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Beijing, as the capital of China, is under the high pressure of climate change and pollution. The consumption of non-renewable energy is one of the most important sources of the CO 2 emissions, which cause climate changes. This paper presents a study on the energy system modelling towards renewable energy and low carbon development for the city of Beijing. The analysis of energy system modelling is organized in two steps to explore the alternative renewable energy system in Beijing. Firstly, a reference energy system of Beijing is created based on the available data in 2014. The EnergyPLAN , an energy system analysis tool, is chosen to develop the reference energy model. Secondly, this reference model is used to investigate the alternative energy system for integrating renewable energies. Three scenarios are developed towards the energy system of Beijing in 2030, which are: (i) reference scenario 2030 , (ii) BAU ( business as usual ) scenario 2030 , and (iii) RES ( renewable energies ) scenario 2030 . The 100% renewable energy system with zero CO 2 emissions can be achieved by increasing solar energy, biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) and optimizing heating system. The primary fuel consumption is reduced to 155.9 TWh in the RES scenario, which is 72% of fuel consumption in the reference scenario 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving energy efficiency is one of the most effective ways to reduce energy waste and achieve carbon neutrality, but it may also bring the energy rebound effect and thus fail to achieve the desired energy conservations. In this paper, we examine the energy rebound effect of Beijing at the level of overall economy, industry and sector based on the Cobb-Douglas production function and the idea of Solow residual, so as to clarify the true impact of technological progress on energy-saving target. Results suggest that: (1) The overall economy of Beijing shows partial rebound effect in most years and appears backfire effect in some years, but the degree of the rebound effect has been gradually mitigated; (2) The energy rebound degree of the tertiary industry is higher than that of the secondary industry on the whole, but the rebound effect of the secondary industry fluctuates more obviously; (3) Energy savings at the sector level is also not ideal, and in most cases, sectors with low energy efficiency have a higher rebound effect than sectors with high energy efficiency. Based on these results, suggestions are provided to alleviate the energy rebound effect of Beijing. • The energy rebound effect of Beijing are quantified at the level of overall economy, industry and sector. • The overall economy of Beijing appears backfire effect and partial rebound effect. • The energy rebound effect of the tertiary industry is higher than that of the secondary industry in most years. • Sectors with low energy efficiency may have higher rebound effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Beijing's energy demand shifting to the household side in the past decade, uncovering the driving factors of Beijing's energy consumption plays an essential role for policy design. To this end, the structural changes in Beijing's residential and productive energy consumption are decomposed using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method in this paper. Empirical analysis is conducted focusing on Beijing's energy changes during 2009–2018. Results suggest that: (1) The contribution of residential energy consumption has exceeded that of the productive sector, meanwhile the expected decrease in both sectors' energy consumption are not observed considering the energy efficiency improvements; (2) The optimization of Beijing's energy consumption cannot solely rely on the technical development, the influence due to the upgrade of industrial structure in Beijing also matters, especially after 2011; (3) In the residential sector, all factors display stronger impacts on energy consumption changes in urban areas than in rural areas, among which the living standard is the most significant. Based on these results, suggestions are provided to promote the decrease of Beijing's energy consumption. • The structural changes in Beijing's residential and productive energy consumption are decomposed. • The phenomenon of "Jevons paradox" appear in both Beijing's productive and residential sectors. • The energy optimization in Beijing cannot solely rely on technical improvement due to the rebound effect. • All factors display stronger impacts on energy consumption changes in urban areas than in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]