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Smart government is an important means of optimizing government management, improving the government decision-making capacity, and pushing forward the public service. When the smart government process applies, the dire straits of collaborative governance among the different participants could not be ignored usually caused by maximizing their profits. Based on the current research, this paper introduces the blockchain technology into the smart government system and establishes a smart government platform architecture. Meanwhile, to analyse the evolutionary and stable strategies of the three parties under the blockchain technology, the evolutionary game model including functional departments, local governments, and end users as the main players is established on account of the bounded rationality. By examining the "blockchain + government service" in Beijing with the systemic dynamics theory, this paper changes the influencing factors simulated by changing the parameter assignment, to determine the evolutionary stable equilibrium under different external conditions. The results show that local government supervision plays a leading role in the process of collaborative governance of smart government based on blockchain technology; meanwhile, effective cost control is a key factor affecting the evolutionary stability strategy (ESS). Besides, the "decentralized" structure, "distrust" architecture, and "precision" mechanism of the blockchain are verified for the effect of the evolution process. Among them, precision service and flat management improve the possibility of collaborative governance, but the impact of the trust mechanism is not obvious. Therefore, the collaborative governance model of smart government based on blockchain technology is loaded with far-reaching significance for promoting the modernization of China's governance capacity and governance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart government is an important means of optimizing government management, improving the government decision-making capacity, and pushing forward the public service. When the smart government process applies, the dire straits of collaborative governance among the different participants could not be ignored usually caused by maximizing their profits. Based on the current research, this paper introduces the blockchain technology into the smart government system and establishes a smart government platform architecture. Meanwhile, to analyse the evolutionary and stable strategies of the three parties under the blockchain technology, the evolutionary game model including functional departments, local governments, and end users as the main players is established on account of the bounded rationality. By examining the "blockchain + government service" in Beijing with the systemic dynamics theory, this paper changes the influencing factors simulated by changing the parameter assignment, to determine the evolutionary stable equilibrium under different external conditions. The results show that local government supervision plays a leading role in the process of collaborative governance of smart government based on blockchain technology; meanwhile, effective cost control is a key factor affecting the evolutionary stability strategy (ESS). Besides, the "decentralized" structure, "distrust" architecture, and "precision" mechanism of the blockchain are verified for the effect of the evolution process. Among them, precision service and flat management improve the possibility of collaborative governance, but the impact of the trust mechanism is not obvious. Therefore, the collaborative governance model of smart government based on blockchain technology is loaded with far-reaching significance for promoting the modernization of China's governance capacity and governance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a national economic, political, and cultural center that ranks first in terms of openness to the outside world, the signing of the RCEP agreement has undoubtedly brought a series of opportunities and challenges to Beijing. Based on the analysis of the two main features embodied in the RCEP agreement, this paper precisely analyzes the areas where the RCEP agreement has a key impact on Beijing's economy and trade and points out the opportunities and challenges brought by the RCEP agreement to Beijing's economic and trade development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on ecological total-factor energy efficiency (ETFEE) is conducive to energy conservation, emission reduction, and ecological protection. This paper focuses on the measurement and decomposition of the ETFEE in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in China. In order to measure the ETFEE values, the window technology is combined with a nonradial and nonoriented SBM-undesirable model considering undesirable outputs to overcome the defect of insufficient data of research objects and ensure the calculation process to be implemented. The findings show that Beijing and Tianjin are DEA-efficient, while Hebei is not. The technological progress rates of Beijing and Tianjin reach up to 11.92% and 14.96%, while that of Hebei retrogresses by 4.47%. The scale efficiencies of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei are 97.75%, 86.60%, and 93.81%, respectively, which means that there are potentials for further optimization in the energy structures. The impulse response results between the energy structure and the ETFEE show that the proportions of coal and petroleum have negative effects on the ETFEE, while that of natural gas has a positive effect. The research results can provide reference for decision makers to formulate regional development plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Free-Floating Bike-Sharing system (FFBSS) connects users to public transit networks and is an important component of the "last-mile" transport network. However, the rapid development of the FFBSS in China has significantly increased the local municipal workload and deteriorated the public transport. To mitigate these negative impacts, the Chinese government has launched a pilot project of electronic fence spots, by selecting several bike-sharing parking spots from the existing ones to set up the virtual stations. Compared to the traditional public shared bicycles with fixed stations, the flexibility of choosing parking spots could dynamically cater the fast-changing traffic environment and facilitate the renting and returning for users and, therefore, render a more sparse and complicate parking spots network. In this paper, we study the location selection of bike-sharing parking points as a multidimensional problem, which considers not only the interests of users and stakeholders but also the environment and safety issues. We propose a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the weight-restricted data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to evaluate and determine the optimal bike-sharing parking points. Since the additional weight restrictions in the DEA method might lead to infeasible solutions, we introduce the weight restrictions feasibility theorem to avoid such infeasibility in the proposed weight-restricted DEA model, which has not been thoroughly studied in the literature. Specifically, a hyperplane adjusting model is developed to adjust the infeasible results. In the computational study, we evaluate 36 current parking spots in three regions in Beijing, China, to verify the rationality of the combined approach and put forward some managerial suggestions for this pilot project in Beijing, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of Beijing has already come to its loading capacity. The China central government plans to build an ideal city named Xiong'an nearby Beijing. The city is expected to work as a carrying hub for noncapital functions of Beijing. The central government does not rush to build before a deliberated urban planning is accomplished. For sustainable development, a difficulty faced by urban planners is that the maximum number of people can be migrated from Beijing to Xiong'an with constraint on level of transport service. This paper developed a specialized bilevel programming model where the upper level is to ensure a predetermined transport service level regarding to population migration, while the lower level is feedback equilibrium between trip generation and traffic assignment. To be more specific, trip is generated by the gravity model, and traffic is assigned by the user equilibrium model. It is well known that the bilevel programming problem is tough and challenging. A try-and-error algorithm is designed for the upper-level model, and a method of successive average (MSA) is developed for the lower-level model. The effectiveness of the model and algorithm is validated by an experimental study using the current transport network between Beijing and Xiong'an. It shows that the methods can be very useful to identify the maximum population migration subject to level of transport service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A macroscopic passenger flow simulation model based on system dynamics is proposed in this paper. It considers the key factors influencing the dynamics of passenger flow from a holistic perspective of the stations and then models the dynamic change in the number of passengers. Firstly, the transmission of passenger flow for a general many-to-many relation between nodes are presented. When the sum of sending capacities heading for a downstream node is less than the receiving capacity of this node, the aggregation of stranded passengers will form the queuing part of the node. The results coming from a passenger flow simulation of a subway station in Beijing show that the proposed model performs well by comparing it with the real data. It can be applied to describe the dynamic change in the number of passengers and the level of service for the facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the increasing proportion of urban public transportation trip, pedestrian flow in transportation hub areas increased. For effectively improving the emergency handling ability of related management apartments and preventing the incident of pedestrian congestion, this paper studied the method of pedestrian flow forecast in Beijing transportation hub areas. Firstly, 34 typical sidewalks in Beijing transportation hub areas were surveyed to obtain 2200 valid data. Secondly, correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between pedestrian flow and its influential factors. 11 significant influential factors were extracted. Thirdly, forecasting model was established with modular neural network. The surveyed pedestrian flow sample was fuzzy clustered according to the regional land use where the transportation hub existed. Then, membership function based on the distance measure was constructed. Through fuzzy discrimination, online selection for the subnetwork of the information can be achieved. Consequently, the self-adaptation of the neural network on information processing was improved. Finally, this paper tested the pedestrian flow sample of a transportation hub in Beijing. It was concluded that the accuracy of pedestrian flow forecasting model using modular neural network was higher than other neural network models. There was also improvement in the adaptability to environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2007, Beijing Metro started to use track geometry car to measure quality of its tracks under wheel loading conditions. The track quality measurement data from the track geometry car were only used to assess local track quality by means of scoring 1000 m long track segments based on track exceptions. Track quality management experience of national railroads of China shows that, in addition to local track quality assessment, an overall track quality assessment method should be employed. The paper presented research results funded by Road Administration of Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport. The paper proposed an overall track quality assessment method for Beijing Metro and determined the overall track quality standards by means of a statistical method which was proposed in the paper. The standards are necessary for the proposed method to be applied and have been approved by Road Administration of Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport and put into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snowy weather will significantly degrade expressway operations, reduce service levels, and increase driving difficulty. Furthermore, the impact of snow varies in different types of roads, diverse cities, and snow densities due to different driving behavior. Traffic flow parameters are essential to decide what should be appropriate for weather-related traffic management and control strategies. This paper takes Beijing as a case study and analyzes traffic flow data collected by detectors in expressways. By comparing the performance of traffic flow under normal and snowy weather conditions, this paper quantitatively describes the impact of adverse weather on expressway volume and average speeds. Results indicate that average speeds on the Beijing expressway under heavy snow conditions decrease by 10-20 km/h when compared to those under normal weather conditions, the vehicle headway generally increases by 2-4 seconds, and the road capacity drops by about 33%. This paper also develops a specific expressway traffic parameter reduction model which proposes reduction coefficients of expressway volumes and speeds under various snow density conditions in Beijing. The conclusions paper provide effective foundational parameters for urban expressway controls and traffic management under snow conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic subarea division is vital for traffic system management and traffic network analysis in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Since existing methods may not be suitable for big traffic data processing, this paper presents a MapReduce-based Parallel Three-Phase K-Means (Par3PKM) algorithm for solving traffic subarea division problem on a widely adopted Hadoop distributed computing platform. Specifically, we first modify the distance metric and initialization strategy of K-Means and then employ a MapReduce paradigm to redesign the optimized K-Means algorithm for parallel clustering of large-scale taxi trajectories. Moreover, we propose a boundary identifying method to connect the borders of clustering results for each cluster. Finally, we divide traffic subarea of Beijing based on real-world trajectory data sets generated by 12,000 taxis in a period of one month using the proposed approach. Experimental evaluation results indicate that when compared with K-Means, Par2PK-Means, and ParCLARA, Par3PKM achieves higher efficiency, more accuracy, and better scalability and can effectively divide traffic subarea with big taxi trajectory data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a multimodal travel behavior, park and ride includes several trip modes such as car, walking, bus, or railway. And people's choice of park and ride is influenced by many factors. This paper, based on the park and ride behavior survey in Beijing, will analyze the relationship between the perception of the influencing factors and the behavior intent for park and ride by using structural equation modeling. The conclusions suggest that the park and ride choice for travelers is a passive behavior which means giving up driving the car is mainly caused by the serious traffic congestion. Furthermore, improving the service level of the park and ride facilities and the comfort for riding bus or railway will increase the utilization of park and ride facilities. The perceptions of the influencing factors have both direct and indirect effects on the travel intent for park and ride by the interaction among the influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]