endorsement on volunteering activity amongst 100,000 students in five UK universities. We compare the effect on volunteering rates of politician, celebrity and peer endorsement from named people who have engaged in volunteering compared with a control group that has no such endorsement. We examine outcome measurements of click-throughs to volunteering unit websites, attendance at volunteering training, registration with volunteering units, and results from an all-student survey seven weeks after the original e-mails. We find student endorsements reduce click-throughs. There are treatment effects for endorsement by politicians on subsequent training. We find heterogeneity in treatment effects for registration and training, with both negative and positive effects of celebrity endorsements. Overall, we find some support for the provision of leader and celebrity endorsement, but confirm negative effects for peer endorsement in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about Eric Voegelin's treatment of common sense philosophy is presented, which was prepared for presentation at the 2012 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 30-September 2, 2012. The paper discusses topics including Voegelin's book "On The Form of the American Mind" and the role of common sense philosophy in Southern Agrarianism.

A conference paper about medieval female representation in the writings of philosopher Christine de Pizan, which is to be presented at the 2012 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 30, 2012. The paper discusses Pizan's "Book of the Body Politic," "Book of the City of Ladies," and "Treasure of the City of Ladies."

A conference paper about U.S.-China conflict due to Taiwan is presented which was discussed at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, from August 30-September 2, 2012. The paper discusses topics including China's emerging global influence in the post-Cold War era and the U.S. involvement in the Taiwan Strait conflict.

A conference paper about religious experience is presented which was discussed at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in New Orleans, Louisiana, from August 30-September 1, 2012. The paper discusses topics including philosopher Eric Voegelin's essay "Experience and its Symbolization in History," multiplicity of religious symbols, and Bernard Lonergan's philosophy of consciousness.

A conference paper about militarized conflict in the cross-strait relations is presented which was prepared for presentation at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, from August 30-September 2, 2012. The paper discusses topics including the U.S.-China-Taiwan triangular relationships and the alliance-like arrangement between Taiwan and the U.S.

A conference paper about the fall of Labour governments in Great Britain is presented which was discussed at the American Political Science Association's Annual Meeting, in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2012. The paper discusses topics including the degeneration and fall of governments and the book "How Tory Governments Fall: The Tory Party in Power since 1783, " edited by Anthony Seldon.

A conference paper about democracy and defense policy in Brazil is presented which was prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, from August 30-September 2, 2012. The paper discusses topics including goals of Brazil's foreign policy, Brazil's civilmilitary relations, and the role of the Brazilian legislature in defense issues.

A conference paper about development of the right to privacy in the U.S. is presented which is to be discussed at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Seattle, Washington, in September 2011. The paper focuses on topics including Supreme Court cases involving privacy, NAACP v. Alabama, Griswold v. Connecticut, and Meyer v. State of Nebraska.

A conference paper about process tracing (PT) is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, in Seattle, Washington, from September 1-4, 2011. The paper discusses topics including the logic of process tracing, through which scholars can empirically evaluate ideational theories and the importance of careful and explicit reasoning with causal-process evidence about ideas.

A conference paper about three variants of process tracing (PT) methods is presented which is prepared for presentation at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Seattle, Washington, in September 2011. The paper discusses topics including PT in political science and the treatment of PT as a single method

A conference paper about human rights and the war on terror by the U.S. is presented which is prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, in Seattle, Washington, on September 2, 2011. The paper focuses on topics including the psychological, social, and cultural dimensions of norm violation during the War on Terror and the controversy surrounding America's treatment of detainees.

A conference paper about integration in the European Union (EU) is presented which is to be discussed at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, in Seattle, Washington, on September 2, 2011. The paper focuses on topics including future of the EU, the relationship between widening and deepening in the EU, and OECD Economic Survey of the EU.

A conference paper about the island societies of Polynesia during the 19th century is presented which is prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, in Seattle, Washington, on September 2, 2011. The paper focuses on topics including state building in Hawaii and Tonga and small island societies.

A conference paper about protests in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1960s is presented which is to be discussed at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, in Seattle, Washington, on September 2, 2011. The paper focuses on topics including mass media culture, political protests, and compelling personalities in their news coverage.

A conference paper about contemporary Canadian feminists is presented which is prepared for presentation at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association from September 3-6, 2009 in Toronto, Ontario. The paper discusses topics including the role of feminist movement in Canadian society, the findings of the 2008 Young Feminist in Canada Survey, and feminist identification in the post-feminist era.

A conference paper about public use of scientific information in understanding and evaluating environmental policy is presented which is prepared for presentation at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association from September 3-6, 2009 in Toronto, Ontario. The paper discusses topics including limitation of science in policy formation and the use of science in creating environmental policy.

A conference paper about neoliberal ideologies is presented which is prepared for presentation at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association from September 3-6, 2009 in Toronto, Ontario. The paper discusses topics including neoliberal urbanism, cities as targets for right-winged think tanks starting in the late 1970s, and New York under Rudolph Giuliani.

A conference paper about state resistance to federal mandates in the U.S. is presented which is prepared for presentation at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association from September 3-6, 2009 in Toronto, Ontario. The paper discusses topics including federal preemption of state and local authority, balance of power between Washington D.C. and the hinterlands, and contemporary federalism.

A conference paper about the citizenship of felons is presented which is prepared for presentation at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association from September 3-6, 2009 in Toronto, Ontario. The paper discusses topics including the punitive policy designs directed at felons, felon disenfranchisement, and the determinants of states circumscribing assistance to drug felons.

This paper addresses the role of communication in the relationship between the early and contemporary presidency. I argue that the democratic values associated with the early presidency were more compatible with communication than previous accounts suggest. Early ideas about the American presidency created conflicting ideas about the role of the president, suggesting that the president should act as both a patriotic statesman and a partisan politician. The example of Andrew Jackson illustrates how presidents relied on both roles in communications in order to justify their actions. The paper then reexamines the changes to the presidency during the Progressive era, finding that a combination of political context and political values informed Theodore Roosevelt's contribution to developing a third rhetorical role for the president, that of moral reformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Falintil is presented which is to be delivered at the American Political Science Association Conference, in Toronto, Ontario, on September 2-6, 2009. The paper discusses findings of the research funded by Toyota Foundation's Southeast Asian Studies Regional Exchange Program (SEASREP) that examined the policy and the corresponding impact on identity of the integration/insertion programs involving the MNLF and the Falintil.

A conference paper about political participation in Mexico is presented which is prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Conference, in Toronto, Ontario, on September 2-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the transformation of Mexico from a one-party authoritarian regime to a multiparty competitive democracy, and the influence of political opportunities and constraints on political participation.

A conference paper about international political regimes is presented which is prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Conference, in Toronto, Ontario, on September 2-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including hybrid regimes, the distinction between democratic and non-democratic political regimes, and the role of central actors in the domestic politics of a state.

A conference paper about the changing Chinese perceptions of the international order is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the term century of humiliation, China's involvement in the international system, and China's political and intellectual elites.

A conference paper about the securitization of migration in Malaysia is presented which is to be discussed at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including civilian volunteer corps called Ikatan Relawan Rakyat or Rela, the Malaysian government's immigration policies, and Malaysia's response to transnational migration.

A conference paper about United Nations' (UN) sanctions is presented which is to be discussed at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) and a comparison of traditional UN sanctions with the sanctions embodied in the KPCS.

A research paper on the phenomenon of misplaced certainty is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the role of certainty in conflict logics and affective roots of misplaced certainty to improve understanding of spirals and appeasement.

A conference paper about trade and financial regionalism in East Asia is presented which is to be discussed at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including regional institutions in East Asia, East Asia's financial and monetary cooperation, and the role of China, Korea and Japan, in defining the regional economic architecture.

A conference paper about the security strategies of transnational private organizations is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including international relations (IR) and five general strategic orientations that organizations can adopt in order to generate security for themselves.

A conference paper about economic crises is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the relationship between the state and market actors, state capacity to manage market fluctuations and bargain effectively with market actors, and examples from the Korean and Argentina experiences in the 1990s.

A conference paper about the changing public-private divide is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the globalization of tort law, the changing public/private boundary in global governance, and North American border security.

A conference paper about currency consolidation is presented which is prepared for presentation at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the study of international monetary relations, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and the relational aspect of international monetary affairs.

Since the Cold War ended, inter-organizational cooperation is rapidly increasing in dense institutional spaces such as European security. These new inter-organizational dynamics feed back into intra-organizational relations among member states (principals) and IO secretariats and staff (agents). These IO agents have not received much attention in the literature. In this paper we ask how inter-organizational cooperation affects intra-organizational relations. Specifically, how do member states initially design principal-agent relations in this issue-area? And is there a shift of authority to the IO agents once inter-organizational cooperation unfolds? We argue that member states face an intricate effectiveness-control dilemma when designing the rules and forums of inter-organizational cooperation. Initially, member states cede as little discretion as possible to IO secretariats and staff in cooperation among security institutions. Major indicators of this control-privileging approach are the insistence on "dual consensus" and delegation to agents closest to member states in the delegation chain. However, prioritizing control risks undermining the effectiveness of cooperation. The sheer amount of veto players provokes serious collective action problems and motivates effectiveness-oriented principals and agents to work around official channels of cooperation, often relying on IO secretariats and staff to do the job principals fail to do. Those who set out to prevent agency slack might unwillingly end up with more IO autonomy. The effectiveness-control problem is most severe once inter-organizational cooperation moves from mere information exchange into joint projects. EU-NATO cooperation is most instructive in this respect. A more comprehensive paper including a case study of EU-NATO cooperation is due to follow. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines what can happen to judicial confirmations once they receive home-state senator approval and start down the road to confirmation. It begins by exploring the different ways in which judicial confirmations may be delayed once they reach the Senate. This paper then turns its attention to a key mechanism of delay, the use of ?holds? placed on confirmations once they reach the Senate floor by individual senators. This paper begins its analysis of the ?hold? by examining the historical use of holds and its present-day incarnation, and it ends by investigating all holds that have been applied to Circuit Court nominees between 1987-2002 (100th-107th Congresses), and assessing their application as well as the underlying reason for each usage. Strikingly, it finds that much of the delay and obstruction which mark the modern-day lower court confirmation process is not due to ideological opposition but rather is a function of nominees being used as bargaining tools in unrelated disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first in a larger project to estimate Congress-Administrator-President (CAP) scores, or ideal point estimates for federal cabinet secretaries, presidents, and members of congress on a common scale. In this paper, we present ideal point estimates for labor secretaries, presidents, and members of the Senate from 1991-2002. Two sets of estimates have been generated: (a) single-congress W-NOMINATE estimates with bootstrapped standard errors (Lewis and Poole 2004), and (b) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods in a Bayesian framework (Clinton, Jackman, and Rivers 2004; Martin and Quinn 2003). Administrative positions have been constructed through a content analysis of congressional testimony in which an administrator expresses a position on a bill submitted to a roll-call vote in the current Senate session. Results indicate that most labor secretaries have ideal points distinct from their appointing presidents, questioning the assumptions of much of the theoretical literature on the executive branch. Also, using the CAP scores for labor secretaries and senators, we examine the effect of secretary preferences on the allocation of distributive policy projects. We find that the distances between the labor secretary and senators of the same party (Republican) in the 107 th Congress are directly related to the amount of labor department funding allocated to the senator?s state: the further the secretary?s ideal point is from senators of her own party, the less those senators receive in labor outlays. The implications are that the preferences of unelected officials have a direct impact on policy outcomes in Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper related to the affects of government interventions on insurgency violence to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association on August 28 ? 31 2014. Topics discussed include suggestion from the U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency (COIN) Field Manual on the pillars of COIN warfare such as governance reform and development aid, and highlighting the role of grievances causes violent conflict.

A conference paper related to financial relationship between International Organizations (IOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to be presented on the 2014 Conference of the American Political Science Association. Topics discussed include publishing of the European Union (EU) legislation by the European Commission in October 2003, rally against the law organized by the trade group European Chemical Industry Council (CECIC),and expansion of the EU's power to meet democratic deficit.

A conference paper "Is Selective Exposure a Good Media Diet" is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association on August 29, 2014. Topics discussed include television (TV) as the source of media consumption for Americans, importance of TV to evaluate societal and political issue and provide cognitive templates, and evaluation of the agenda-setting effects of narrowcasting of cable and network news along with the relation between media and individual issue.

A conference paper related to the significance of women's political and social standing and public policy is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association on August 29-31, 2014. Topics discussed include theological principles related to the need for male leadership, views of Beverly LaHaye, founder of conservative women's group Concerned Women for America (CWA), on the primacy of motherhood, and understanding of motherhood by conservative women leaders.

A conference paper on understanding the power of state legislative leaders and approaches to measure their power is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Topics discussed include influence of leaders for state legislatures and Congress, use of Bayesian hierarchical model for estimating the influence of majority party leaders, and analysis on the linkages between formal institutional powers and perceived power.

A conference paper "The importance of national stereotypes in the diplomacy of Poland's rebirth, 1914-1921" is to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association on August 28-31, 2014. It talks about the prediction of revolutionary leader Józef Piłsudski regarding the collapse of the partitioning powers by the end of the First World War. It mentions the role of culture in international relations explained by British historian James Joll.

A conference paper about the U.S. Internal Revenue Code's Section 527 Obstacle to Effective Section 501(c)(4) Regulations, prepared for the 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, is presented. Topics discussed include the American Bar Association Tax Section meeting held in Washington D.C., a report by the U.S. Department of the Treasury Inspector General (TIGTA) on tax law limits, and views of IRS (Internal Revenue System) Commissioner John Koskinen on the same.

A conference paper discussing how work society effectively immunizes workers from non-workers through employment of citizenship, prepared for the American Political Science Association annual meeting 2014, is presented. Topics discussed include work of Italian philosopher Roberto Esposito on the issue, neoliberal incarnation of the work society, and impact of immigration on jobs.

A conference paper on how local reconciliation is critical to post-conflict peace-building in Northern Ireland, in the wake of the Good Friday Agreement, for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association to be held in August 2014 in Washington D.C., is presented. Topics discussed include how lack of reconciliation process impacts the peace process implementation, unionist hegemony, and problems associated with the lack of a truth commission in Northern Ireland.

A conference paper about association between neutrality and religion analogy, to be presented at the American Political Science Association's (ASPA) 2014 Annual Meeting, is presented. Topics discussed include neutralitarian liberalism, contemporary theories of religious liberty, and views expressed by American philosopher John Rawls about the issue, in his writings.

A conference paper about Aborigine constituencies in the Taiwanese Legislature, prepared for the American Political Science Association's Annual Conference to be held on August 28-31, 2014 in Washington D.C., is presented. Topics discussed include role played by representatives from aborigine reserved districts in Taiwan's politics, impact of aborigine reserved seats on aborigine communities, and the aborigine electoral system.

A conference paper about how nonverbal and verbal behaviour of politicians during a television-debate induces the candidates' short-term perceptions, presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Washington D.C. in August 2014, is presented. It highlights role played by party leaders' televised debates on an electoral campaign and a debate between Austrian politicians Werner Faymann and Hans Christian Strache.