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Environmental pollution has become an important obstacle on the path of ecological civilization construction, and it is urgent to control environmental pollution. By establishing an evolutionary game model, this thesis focuses on analyzing how paper-making enterprises choose their own emission reduction strategies under the reward and punishment mechanism. It further analyzes how social welfare changes under the reward and punishment mechanism, and finally through simulation research, this thesis analyzes the evolutionary paths of paper-making enterprises' pollution emission strategies under the reward and punishment mechanism. The results of the reward and punishment mechanism are as follows: under the static reward and punishment mechanism, the game system will repeatedly oscillate around a point. There is no stable equilibrium point at this time. However, under the dynamic reward and punishment mechanism, the game system will tend to a stable equilibrium point. The results of social welfare analysis show that high-intensity rewards will reduce the amount of pollution discharged by paper-making enterprises, thereby maximizing social welfare. On the contrary, when paper-making enterprises discharge a large amount of pollution, they will be subject to high-intensity penalties. When facing high-intensity punishments, paper-making enterprises will tend to not to discharge. So social welfare is also maximized. The simulation research results show that reasonable punishment strategies are more effective than reward ones. Based on this, the author proposes countermeasures, such as establishing a reasonable reward and punishment mechanism, reasonably determining the reward and punishment intensity for polluting enterprises. The emission reduction strategies of paper-making enterprises will be affected by the government's reward and punishment mechanism. A deep study of its internal mechanism is not only of great significance for pollution control but also of great significance for the development of a green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Coal washing is a complicated process and difficult to control, which has many controlling parameters with strong coupling relationship. It is still a challenge to realize the self-perception, self-adjustment, and self-evaluation of coal washing machine, improve the quality of coal washing, ensure production safety, and reduce labor cost. Methods. Through the intelligent transformation of jig, this paper proposes an intelligent washing method with cooperated deep reinforcement learning and evolutionary computation. First, it designs a fault warning method based on statistical analysis, helping to recover the normal running state of jig with manual maintenance. Then, it constructs a regulation strategy generation method with deep reinforcement learning supported by the fusion of artificial experience and historical data. Last, for the lack of monitoring data caused by poor communication quality and environment, the regulation strategy prediction method with evolutionary computation and surrogate model is proposed. Results. In practice, this method shows accurate fault warning accuracy and rapid cleaned coal ash adjustment response ability. Conclusions. This shows that the method proposed in this paper is of great significance for intelligent washing and can better cope with the special situation when the washing equipment sensing data are missing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, construction industries are using flyash as a potential alternative for cement. Due to its improved mechanical properties, ecofriendly nature, and low cost, geopolymer technology makes use of flyash as a promising future binder material. In this paper, 7 factors such as liquid-to-flyash ratio, silicate-to-hydroxide ratio, curing temperature, curing period, concentration of NaOH (molarity), rest period prior to curing, and dosage of superplasticizer that influence the compressive strength and temperature drop are screened using the Plackett–Burman method for optimization. Here, compressive strength and temperature drop are taken as the main indices of response to analyze the parameters. The significant variables determined from the Plackett–Burman design are further considered for the process of optimization using the response surface methodology. From the analysis, the optimum values of 0.4071 liquid-to-flyash ratio, 2.5 silicate-to-hydroxide ratio, and 6 hours curing period give maximum compressive strength and temperature drop of 28.87 MPa and 5.3°C under the optimized medium in the validation experiment which varies by only 3.93% and 1.85% from the observed value of 27.20 MPa and 5.4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal-resource-based cities, as one of the important types of typical resource-based cities in China, have strong characteristics of instability, sensitivity, and fragility, exhibiting a series of vulnerability features of the human-land system. Previous studies have lacked a deeper investigation into the vulnerability of such cities from the perspective of coupling feedback mechanisms among various elements or subsystems. This paper adopts Bohle et al.'s "Dual Structure Model" of vulnerability to establish an indicator system for vulnerability warning in coal-resource-based cities. Using Fushun City as a sample, a dynamic simulation model of vulnerability in coal-resource-based cities is constructed based on system dynamics for warning simulation calculations, analyzing the evolution trend of vulnerability in Fushun City from 2010 to 2022. The results show the following: (1) from 2010 to 2022, the urban vulnerability of Fushun City transitioned from a medium warning level to a relatively safe level, showing a trend of annual reduction and improvement, undergoing three development stages of significant reduction, fluctuation stabilization, and slight rebound. (2) Due to the causal relationships among various elements within the vulnerability subsystems of Fushun City, differences exist in the contribution levels of vulnerability subsystems during the period 2010–2022, under the combined effects of sensitivity and adaptability factors. The contribution rate of the natural subsystem was the highest from 2010 to 2014, while, from 2016 to 2019, urban vulnerability began to shift towards an economically and socially dominant type. Influenced by the pandemic, Fushun City's overall vulnerability has shown an upward trend since 2020 compared to the previous stage. Finally, specific policy suggestions are proposed for Fushun City to cope with vulnerability changes based on the analysis results, providing a theoretical basis for achieving sustainable development in such coal-resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a fractional model in the Caputo sense is used to characterize the dynamics of HPV with cervical cancer. Generalized mean value theorem has been used to examine whether the infection model has a unique positive solution. The model has two equilibrium points: the disease-free point and the endemic point. The examination of the system's local and global stability is provided in terms of the basic reproductive number R p ° . The global stability analysis has been carried out using an appropriate Lyapunov function and the LaSalle invariant principle. The results demonstrate that in the infection model, if R p ° < 1 , then the solution converges to the disease-free equilibrium, which is both locally and globally asymptotically stable. Whilst R p ° > 1 , the endemic equilibrium is considered to exist. Simulations are implemented via a finite difference method with Grünwald-Letnikov discretization approach for Caputo derivative operator to define how changes in parameters impact the dynamic behavior of the system using Matlab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic behavior of a particular category of discrete predator-prey system that feature both fear effect and refuge, using both analytical and numerical methods. The critical coefficients and properties of bifurcating periodic solutions for Flip and Hopf bifurcations are computed using the center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory. Additionally, numerical simulations are employed to illustrate the bifurcation phenomenon and chaos characteristics. The results demonstrate that period-doubling and Hopf bifurcations are two typical routes to generate chaos, as evidenced by the calculation of the maximum Lyapunov exponents near the critical bifurcation points. Finally, a feedback control method is suggested, utilizing feedback of system states and perturbation of feedback parameters, to efficiently manage the bifurcations and chaotic attractors of the discrete predator-prey model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the limit cycles and local bifurcation of critical periods for a class of switching Z 2 equivariant quartic system with two symmetric singularities are investigated. First, through the computation of Lyapunov constants, the conditions of the two singularities to become the centers are determined. Then, we prove that there are at most 18 limit cycles with a distribution pattern of 9-9 around the two symmetric singular points of the system. Numerical simulation is conducted to validate the obtained results. Furthermore, by calculating the period constants, we determine the conditions for the critical point to be a weak center of finite order. Finally, the number of local critical periods that bifurcate from the equilibrium point under the center conditions is discussed. This study presents the first example of a quartic switching smooth system with 18 limit cycles and 4 local critical periods bifurcating from two symmetric singular points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved whale optimization algorithm with chaotic mapping and adaptive iteration strategy (CMAIS-WOA). This algorithm addresses the issues of the WOA algorithm that is prone to local optimal solutions with low stability. CMAIS-WOA utilizes chaotic mapping to enhance the diversity and coverage of the initial population. Also, it adaptively adjusts the weight values based on the current distribution of whale populations and the fitness of search agents. In addition, CMAIS-WOA uses an improved nonlinear convergence factor to adjust the breadth-first and depth-first search during the optimization process. The performance of the proposed CMAIS-WOA is evaluated by using 13 classical benchmark functions and IEEE CEC2014 test suite. The experimental results show that CMAIS-WOA effectively improves the stability of the optimal solution and helps the algorithm to approach the global optimal solution. The method proposed in this paper contributes to the field of optimization which solves problems more powerfully and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic linkages among economic policy uncertainty (EPU), the green bond market, the carbon market, and the macroeconomy using the time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model with monthly data spanning from January 2016 to December 2021. Additionally, it assesses the robustness and accuracy of the empirical results through the Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) model. The findings indicate that EPU negatively affects the green bond market in the short term but has a positive impact in the medium and long term. Conversely, EPU has a positive impact on the carbon market in the short term but a negative impact in the medium and long term. Furthermore, the green bond market negatively influences the carbon market in both the short and medium to long term. These results suggest that emerging markets, such as the green bond and carbon markets, are influenced by EPU. The adverse impact of the green bond market on the carbon market, however, contributes to expediting China's attainment of its low-carbon objectives. Appropriate economic policies can play a vital role in accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy. The study also reveals that the US-China trade war has expedited the development of green capital markets in China, despite its impact on the green economic transition in the country. These findings provide insights for the government and investors to formulate suitable strategies for risk mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary tuberculosis is among the leading infectious diseases causing mortality worldwide. Therefore, scaling up intervention strategies to reduce the spread of infections in the population is imperative. In this paper, a population-based compartmental approach has been employed to formulate a mathematical model of pulmonary tuberculosis that incorporates an asymptomatic infectious population. The model includes asymptomatic infectious individuals since they spread infections incessantly to susceptible populations without being noticed, thus contributing to the high rate of infection transmission. Qualitative and numerical analyses were performed to determine the impact of various intervention strategies on controlling infection transmission in the population. Sensitivity and numerical results indicate that increasing screening of latently infected and asymptomatic infectious individuals reduces infection transmission to the susceptible population. Numerical results demonstrate that the combination of vaccination, screening, and treatment of all forms of pulmonary tuberculosis is the most effective intervention in decreasing infection transmission. Furthermore, a combination of screening and treatment of all forms of pulmonary tuberculosis proves more effective than a combination of vaccination and treatment of symptomatic infectious individuals alone. Treating the symptomatic infectious population alone is identified as the least effective intervention for curtailing infection transmission in the susceptible population. These study findings will guide healthcare officials in making decisions regarding the screening of latently infected and asymptomatic infectious pulmonary tuberculosis patients, thereby aiding in the fight against epidemics of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion models the IRI-2012 TEC map over a moderate geomagnetic storm period (5 days) in February 2015 and compares the yield of the models. The models are constructed with the help of cubic Bézier curves and machine learning. In a sense, the comparison of a classical and mechanical approach with a modern and computer-based one is a considerable experience for the paper. The parametric curve approach governs models of piecewise continuous Bézier cubics, while the models employ only the TEC map. The design is separated into curve components at every five-hour curvature point, and each component is handled independently. Instead of the traditional least squares method for finding control points of cubics, it utilizes the mean of every five-hour of the piecewise curves of the TEC data. Accordingly, the prediction error can be controlled at a rate that can compete with the modern network approach. In the network model, 120 hours of the solar wind parameters and the TEC map of the storm are processed. The reliability of the network model is assessed by the (R) correlation coefficient and mean square error. In modeling the TEC map with the classical approach, the mean absolute error is 0.0901% and the correlation coefficient (R) score is 99.9%. The R score of the network model is 99.6%, and the mean square error is 0.71958 (TECU) (at epoch 47). The results agree with the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is organized to study some mathematical properties and dynamics of a simple Cournot duopoly game based on a computed quadratic cost. The time evolution of this game is described by a two-dimensional noninvertible discrete time map using the bounded rationality mechanism. For this map, some dynamic characteristics such as multistability and synchronization are investigated. Its equilibrium points are obtained for the asymmetric case, and their conditions of stability are obtained. Our results investigate that the Nash equilibrium point may be unstable due to flip bifurcation and under certain parameter values, and Neimark–Sacker bifurcation is born after the period-4 cycle. Through some restrictions, the coordinate axes of the map construct an invariant manifold, and therefore, their dynamics can be analyzed by using a one-dimensional map. In the symmetric case, both firms behave identically, and this implies that the diagonal set forms an invariant manifold, and hence the synchronization phenomena take place. Furthermore, the global bifurcation of the map is confirmed through contact between critical curves and the boundaries of infeasible domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivating active participation in e-commerce logistics alliances to enhance delivery efficiency and customer satisfaction has long been a societal interest. Leveraging the quantum game theory, this paper develops a model for incentivizing collaboration within these alliances. This model enables theoretical and numerical analysis of members' strategies and entanglement levels. The findings show that quantum strategies increase members' profits, achieving Nash equilibriums and Pareto optimal outcomes, outperforming the classical game theory. In addition, the size of quantum entanglement emerges as a critical determinant influencing members' active participation in collaborative distribution. Strengthening information sharing and aligning interests can enhance entanglement levels among members, making them more inclined to adopt strategies promoting active involvement in collaborative distribution. Moreover, members can adapt their strategies based on the initial entanglement in collaborative distribution, thereby incentivizing participation and reducing ethical risks. In conclusion, through numerical analysis, we present relevant strategies and recommendations for incentivizing collaborative distribution within e-commerce logistics alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, numerous scholars have conducted research on global value chains, and the amount of literature in this field has grown rapidly to become "big data." In order to deeply analyze and explore the current research status and development trends in the field of global value chains, this article conducted a systematic and quantitative study on the global value chain. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection SCIE and SSCI databases, this article searched 8273 articles published between 2001 and 2021 with the theme of "Global Value Chain" and used visualization and bibliometric analysis methods. The research field was analyzed using VOSviewer software. Research has shown that the number of papers published in the global value chain field has been continuously increasing over time and has entered a period of rapid development since 2016. The main disciplines are economics and management. A few researchers and research institutions have a strong influence, but the cooperation between scholars and institutions is relatively weak. The United States, the United Kingdom, and China dominate the research field. The complex impact of the natural environment and public health on the global value chain, and the impact of big data and artificial intelligence on the global value chain, has become a new direction for future research. Countries should actively promote the development of the digital economy and green economy, promote the effective allocation of global value chain resources by enterprises, and adhere to the development of good bilateral political relations to reduce the uncertainty of enterprise participation in the global value chain caused by political risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class noise is a common issue that affects the performance of classification techniques on real-world data sets. Class noise appears when a class variable in data sets has incorrect class labels. In the case of noisy data, the robustness of classification techniques against noise could be more important than the performance results on noise-free data sets. The decision tree method is one of the most popular techniques for classification tasks. The C4.5, CART, and random forest (RF) algorithms are considered to be three of the most used algorithms in decision trees. The aim of this paper is to reach conclusions on which decision tree algorithm is better to use for building decision trees in terms of its performance and robustness against class noise. In order to achieve this aim, we study and compare the performance of the models when applied to class variables with noise. The results obtained indicate that the RF algorithm is more robust to data sets with noisy class variable than other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low energy consumption and green transformation of automobile product portfolio is the trend of the times. Automotive manufacturers make product portfolio decisions by setting multiple criteria such as fuel consumption, sales, and volume. It is also important to take into account the symbiotic interaction effects between automotive products. In order to achieve the above research objectives, this paper constructs the Lotka–Volterra MCGP model to make multicriteria decisions on automobile product portfolio design from the perspective of energy sustainability with BMW Brilliance is taken as an example to illustrate the process of using the multicriteria model. The empirical analysis successively measures product growth using the logistic model, analyzes the symbiotic relationship of product portfolios using the Lotka–Volterra model, and finally performs multicriteria evaluation using the MCGP model. In order to verify the reliability of the model, this paper verifies the robustness of the model from the perspectives of parameter dynamics, system boundaries, and model scalability. The results of empirical analysis and robustness analysis show that the Lotka–Volterra MCGP model proposed in this paper is applicable to the multicriteria decision-making of automobile product portfolio design from the perspective of energy sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the operation of service-sharing platforms, online review information is crucial to attracting consumers. Considering consumers' preference for online review information, this paper discusses the pricing policy selection for a service-sharing platform providing vertically differentiated services in sharing economy, which is worth studying. In this paper, a platform service supply chain composed of a high-quality service provider, a low-quality service provider, and a service-sharing platform is considered. For the two pricing policies of a platform: service provider pricing and platform pricing, the profit-maximizing models are constructed, and the optimal high-quality and the low-quality service prices are obtained. This paper also analyzes the effects of online review information on the profits of service providers, platform profits, consumer surplus, and social welfare under the two policies. The results show that under the platform pricing policy, the platform can gain more profits, while the surplus of consumers and service providers may decrease. When the online review information exceeds a threshold, the high-quality service provider profit under the service provider pricing policy is larger than that under the platform pricing policy. Under the platform pricing policy, the low-quality service provider can earn more profit. We also find that the low-quality service provider is more motivated to encourage consumers to provide online reviews regardless of the pricing policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential equations with state-dependent delay are very important equations because they can describe some problems in the real world more accurately. Due to the complexity of state-dependent delay, it also brings challenges to the research. The value of delay varying with the state is the difference between state-dependent delay and time-dependent delay. It is impossible to know exactly in advance how far historical state information is needed, and then the problem of state-dependent delay is more complicated compared with time-dependent delay. The dominating work of this paper is to solve the stability problem of neural networks equipped with state-dependent state delay. We use the purely analytical method to deduce the sufficient conditions for local exponential stability of the zero solution. Finally, a few numerical examples are presented to prove the availability of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the stability problems of Cohen–Grossberg type BAM neural network (BAMCGNN) with piecewise constant argument (PCA). By employing the homeomorphism theory, sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium point are obtained; using inequality technique and Lyapunov method, sufficient stability criteria for BAMCGNN with PCA are presented. Finally, a numerical case shows the significance of the results of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theoretical knowledge of technological innovation, this paper designs a sensor data value incubation model and a sensor data collection model to collect the original data on green innovation efficiency. In order to explore the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of China's provincial green innovation efficiency and the spatial spillover effect of China's provincial green innovation efficiency, the entropy weight TOPSIS model is adopted to measure the green innovation efficiency of China's 30 provinces (cities) from 2005 to 2021 and analyze its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics. This paper uses an exploratory spatial data analysis method to prove the agglomeration phenomenon of China's provincial green innovation efficiency in the ground space. Finally, a spatial econometric model is introduced to study the impact of government R&D investment, green supervision, and green innovation efficiency on spatial spillover effects. The study found the following three conclusions: First, the efficiency of green innovation in China's provinces has been fluctuating in stages, and the overall trend has been increasing year by year. The overall efficiency of green innovation in China's provinces is low, and the overall development is uneven and uncoordinated. Second, from the results of the spatial autocorrelation test, there is a clear and positive spatial correlation between China's provincial green innovation efficiency and agglomeration in the geospatial space. Third, government R&D inputs and different types of green regulations have a significant impact on green innovation efficiency and have significant spatial spillover effects. Along from the eastern region to the central region, then to the northeast and western regions, the degree of effect on green innovation efficiency and the intensity of spatial spillover effects have gradually weakened. It is believed that the government should reduce R&D investment in the eastern region and increase green sewage charges. Instead, the government should raise R&D investment in the central, northeast, and western regions and offer enterprises green innovation subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, coal is still the main energy source for China's economic development, and the environmental issues caused by coal consumption have aroused widespread concern. Predicting and analyzing coal consumption will help to formulate a higher level of energy consumption planning and economic development strategy. The main purpose of this study is to develop a new fractal time-series prediction (FTSP) model to predict coal consumption, providing reference for formulating effective energy consumption planning and economic development strategies. Hurst index is an important indicator of whether time-series data have long memory and fractal characteristics. This paper uses the rescaled range (R/S) method to calculate Hurst index of the coal consumption per-10000-Yuan-GDP (CC/GDP). The Hurst index is 0.8025, exceeding 0.5, indicating that the time-series data CC/GDP has a long memory and fractal characteristic. Based on this, this paper uses the FTSP model to predict China's coal consumption (CC/GDP). The prediction results show that the FTSP model accurately predicted China's coal consumption with a relative error rate (RER) of less than 5% and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.62%. The model predicts a decrease in China's coal consumption from 0.25 tons of standard coal in 2021 to 0.11 tons of standard coal in 2030, a decrease of 44%. To sum up, the FTSP model provides a new and accurate way to predict coal consumption, and the results suggest that China's coal consumption is sustainable and will decrease significantly in the coming years. This study has important implications for energy consumption planning and economic development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate risk assessment of international scientific and technological (S&T) cooperation is significant to international cooperation. In this paper, 5 risk dimensions with respect to the political, economic, social, cultural as well as technological of the regional comprehensive economic partnership countries (RCEP) are selected to establish a proper S&T cooperation index system for risk assessment. To calculate the weight of each index, a cross-entropy combination weighting method is proposed based on the combination weighting method of game theory. Furthermore, the standard cloud model is constructed by using the golden ratio, and the risk of S&T cooperation among the RCEP countries is analyzed by the cloud model. The results show that the combination weighting method proposed in this paper is effective, and its calculation is simpler than that of the game theory combination weighting method. Besides, compared with political, social, cultural, and technological indicators, economic indicators have a greater impact on S&T cooperation risk. Furthermore, it is also obtained from the results that the risk of S&T cooperation with China and the Philippines is at a lower to low level and medium to higher level, respectively, and the risk of S&T cooperation with other countries is all at a lower to medium level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of communication technology and the Internet has made the dual-channel supply chain have great development. Supply chain members have to compete and cooperate with other enterprises on the chain in order to obtain greater self-benefit. In the competitive-cooperative relationship among enterprises, price discrimination and sales effort are common tools of operation, and Nash equilibrium theory is a common strategy in the process of supply chain game. Whether manufacturers can promote retailers to implement sales efforts through price discrimination and ensure that the overall revenue of the supply chain is improved at the Nash equilibrium is great significance to both the supply chain and individual enterprises. This paper constructs a decentralized dual-channel supply chain mathematical model composed of an independent manufacturer, an offline retailer, and an online retailer, taking into account the impact of the offline retailer's sales efforts on his demand and its positive external for the other channel. The revenue matrix of retailers' decisions about whether or not to pay their sales efforts is built under the condition that manufacturers charge different wholesale prices to different retailers and solves the condition of every decision combination becoming the Nash equilibrium using the Nash equilibrium game theory. Finally, the optimal pricing strategy of the manufacturers is analysed to get the constraints of this dual-channel supply chain achieving Pareto improvement when manufacturer uses wholesale price discrimination strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in mobile phone (MP) technology has revolutionized the lifestyle. In recent years, we observed that MP technology had been involved in almost all aspects of life, such as communication purposes, e-commerce, mobile baking, and social media connectivity. So, it becomes a hot research topic to select the best MP that fulfills the desired feathers requirement. In this paper, the expert's familiarity with the examined objects is factored into the initial judgments under the T-spherical fuzzy sets (T-SFSs) environment. The T-SFS is the extension of the picture fuzzy (PF) set (PFS), which gives wider scope for finding the most precise options than existing fuzzy frameworks. The multiattribute decision-making (MADM) is a common and valuable method for aggregating information. For MADM, various aggregation operators (AOs) have been created over the years. The article introduces the newly proposed approach T-spherical fuzzy (T-SF) confidence level weighted averaging T − SFWA c and T-SF confidence level weighted geometric T − SFWG c . Also, some desired properties of AOs are discussed, and the T-SF entropy measure is introduced for selecting the weight criteria. A MADM framework is introduced, on the behalf of proposed operators. The proposed MADM framework is applied to solve the real-life example of consumers' preferences to show effectiveness and practicality. Lastly, the developed framework is set side by side with other prevailing approaches to demonstrate the superiority and significance of other existing AOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investing in green bonds has been recognized as a strategy that not only promotes environmental performance but also offers attractive investment returns. However, macroeconomic factors, such as geopolitical risk (GPR), climate policy uncertainty (CPU), and global economic policy uncertainty (GEPU), play a substantial role in shaping green bond returns. Using the returns of US green bonds as a proxy for the returns of green bonds, we argue in this paper that these heterogenous uncertainty measures might have asymmetric impacts on the returns of green bonds (GB). By employing monthly data from January 2016 to August 2022, we apply the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags model (NARDL) to examine the asymmetric impact of these heterogenous uncertainty measures on the returns of GB. The NARDL findings reveal evidence of short-run asymmetric impacts of GPR, GEPU, and CPU on the returns of green bonds. In the long run, there is an asymmetric impact of GPR and CPU on the returns of GB. However, there is a symmetric impact of CPU on the returns of GB in the long run. Specifically, in the short run, we found that a positive CPU shock causes a decline in the returns of green bonds. A similar magnitude of negative CPU shock causes an increase in the returns of green bonds. Moreover, a positive shock to GPR increases the return of green bonds, while a comparable negative shock to GPR reduces the return of GB. Furthermore, only negative shocks to GEPU have an impact on GB returns in the short run. Specifically, a negative GEPU shock reduces GB returns. In the long term, the returns of GB are positively impacted by negative shocks in GPR and both positive and negative shocks in GEPU, whereas positive shocks in GPR affect the returns of GB negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of the rapid development of digital economy, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digital transformation on enterprise innovation and selects the panel data of China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2021 as the research objective is to study the impact of digital transformation on enterprise innovation from theoretical and empirical perspectives. First, we find that digital transformation accelerates enterprise innovation, a conclusion that has been validated through robustness testing. Second, digital transformation impacts enterprise innovation by enhancing productivity and information transparency. Third, financing constraints and financial redundancy play distinct regulatory roles in the process. Fourth, heterogeneity analysis finds that the role of digital transformation in promoting enterprise innovation has different effects in state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises, high-tech and non-high-tech enterprises, and enterprises with different life cycles. Finally, the functional analysis suggests that further investigation is needed to determine whether digital transformation can significantly promote the sustainable development of enterprises through innovation while also recognizing that this function may have a lag effect. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of digital transformation and innovation-driven practices and encourages more significant integration of the real and digital economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Kim-Kim introduced the degenerate Whitney numbers of the first and second kind involving the degenerate Dowling polynomials and numbers. In this paper, we introduce the fully degenerate Dowling polynomials and the fully degenerate Bell polynomials and derive some identities involving these polynomials. We also obtain the generating functions, expressions, and recurrence relations for the fully degenerate Dowling polynomials and the fully degenerate Bell polynomials and other special polynomials and numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important in image restoration to remove noise while preserving sharp edges and fine details such as blurred thin edges and low-contrast fine feature. The Perona–Malik (P-M) model is a well-known anisotropic diffusion denoising model, which can effectively remove noise while preserving edges. However, its diffusion coefficient only associates with the gradient of each pixel but not with the local region information; thus, the P-M model is not able to effectively preserve the important details of image. To address this problem, this paper proposes an anisotropic diffusion denoising model based on local entropy. The diffusion coefficient of the new model not only depends on the gradient of image but also on the local region information described by local entropy. On this basis, a coupled anisotropic diffusion scheme is proposed for detail-and edge-preserving smoothing. Experimental results show that the proposed model not only can effectively remove noise while preserving the boundaries better but also can maintain important details in an image very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) have long been known to have a synergistic relationship. This is a result of each of the diseases impacting negatively on the immune system of the infected persons. The impact of these diseases on workforce productivity is studied in this paper from the viewpoint of dynamical systems. In this paper, we present a nonlinear ordinary differential equation model to study the dynamics of HIV-TB co-infection and its effect on workforce productivity. The main model is first decoupled into two basic submodels of HIV-only and TB-only models, whose qualitative properties are presented before the qualitative properties of the main model are studied. While the HIV-only model is shown to have a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium whenever its basic reproduction number is less than unity, the TB-only model is shown to exhibit backward bifurcation under some conditions. To investigate the impact of various intervention strategies on the control of the co-infection and improvement of workforce productivity, five time-dependent controls (involving transmission prevention for the two diseases, therapy for the two diseases, and capacity building for improved workforce productivity) are incorporated into the basic model to form an optimal control problem, which is qualitatively analyzed using Pontryagin's maximum principle and numerically simulated. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis is conducted with the results of the numerical simulations. It is observed that the most cost-effective strategy for fighting the spread of the co-infection with enhanced productivity is that of combining both preventative and curative measures along with skills training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current complex global economic background, international capital flows are becoming more frequent. Based on this, this paper takes international portfolio investment as the research object and empirically tests the causal relationship and control channel between international portfolio flows and macrofinancial risk in emerging economies. It selects the panel data of emerging economies from 2001 to 2020, constructs macrofinancial risk indicators by using contingent claim analysis and the entropy-based TOPSIS method, tests the effect of international portfolio flows on macrofinancial risk by using the panel distributed lag regression model, and explores the management effect of foreign exchange reserves and capital controls on the risk effect by using the panel threshold regression model. The results show that long-term international portfolio flows help reduce macrofinancial risk, but short-term capital flows appear to increase macrofinancial risk. In addition, both foreign exchange reserves and capital controls effectively reduce the risk effect of portfolio flows. However, when considering different types of portfolios, we find that foreign exchange reserves do not effectively control the risk effect of equity securities flows, while stricter capital controls do. This paper argues that emerging economies should be more open to international long-term portfolio flows, focus on the monitoring of short-term portfolio capital flows and equity securities flows, and coordinate the use of foreign exchange reserves and capital control instruments to manage the risk effects of portfolio flows. This paper verifies the risk effect of international portfolio investment flows through empirical analysis, tests the effectiveness of foreign exchange reserves and capital controls, and provides a decision-making reference for emerging economies to timely identify, effectively manage, and prevent the risk effect of international capital flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the port industry is very important in the Korean economy, there are few literature studies that shed light on the macroeconomic implications of the business cycles in this industry. This paper examines the roles played by foreign economic factors in the business cycle in the Korean port industry. Specifically, it aims to estimate the impulse response of the seaborne freight volume in the port industry due to the shocks of the foreign economy and analyze the contributions of each shock considered on the variation in the freight volume. The structural FAVAR (SFAVAR) model was employed to extract the unobserved foreign economic factors. This paper estimates the four foreign economic factors and the parameters of the model using the one-step Bayesian Gibbs sampling method. The findings of this study show that foreign economic activity statistically affects the freight volume of the Korean ports. Specifically, the shocks to the foreign real economic activity increased freight transportation for nearly one year. Following the world inflation shocks, the freight transportation was enhanced. However, this impact disappeared after a year. Similarly, the rise in global liquidity was shown to encourage transportation activity; nevertheless, this activity declined after five quarters. Moreover, the increase in the world interest rates exerted a negative effect on the volume of transportation. Furthermore, the variance decomposition analysis shows that 49.2% of the variation in the transportation volume could be attributed to foreign economic activity. This analysis can contribute to drawing useful implications in establishing the port industry policy in response to the change in the economic environment such as the foreign economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the uncertain market demand, this paper studies the sharing strategy of each main body of the closed-loop supply chain for demand prediction information and introduces the variable of advertising effect into the model. Firstly, this paper constructs a manufacturer-led Stackelberg game model based on a two-level closed-loop supply chain. Secondly, the manufacturer advertising mode and the retailer advertising mode are set up, and the influence of information sharing is discussed in each advertising mode. Finally, the conclusion and the proposition are verified by example analysis. The results show that in terms of advertising, manufacturers prefer retailers to undertake, and retailers' willingness is related to the mode of information sharing. In order to achieve a "win-win" situation by sharing information, certain conditions should be met. The advertising effect is helpful to increase product demand, retail price, advertising investment level, and profits of manufacturers and retailers and also promote recycling activities. However, the impact on wholesale price will vary with different advertising subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative portfolio investment mainly depends on historical data analysis and market trend prediction to make appropriate decisions, which is an important mean to reduce risks and increase returns. Based on summarizing the existing traditional single forecasting models and multiobjective dynamic programming models, this paper puts forward a new quantitative portfolio model to improve the accuracy of asset price forecasting results and the appropriateness of investment trading strategies, to better realize the maximization of investment returns. This model analyzes and forecasts daily price data by establishing a combination forecasting model of the gray GM (1,1) model and the ARIMA time series model and establishes a multiobjective dynamic programming model with moving average convergence divergence (MACD) and Sharpe ratio indicators as risk constraints to formulate appropriate investment trading strategies. The results show that by solving the quantitative portfolio trading model established in this paper and analyzing the sensitivity and robustness of the model, the price of gold and Bitcoin, two volatile assets, can be accurately predicted, and the best investment portfolio trading strategy can be effectively worked out on the premise of considering the risk level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find a novel and intimate correspondence in the present paper between the martingale and one-parameter transformation group and develop a nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage principle to a frictional financial market via this correspondence. Further, we achieve a fundamental pricing theorem via a geometric pricing transform (generator). Finally, we derive that the nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage is equivalent to NFLVR in a frictionless financial market. In addition, we apply the nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage condition to a frictional financial market. At the end of this paper, a numerical example confirms the effectiveness of the nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with changing conditions in global markets and competition between supply chains, organizations have realized that in order to grow and survive in today's turbulent environment, they must make every effort to create and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, in this research, a multiobjective, multilevel, multiperiod, and multicommodity mathematical model is presented. The proposed model has five levels in the direct direction and three levels in the reverse direction. This research is one of the few studies that has considered the sustainable closed-loop supply chain of cellulosic-based products (paper and corrugated board) in the model and has considered it at all levels of the chain. Also, the quality of returned products in the reverse supply chain and its impact on the collection and recycling of products and returning to the supply chain are other contributions of this research. The results show, by increasing the transportation costs, the number of established distribution centers increases to a certain extent and finally remains constant. As it is shown, the reduction of transportation costs to the point of establishing four centers in the recession scenario and five centers in the boom scenario becomes saturated and is no longer able to minimize the number of established centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents synchronization of mixed continuous-discrete complex network via impulse-quantizing approach. A delay-partitioning group strategy is proposed and impulse-quantizing control is designed to derive theoretical criteria ensuring scale-type synchronization of complex networks. Our results show that synchronization of mixed continuous-discrete complex networks can be realized by controlling delay-partitioning subgroup nodes with impulsive quantization. The theoretical results give scale-limited sufficient conditions for quantized synchronization relying on control gains, impulsive intervals, and delays. A numerical simulation is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under uncertain conditions, stronger supply chain resilience can effectively reduce disruption risks and help enterprises achieve their goal of high-quality operations. This paper constructs a resilience evaluation index system for manufacturing enterprises from the perspective of the supply chain and uses the improved TOPSIS method to quantify the level of resilience. Taking into account that the resilience index is easily affected by nonconventional factors in the real environment, the WAWBO weakening buffer operator and the metabolism idea are introduced to improve the grey prediction method, so as to realize the dynamic prediction of the resilience index. In addition, a supply chain resilience early warning model is constructed by combining it with the quantification method of resilience. Using the data of a Chinese electronics manufacturing enterprise as a case study, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed resilience quantification method, and the improved grey prediction method has higher prediction accuracy. The study provides a new idea for relevant enterprises to improve the early warning ability of their supply chain, thus promoting the sustainable development of the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, input-to-state stability (ISS) is investigated for a class of nonlinear switched systems with time-varying switching delay, in which both ISS and non-ISS subsystems are considered simultaneously. By means of the Lyapunov function method, we show that ISS can be ensured for switched systems with time-varying switching delay if the activation time of ISS subsystems is sufficiently large and switching delays satisfy certain conditions. Moreover, inspired by (Zhang et al. 2020), a time-dependent multiple Lyapunov function is considered for linear switched systems with switching delay to obtain less conservative results, where the conservativeness can be reduced by explicitly providing the lower and upper bounds of switching intervals. Finally, simulations including an example of coordination of multiagent systems are offered to verify the effectiveness of the proposed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developed as a refinement of stochastic volatility (SV) models, the stochastic volatility in mean (SVM) model incorporates the latent volatility as an explanatory variable in both the mean and variance equations. It, therefore, provides a way of assessing the relationship between returns and volatility, albeit at the expense of complicating the estimation process. This study introduces a Bayesian methodology that leverages data-cloning algorithms to obtain maximum likelihood estimates for SV and SVM model parameters. Adopting this Bayesian framework allows approximate maximum likelihood estimates to be attained without the need to maximize pseudo likelihood functions. The key contribution this paper makes is that it proposes an estimator for the SVM model, one that uses Bayesian algorithms to approximate the maximum likelihood estimate with great effect. Notably, the estimates it provides yield superior outcomes than those derived from the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method in terms of standard errors, all while being unaffected by the selection of prior distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is currently used in a wide range of industries to improve the efficiency of the circulation of goods and effectively reduce counterfeiting in supply chains. In order to improve consumer trust in their purchases and reduce returns, the paper develops four models of consumers return based on blockchain technology from a consumer utility perspective. We conducted a Stackelberg game to analyze the impact of return modes and blockchain technology on optimal decisions and consumers, where consumers can return goods through the original channel, all through the online channel, and all through the offline channel. The major results of our study show that when blockchain technology is not used, the costs of return hassles in one channel can have an impact on other channels, and the adoption of online returns is advantageous to both consumers and the retailer. When blockchain technology is used, the manufacturer offers the retailer a lower wholesale price as a subsidy for the unit validation fee, which is always advantageous to the retailer. In most situations, implementing blockchain technology can boost consumer surplus. Only if the fixed cost of blockchain technology is low would the manufacturer adopt it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection that can result in lung issues such as pneumonia and, in extreme situations, the most severe acute respiratory syndrome. COVID-19 is widely investigated by researchers through mathematical models from different aspects. Inspired from the literature, in the present paper, the generalized deterministic COVID-19 model is considered and examined. The basic reproduction number is obtained which is a key factor in defining the nonlinear dynamics of biological and physical obstacles in the study of mathematical models of COVID-19 disease. To better comprehend the dynamical behavior of the continuous model, two unconditionally stable schemes, i.e., mixed Euler and nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) schemes are developed for the continuous model. For the discrete NSFD scheme, the boundedness and positivity of solutions are discussed in detail. The local stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria is demonstrated by constructing Jacobian matrices for NSFD scheme; nevertheless, the global stability of aforementioned equilibria is verified by using Lyapunov functions. Numerical simulations are also presented that demonstrate how both the schemes are effective and suitable for solving the continuous model. Consequently, the outcomes obtained through these schemes are completely according to the solutions of the continuous model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines the digital twin system modeling method to conduct an in-depth study and analysis of graph-theoretic combinatorial optimization. This paper provides new ideas and approaches for optimal numerical analysis work by studying the digital twin modeling method that integrates digital modeling and graph theory combination, provides theoretical support for safe, stable, and economic operation of the system, proposes a solution for digital twin model based on big data platform, focuses on the nearest neighbor propagation (AP) and graph theory combination, solves the digital twin real-time monitoring data asynchronous, incomplete problem, and applies the algorithm to the digital twin model based on the big data platform for data preprocessing to achieve better results. This paper also presents a web-based digital twin system based on intelligent practical needs, analysis, and comparison of existing models, combined with digital twin technology, detailing the differences and connections between the various levels of numerical analysis and the implementation of this data in various fields, such as user management, equipment health management, product quality management, and workshop 3D navigation and detailed modeling of the digital twin system based on this numerical analysis to realize remote online monitoring, analysis, and management. In this paper, for the numerical analysis process, firstly, the key technologies of modeling and simulation operation control of production line based on digital twin are studied, and the rapid response manufacturing system based on a digital twin is designed and validated. Secondly, a scheduling technology framework for capacity simulation evaluation and optimization is established, and batching optimization, outsourcing decision, and rolling scheduling techniques are thus proposed to form a batching optimization algorithm based on priority rules, which realizes batching processing, outsourcing decision, and rolling scheduling of production orders to optimize equipment utilization and capacity. Finally, digital twin-based modeling is designed, and the validation results demonstrate the system's superior performance in achieving information interaction between physical and virtual production lines, optimization of numerical analysis, and display of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the complexity analysis in production between competition and R&D for a traditional energy vehicles enterprise and a new energy vehicles enterprise under the introduction of corporate average fuel consumption credits and new energy vehicle credits mandate. From the internal perspective of market complexity evolution, this paper analyzes the internal mechanism of market competition fluctuation and discusses the influence of different corresponding speeds of enterprises on market stability through the nonlinear dynamics' theory. The research results show that the adjustment coefficient of R&D investment and the price coefficient of credit transactions are the key factors affecting the competitive strategies of the two companies. The difference between these two factors will even change the relative R&D investment intensity, relative profitability, and market stability of the two companies in a balanced state. In addition, the numerical analysis showed that the time-delay feedback control method could control the unstable behavior of the dynamic system efficiently and quickly and make the market quickly recover a stable and orderly state, which provided a scientific basis for decision makers to effectively solve the market instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to various imprecisions in nature, imprecise parameters in biological modeling should be taken into account. This paper studies the spatial dynamics of an imprecise prey-predator model of the Leslie–Gower type by presenting imprecise parameters as interval parameters. First, conditions of Turing instability are obtained via bifurcation analysis and interval-valued functions. Then, the effects of interval parameters on pattern selection are discussed via multiple-scale analysis. We discover that when all the parameters of the model are interval parameters, the value of the controlled parameter increases, and the range of the pattern selection domain expands as the value of the interval variable increases, i.e., both the controlled parameter and boundary of the pattern selection domain are interval numbers. Finally, under the effects of the interval parameters of diffusion and the prey's conversion rate into biomass for the predator, the density of the prey decreases or increases, respectively, and the structure or the microstructure of the pattern of the model changes with the growing value of the interval variable. This paper provides a new perspective on the study of the spatial predator-prey model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important aspects of supply chain management (SCM) is the recovery network (RN), which covers all activities associated with return products (such as collection, recovery, repair, recycling, and waste disposal). Our goal in this paper is to provide a new mathematical model of sustainable end-of-life management (SEOLM) during the COVID-19 pandemic for readers. The suggested recovery network model (RNM) can explain the trade-offs between economic (minimizing total costs), environmental (minimizing bad environmental impacts), and social (minimizing bad social impacts) aspects during the pandemic and the great lockdown. A new RN can be designed with a sustainable and hygienic design when taking environmental, economic, and social considerations into account. It proposes guidelines for managers and scholars on how to address recovery network design (RND) challenges during the pandemic through a mathematical article with a sustainable approach. The scalarization approach of a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem in this paper is the weighted sum method. The validation of the presented model and the related Pareto frontier has been illustrated by a case study and numerical example. To perform the optimization process, Lingo software is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, most of the existing rumor detection methods focus on learning and integrating various features for detection, but due to the complexity of the language, these models often rarely consider the relationship between the parts of speech. For the first time, this paper integrated a knowledge graphs and graph attention networks to solve this problem through attention mechanisms. A knowledge graphs can be the most effective and intuitive expression of relationships between entities, providing problem analysis from the perspective of "relationships". This paper used knowledge graphs to enhance topics and learn the text features by using self-attention. Furthermore, this paper defined a common dependent tree structure, and then the ordinary dependency trees were reshaped to make it generate a motif-dependent tree. A graph attention network was adopted to collect feature representations derived from the corresponding syntax-dependent tree production. The attention mechanism was an allocation mechanism of weight parameters that could help the model capture important information. Rumors were then detected accordingly by using the attention mechanism to combine text representations learned from self-attention and graph representations learned from the graph attention network. Finally, numerous experiments were performed on the standard dataset Twitter, and the proposed model here had achieved a 7.7% improved accuracy rate compared with the benchmark model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boosting green technology innovation of enterprise is the key to achieving a win-win situation for both environmental performance and economic performance. However, some Chinese enterprises still have hesitations and misgivings as to whether they should adopt green technology. Considering the uncertainty of the innovation and the irrational psychological factors of decision makers, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the driving mechanisms and the long-term behaviour of enterprises green technology innovation, as well as to explore what preconditions are required for enterprises to adopt green technology innovation. The methods are prospect theory and evolutionary games. This paper first calculates the equilibrium stability and evolutionary stability strategies of the enterprise green technology innovation system and then simulates the effect of subjective gains and losses values and other psychological parameters in the prospect editing and evaluation stage. Results show that increase in subjective gain and decrease in reference points and subjective spill benefit will motivate enterprises to adopt green technology innovation in the prospect editing stage; higher risk preference and lower loss aversion will increase enterprises' motivation for green technology innovation in the prospect evaluation stage. Besides, we find that enterprise decisions are influenced by risk perception and loss aversion rather than just the magnitude of the benefits and cost. Small- and medium-sized enterprises are more likely to turn to green technology innovation than large enterprises under the same level of risk preference and loss aversion. Finally, some suggestions are put forward for the government to encourage enterprises to adopt green technology innovation. This paper can provide a reference for theoretical and practical research on evolutionary game and prospect theory on green technology innovation of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation in the business model (BM) may be irreversible and therefore entails more significant risk and ambiguity compared to product, service, or process innovation. This paper focused on exploring the role of organizational learning in mediating the relationship between business model design and innovation performance using hierarchical hybridized linear regression analysis (HHLRA). Furthermore, this paper shows that organizational learning is based on variables that mediate the relationship between training and performance and improve performance through its positive effect on organizational learning. Furthermore, the study examines the multi-dimensional and contingent progressive impact on the corporate performance of organizational training through innovative conjunctive roles. However, this study determines that both organizational learning capabilities (OLC) and organization innovativeness (OI) have a positive effect on organizational performance (OP). Besides, organizational innovativeness mediates the relationship between OLC and OI. Finally, the findings suggest that managers should improve organizational learning capabilities and improve innovation performance to enhance positive entrepreneurial orientation performance connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty reduction is an important driving force for the global realization of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the building of a global community with a shared future for mankind. This paper takes the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a quasi-natural experiment. Based on the panel data of 134 countries in the world from 2000 to 2018, this paper uses the difference-in-difference (DID) model to examine the impact of the BRI on poverty reduction in countries along the route and to study its internal mechanism from the dual perspectives of trade openness and investment openness. The results show that (1) the BRI can significantly reduce the incidence of poverty with the impact coefficient stable at −0.26, and the empirical conclusion has passed the parallel test, placebo test, and instrumental variable test; (2) the mediating effect test model shows that the BRI can achieve poverty reduction through the dual openness of trade and investment, and the intermediary effect of trade openness is greater than investment openness; and (3) from the perspective of heterogeneity analysis, geographically, the BRI has a slightly higher role in promoting poverty reduction in landlocked countries than in coastal countries. In terms of economic location, the effect of poverty reduction has a certain "pro-poverty" characteristic, that is, the BRI promotes poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries far more than other types of income countries. Therefore, we believe that the continuous deepening of the BRI high-quality construction and the strengthening of cooperation among countries along the route will play a key role in promoting the international cycle of trade, investment, and other factors, as well as the cause of poverty reduction in the region and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the issue of optimal valuation of retailer equity financing based on gambling agreements in a centralized supply chain. Firstly, the betting target settings are classified into three cases: high, medium, and low. Secondly, the optimal valuation models for retailer equity financing in a centralized supply chain without and with introducing a gambling agreement are constructed separately. Finally, this paper clarifies the relationships among factors such as the betting transfer share ratio, ordering price, and optimal valuation level through simulation analysis. The results illustrate the following: (i) There is always an only optimal valuation level and optimal effort level that makes the retailer and supplier might reach an equity financing agreement. (ii) When the betting target is set too high, the betting transfer share ratio varies in the same direction as the optimal valuation level and the opposite direction as the optimal effort level. (iii) When the betting target is set moderately or too low, the betting transfer share ratio has an inverse relationship with the optimal valuation level. However, the retailer will increase its effort level at this time. (iv) In addition, the optimal valuation level is affected by the retailer's firm growth and ordering price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]