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To promote energy saving in the residential sector Directive 2012/27/EU has set the obligation for buildings supplied by central heating sources to install individual heat metering and accounting systems. However, in social housing, bills based exclusively on individual consumption should be unfair due to some unfavourable situations, such as first and top floors, presence of unheated common spaces, north oriented dwellings. Nevertheless, fair heat accounting rules should be introduced especially in social housing buildings, which are often thermally underperforming with inefficient heating plants and tenants are commonly low-income people and elderly. On the other hand, common regulations for heat accounting providing compensation to avoid inequalities among tenants have not been set and different approaches on this topic are present among EU Member States. In this paper the authors present a new heat accounting method for social housing based on the estimation of extra-consumptions due to building inefficiencies. According to this method, extra-consumptions are charged to all tenants in order to encourage energy efficient retrofit interventions. Finally, the new method has been experimented in a typical social housing building in Italy and compared to other methods applicable in EU, evidencing some advantages and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data about DHW in residential buildings were collected by survey in Southern Italy. • Contextual and personal factors influencing DHW usage were considered. • Descriptive statistics were performed to characterize DHW by climatic zone. • Inferential statistics were conducted to discover DHW usage patterns. • Four clusters of dwellings were identified considering DHW daily usage hours. In European efficient buildings, the share of energy use for DHW is a significant percentage of the heat requirement. The evaluation of DHW energy demand and consumption patterns has been neglected in the past and studies are located in Northern countries. This paper presents a survey conducted in Southern Italy. Descriptive statistics were performed to characterize DHW production by climatic zone. Inferential statistics were conducted to discover significant contextual and personal variables and identify usage groups. The most used energy source was biomass (49.3%), followed by methane gas (37.7%). Fireplaces were installed in the coldest zone, in detached houses, more in small municipalities (36%), and low-income families (32%). Solar systems were in 8% of dwellings having income higher than 28000€. Four clusters of dwellings were identified considering the daily usage hours. The eldest and less numerous households fell into the cluster with the lowest usage (3.5 h). Households with a percentage <25% of unemployed components had more probability to belong to clusters with more DHW usages. The paper contributes to fill the investigation in the Mediterranean area and provides a systematic approach to expand the limited knowledge about the influencing factors on the DHW production and usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Dynamic evaluation of economic and energy benefits due to thermostatic valve installation. • Dynamic evaluation of economic and energy benefits due to heat metering installation. • The adoption of both thermostatic valves and heat metering least to a payback period lower than 2 years. • Analysis carried out considering several shapes of typical building. The aim of this paper is to propose a novel approach in order to accurately calculate the energy and economic savings due to the use of heat metering and thermostatic valves in residential buildings. The paper aims at proving that the present simplified approaches used in European Legislation may lead to significantly underestimate the profitability of this technology. The study is developed for four different typologies of buildings located in the city of Naples (South of Italy), including their geometrical and thermophysical properties. The buildings are first modelled in Google Sketchup and subsequently linked to the TRNSYS environment, which also includes a detailed model of the piping systems. The models allow one to evaluate, for every period of the year, energy demand, energy supplied by radiators, heat gains, transmission, etc. The developed models are used to calculate energy demands for three scenarios for each type of building: centralized heating systems not equipped with heat metering; thermostatic valves without heat metering; heat metering and thermostatic valves. The possible savings related to thermostatic valves and heat metering are estimated using the developed model. The results are compared with the ones provided by the Italian Standards. Results show that the thermostatic valves adoption leads to a significant reduction, up to 50%, of the thermal energy demand of the residential buildings and that all the proposed systems exhibit a remarkable economic profitability, with a payback period lower than 1.7 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An integrated energy-economic analysis of Net ZEB office buildings was proposed. • A thorough discussion on the energy balance was provided for Italian climate zones. • Energy grid integrations, self-consumption, storage and losses were analyzed. • The cost assessment of office buildings was performed and compared to state-of-art. • The energy-economic benefit of a new Net ZEB office in Italy was demonstrated. Recently, the built environment has become one of the leading sectors in the challenge of decarbonization and energy consumption reduction. Because of the specific use and the complexity of the typological, architectural, and technical characteristics, non-residential buildings represent a challenge to overcome the nearly Zero Energy Building standard and to achieve the objective of Zero or Net Zero Energy Buildings. It is desirable that the energy produced in situ from renewable sources totally covers the energy demand (ZEB); alternatively, the amount of energy self-produced and dispatched into the grid must be greater than (or equal to) the energy withdrawn from the grid (Net ZEB). At the same time, it is necessary not to neglect the economic aspects. The aim of this work is to propose an integrated energy-economic analysis to demonstrate the actual feasibility of new Net ZEB offices in different Italian climate zones. Thus, the energy analysis of a reference building, based on consolidated and cost-effective envelope and HVAC systems, has been carried out through dynamic simulations. The photovoltaic field located on the roof provides the energy needed for lighting, appliances, and HVAC. The obtained results are the energy demand and the energy production from renewable sources for the case study in each Italian climate zone. Moreover, the paper discusses the complexity of the annual energy balance, considering contributions such as grid integrations, self-consumption, energy stored and losses. Finally, the cost assessment of the proposed building has been carried out and compared to the state-of-art, pointing out the economic feasibility of the Net ZEB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A research topic relatively new but with an increase interest in the last five years. • The largest scientific contribution from China, Australia and Italy. • The main journals in the field Building and Environment and Energy and Buildings. • Three main direction of research: thermal energy performance of buildings, ecological benefits and reducing the urban heat. • The main limitation of using green walls is the high cost of installing and maintenance. The continuous state of development of the human society imply a big effort and demand to generate and use more and more energy to power our lifestyle. The impact of human activity has negative effects on the environment and thus solutions to maintain or increase our development rate but in the same time to decrease the pressure on the environment must be developed. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to investigate if the use of green walls systems can be a solution to decrease the energy demands in buildings. The investigation include a bibliometric literature research, a scientometric analysis and an in-depth discussion. The data used for the research were obtained by interrogating the ISI Web of Science and Scopus databases, were selected using the guidelines of the PRISMA method and processed with the help of VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software. The research results indicate an increase interest in this topic in the last five years and that the use of vegetation in the constructed grey areas can bring a lot of benefits especially from environmental point of view. Green walls can be a solution to decrease the temperature on the wall surface in hot summer days and to prevent heat loses in the winter time, and thus have beneficial effects on the amount of energy required to maintain a proper interior temperature. The main limitation of using green walls is given by higher costs of installing and maintain the vegetation on walls, thus, finding new more economical, systems of green walls must be developed in the future. Considering all of this it can be state that green wall systems have the potential to become good solutions not just to improve the energy efficiency of buildings but also to create more sustainable urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]