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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the speech of the Zig-Zag magazine in relation to the city of Arica, as a collaborator in a propaganda policy of Chileanization, in the context in which Peru and Chile must prepare for the Treaty that will resolve the geopolitical and sovereignty conflict over the cities of Tacna and Arica. From this perspective, the research question is: How do the reproduction and dissemination of the Zig-Zag's photographs collaborate, and what lies behind the news regarding the city of Arica between 1910 and 1930 in the construction of the Chileanizing discourse? From this city? In this line the news and photographic images of the Zig-Zag magazine referring to the city of Arica, referred to a systematic violence towards the Peruvian population of the area, focused on the invisibility of the original inhabitants and the negative and derogatory language towards the Peruvians. Granting an exorbitant relevance: to the actions of the Chilean State in the area, to the objectivity and rationality of its political authorities to resolve the conflict with Peru, and to repeatedly expose the Chilean army as the greatest military force prepared in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses how the identity of the Europeans of the islands of Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde) was formed during the period of the Iberian Union with the aim of characterizing the traits of the island society. The fluid contacts between the islands and their oceanic environment strengthened among the islanders an attachment to the same island region made up of a population of extra-peninsular origin whose nexus was the Atlantic. This paper, which starts from the nesological approach to define the Macaronesian insular environment, supports the analysis in a broader geographic and methodological context: The Atlantic History. This study examines the principles of this discipline in relation to islands to apply its theoretical and conceptual framework to intrinsic territories in this ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has suffered the negative consequences of numerous large earthquakes (>MW 8.0) that generated equally large tsunamis. This paper analyses one of colonial Chile's least known earthquakes. The March 15th, 1657 earthquake destroyed the city of Conception and damaged infrastructure in the city of Santiago and rural properties between Quillota and Arauco. At the same time, it generated a major tsunami that destroyed everything in its path in Conception and the gulf of Arauco. This paper uses known and previously unknown first-hand colonial sources to describe scientifically this important seismic event, that closely resembles the recent February 27th, 2010, Maule earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a corpus of 33 wills written by members of the Cajamarca indigenous elite between 1565 and 1758, this paper analyses the different ways of naming this locality, taking into account its growing importance during the two centuries covered by these documents. Our results allow us to assess and develop Argouse’s (2015) proposal with data from various notaries and a wider chronological scope. Although one can observe a clear predominance of villa over pueblo during the whole seventeenth century, the lack of reference to the type of urban entity that Cajamarca was gathers momentum at the end of that period and during the eighteenth century. We interprete these data in the light of the particular changes that Cajamarca underwent regarding its urban status during the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the process of emergence of the egalitarian social movement during the period of1848-1851 in Chile. It also seeks to comprehend the causes that provoke its appearance and the alliances that took shape to put pressure toward a democratic transformation of the Chilean political scene. The findings are based on an expense analysis of primary sources and tries to understand the egalitarian demand and its contributions to the renewal of the political debate of the period. The paper seeks to propose that the egalitarian movement supported its demand in a democratic-republican conception of freedom, equality and fraternity, key aspect that has not been exposed so clearly proved in other studies, and that this movement was an essential piece of the process that manage to democratize Chilean politics at the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic history of Ecuador during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are strongly associated with the exportation of cacao to international markets. This boom generated important social, economic, political, and cultural transformations at a national level. One of these transformations was the emergence of new economic elites who disputed the prevalence of the old urban aristocracy. This paper addresses this phenomenon by analyzing the judicial process between the emerging landowner Camilo Landín and Baltazara Calderón, one of the most important Ecuadorian aristocrats of the 19th century. This process was oriented to determinate the ownership of an important portion of land. The analysis shows that, although the 19th century was a period of extensive social transformations, old aristocracies still had strong social and economic capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the two most revisited experiences of transition to socialism in the Latin American twentieth century: the Cuban Revolution and the Chilean Popular Unity government. To contrast Cuban and Chilean leftist conceptions of that period, we analyzed how the cultural magazines Casa de las Américas and La Quinta Rueda represented the agenda of the left. Based on these sources, we will discuss each government's cultural policies, the intellectual debates, the exchanges, and conflicts between the two revolutionary processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper researches the impact of Jaime Guzmán's political thought on the civic education of the Chileans in dictatorship, specifically on the gestation of the Program of Civic Education of 1982. It claims that the building of school curriculum was made from four structural notions of his political ideology: Authority, Intermediate Society, Subsidiary State and Capitalism. It concludes with a reflect on the role of the ideologization of scholar programs, the instrumentalization of the history and its consequence on the civil education of the Chilean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze in this paper the controversy over the uses of the anthropological collections that existed in both the Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology and the National Museum of Natural History, in Santiago of Chile between 1912 to 1929. We argue that debates between these museums were mainly influenced by three aspects: the quantity of pieces gathered, the storage and the physical preservation of the objects, and their public and official recognition as a scientific agency by the political authorities. By placing the disputes over objects and collections we can see the eclectic nature of the anthropology at the time and for what such debates and disagreements signified to the definition of the anthropology as a science during early decades of twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the characteristics of a sociability space in Gran Concepción under the Chilean dictatorship. Taller de Análisis Social y Sindical (TASYS), which emerged in 1978 as a meeting space and training for the world of workers. over the years, TASYS became one of the main places for resistance and local opposition to the regime of Augusto Pinochet, where it was not only a matter of organizing and educating workers and settlers, also resisting and denouncing the economic measures and repressive policies of the civil-military dictatorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory paper examines the main manifestations of political violence in the Great Concepcion during the Salvador Allende's Government and the Popular Unity especially in the few circumstances where there was result of death, what happened during municipal of 1971 and 1973 parliamentary election campaigns; in addition, characterize where there was result of death, what happened during municipal of 1971 and 1973 parliamentary election campaigns; in addition, characterize expressions of violence in the economic and educational fields. The analysis focuses on the finding of the facts and their consequences, in a time where in the society is warn manifestations of violence as a medium for the achievement of objectives of diverse nature to short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research about the Chilean military dictatorship has been heavily focused on two areas. On the one hand, repression and physical violence; and on the other hand, the events occurred in the capital city of Santiago. This has meant that issues such as the analysis of the hegemonic process of the dictatorship outside the capital are still on the preliminary phase and at a lesser extent in comparison to the investigations focused on Santiago. In the light of the foregoing, this article is to consider the hegemonic process driven by the regime of Augusto Pinochet in a regional space as the 'Greater Concepción', in Chile. Specifically, the paper will address some measures imposed by the dictatorship on its early days, with an emphasis in the study of the persuasive and disciplinary role played by the Mother's Centers, better known as CEMA Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a part of a research on the origins of anti-peronism in Argentina, this paper focuses on the position of the Democratic Union on aguinaldo (annual complementary salary), which was established two months before the 1946 elections. In the campaign, the Democratic Union tried to dispute peronist claim of "social justice" under the concept of democracy and anti-fascism, but the annoucement made by the military government left the anti-peronist coalition in an uncomfortable place between indifference and rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the political and military relationship between Santa Marta, in the Caribbean nation New Granada, and Havana, Cuba, during the independence process. These were two cities where the support for the Spanish monarchy had deep roots, and where many actions and policies were developed in order to support the King and maintain the hegemony of the Crown, along with the Cortes de Cádiz. Also, this paper explains the government's actions and responses in these cities to confront the independence process initiated by the patriots. Furthermore, there is an explanation of the fluvial, naval and land battles waged against other cities that were committed to the independence cause between 1810 and 1815. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in Argentinean right wing-nationalist political discourse of the sixties can only be explained in relation to the international Cold War-context. Thus, some fundamental concepts of Argentine nationalist political tradition were altered by the ups and downs of the international agenda. Because of this, this paper intends to trace the transformations of the nationalist political program, starting with the discursive mutations of the ideas of "Hispanism" and "Revolution". Hence, this renewed revolutionary program -even when related to inherited ideological elements of previous nationalist generations- was reinterpreted in light of new Cold War-meanings of the concept of Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyze the Spanish expedition headed by Ruy López de Villalobos, that left from New Spain in 1542. Two documents provide different points of view about the same expedition: (i) one official report, written by García Descalante Alvarado in Lisbon, in 1548; (ii) one letter, written by the Jesuit Cosme de Torres (1510-1570) from Goa (India), in 1549. The comparison of the texts shows how the rivalry between the Spanish and the Portuguese kingdoms were running at the time in the Pacific Ocean. Besides, the second document was edited during the 16th century, which reveals the discursive component in that rivalry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emperor Alfonso VII of Leon's peninsular relations were shaped by the relationship and struggles between both, the Christian realms of the inner borders, as well as those in the external borders against Islam. This paper aims to recreate the stratagems of alliance and jurisdiction over Muslim leaders in order to develop and establish jurisdiction through the use of space at the expense of the Taifa of al- Andalus. This is the case of the links established with the sovereign Sayf al-Dawla, the Zafadola of the christian chronicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the foundation of the Convent "Nuestra Señora de la Salud" in Patzcuaro, Michoacan, in 1747, noting the role of the local elite and interest in the erection of this convent for Spanish women. The monastery represents one of the strategies of this group of Spaniards to strengthen the city of Patzcuaro in the conflict with Valladolid to get the capital of the bishopric. We also discuss how the Dominican convent of Patzcuaro, came to reinforce the prestige of the most important families who held the political, economic and social power of the city in the second half of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to show, as the ethnic associations structure of the Arab community of Valparaiso helps in the process of integration into the host society. It assumes the existence of two positions on the matter. On the one hand, it is argued that associations facilitate the integration of immigrants into the host society (integration theory) and on the other hand states that the institutions created by immigrants strengthen their identity and their slow integration (enclave theory). A historical view of the subject considering aspects such as international positioning of the country of origin of communities, socio-economic developments, future prospects and number of members is suggested. It is perceived to institutions as a result of the aforementioned features and no such causal relationship established with the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the analytical record of the process of formation of the political system of the Argentine “Confederation” in the 1850s, from the specificities of San Juan province. We considered variations of San Juan political and economic integration in the national and “transcordillerano” stage. We reveal that the attempts of San Juan authorities to (re)articulated in a long-standing activity as overland trade with Chile, though not always successful, were important both to define provincial political tensions and the gravitation of the province in the political and institutional frame of the “Confederation”. So, we analyzed provincial, regional and international aspects of this process, taking into account the multiplicity of actors, resources, ideas and practices that were involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 18th century the city of Buenos Aires experienced a rapid growth in demographic and political terms that triggered a process of diversification of the spaces of the city. In 1790 the construction of a bullring in the neighborhood of Montserrat began. However, its location unleashed discussions among political actors of the time about the show and its role in social control. At the same time the residents of the square were involved in the conflict because of the negative impact that the bulls hauled to the neighborhood. The aim of this paper is to analyze the site of the Circus of bulls and the conflicts generated, to rethink the issues arising from the political, economic and demographic growth of the city from the perspective of Recreational and socio-political function and incorporate the spatial variable to the political and economic discussions of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and integrated use of slave workforce that the Society of Jesus was able to implement in the regions of the old province of Paraguay, has been repeatedly pointed out in different research work as a key factor in the economic development of the congregation. However, studies focused on the subsequent management of these Temporalities reveal a certain failure to sustain and control this structure of slave work so as to guarantee profitable results, despite some continuity in its productive organization. From a comparative perspective, this paper considers these studies so as to reconstruct demographic characteristics and the different forms of productive employment of those slaves confiscated from the Jesuits in the city of Buenos Aires, together with the particularities of their sale during the early stages of the administration of the Junta de Temporalidades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case of Joseph Thomas Acosta, indio, hechicero, is registered in a set of criminal prosecutions for heterodoxy, followed by the Justicia Real during S.XVIII in Chile, showing not only the legal practices that support these processes but also the set of signs and elements that form a common languague for witnesses, defendants and judges. This paper presents the transcription of a new process of hechicería, and throws some keys to understand the general context of phenomenology heterodox in colonial Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next paper, we will study the land takeovers in the province of Cautín between 1967 and 1973, because this province was not only one of the main centers of these conflicts, but also because it has been one of the provinces that has had a bigger attention by the researches about rural disputes in Chile during these troubled years. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Our ultimate goal is to review and reassess some of the traditional views and conceptions that exist about this protest expression and the rural disputes in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the political reform process implemented in1912 in Argentina in order to discuss some general understandings in national historiography about the scope of the reform. The analysis focuses on the province of Corrientes, the only one in which the Radicalism failed o reach power throughout the period. This paper seeks to assess the limits of reformism, strategies and mechanisms implemented by the Conservatism to stay in power despite the national political situation that presented it adverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike most Latin-American countries where collective bargaining is decentralized at the firm level, in Argentina -as well as in Brasil-, collective bargaining is centralized and carried out by a single union per activity branch. However, in Argentina these branch unions articulate themselves with a union-based representation in the shop-floor, the so called “internal commissions". The first two Peronist governments (1946-1955) are a crucial period in the development of these organisms. In this paper we study the conflicts related to the internal commissions that arose in these years in the metallurgical and the shoe industries and we analyze the rules and regulations governing the internal commissions fixed in the collective labor agreements of 1954 and the tensions that emerged in their negotiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On this work we will review some of the first revealed strategies by the Pewenche groups of Alto Bío Bío to adapt to the reductional situation, characterized for the asymmetric relation between this groups with the Chilean major society, becoming an ethnic group or native group (indigenous community). In this paper it will be characterized and exhibited both intragroup and extragroup interaction levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reconstruct the early action of the Argentine Council for Peace, local headquarters of the World Peace Council, the most important front organization supported by communism during the Cold War period. Through the itineraries of writers María Rosa Oliver and Alfredo Varela and the essayist Ernesto Giudici, key figures in the Movement for Peace in Argentina, the article analyzes the relationship between intellectuals and communist efforts after World War II, in the context of Juan Domingo Peron's government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus on the role slaves played in the city of Cartagena de Indias in the seventeenth century. It will also focus on how the city became a slave warehouse and the role they played in shaping this colonial society. Their jobs, dances, sociability and ethnic origin are presented as main characters in the shaping of this city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I answer Sergio Villalobos' review of the book Cartas Mapuche. Siglo XIX (2008), looking for explaining the rationale that underlies the silence of Villalobos about the letters themselves and his attack ab hominem to the compiler of the letters. I relate the arguments of the commented review to the reactionary ideology of certain Chilean historiography and its particular concept of "Frontier Studies", showing how this ideology defend and reproduce the historical censorship of the Chilean colonialism and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The division of government and justice in what concerns to mining in Mexico, was only possible due to two main things: the liberal discourse and a series of processes tending to burry the so called "ancient regime", despite the efforts from the latter to avoid disappearance during the XIX century. The transition, from that old order to this new one, is a process of multiple dimensions, starting from the despotic model and going through to the ideas of the creoles, and also considering the patriotic meetings, the independence, the republic, the reforms and finally the Porfirio Diaz regime. All the above led the justice administration and the function of the government, in the matter of mining, to a certain differentiation between their responsibilities, especially about the concept of sovereignty the new born country should follow. Therefore, this paper examines those questions following the norms established in mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Modernity there was formed an idea of the body centred on the regulation of the life of the population (bios) and on the "disciplinamiento" of the body of the individuals (biopoder). In the beginning of the 20th century in Argentine, in the context of the "social question", one appealed to the representations concerning the idea of the social body and of the body of the individuals. To the body of the Nation he imagined it under the notions of disease and health, integration and exclusion. Since then, the metaphors of the social body have not stopped being present in the rhetoric of the national discourse in different contexts. This paper study the diffusion and intervention of the medical speech (hygienist and eugenista) in the school institution by the intention of acting on the body of the small students to the effects of moralizing his behaviors and of guaranteeing an integral formation that was preserving his physical and intellectual health while they were estimated as the civil futures of the republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of my paper is to make a balance in the rural school historiography in Mexico, and through it, dialogue with those made in other Latin American countries. Instead of trying to have a joint vision of rural educational development in Latin America through a supposed progress, what really interests is to go beyond national barriers with the purpose of generating a debate about the heterogeneity of different local realities and theoretical-methodological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerrillos-Maipú industrial cordon ('ring') was one of the first initiatives of the Chilean workers designed to build an organization that allowed them to develop a coordinated strategy to deal with local obstacles that originated within the changing process of the Unidad Popular. This paper analyzes the elements that made that organization possible, and examines how, during its existence, it became a space for the workers' social activities, and their own and independent political debates, with a clear popular orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October, 1934, on the occasion of the International Eucharistic Congress, one million Catholics gathered at Buenos Aires to show their faith and support of the Catholic Church. Those public meetings went on for ten years, as part of a Catholic political mobilization -The Army of Cristo Rey- in times of a strong political radicalization. This paper examines the characteristics of this phenomenon, which combined in a unique way three elements: the hierarchy of the Church, Catholic activists and common Catholic believers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cases presented here from the end of the XVIIIth century concerning two midwives, one finds the action work of the juridical power as a representatives of medical knowledge used against two who have what might be considered traditional knowledge. These cases have received different historical interpretations. A review of these interpretations, as well as current debates, are exhibited next, followed by a transcription of the papers that compose these judicial pieces. The transcription and publication of these documents is to present to investigators, documents that have not received the proper attention in current historical debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reply to the article by Sergio Villalobos entitled "Bolivia y el mar" that appeared in Cuadernos de Historia N° 28. It deals with the colonial boundaries between the Charcas Audience and Chile, from legal, historical, and documentary viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the traditional definition that has been made of the cabildos abiertos as instances of popular participation between the XVIth and early years of the nineteenth century, and also the characterization that has been attributed to the assembly held u Santiago on September 18 of 1810 in which the Junta Gubernativa was formed in the kingdom of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to close the debate initiated with Mr. Miguel Barros, about the presentation of the royal dispositions, cartographical data and the activities of the authorities from Charcas and Chile, about maritime limits between both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elucidates the representations of Chile in publications of the American Society of Geographers of the United States between 1859 and 1884, considering how these were affected by the War of the Pacific. In this frame the present investigation uses the notion of scientific imperialism to understand to what extent publications and works associated with the sciences reflected the economic and political interests of the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]