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Abstract: This paper presents a rational method for estimating the maximum discharge of a landslide-induced debris flow. The method has five basic principles or steps: (a) to identify and measure representative bends and straight zones along a channel through which a debris flow went down; (b) to evaluate peak debris flow velocity in the bends; (c) to assess peak debris flow velocity in the straight channel zones; (d) to use the peak velocities to estimate the distribution of peak discharge along the entire channel; and (e) to find the maximum velocity and discharge of the debris flow. The method is illustrated with a case study of a landslide-induced debris flow at a mountainous region near Chengdu, southwestern China. The results show that the peak debris velocity was between 2.4 and 4.7 m s−1 and the peak debris discharge was between 6.7 and 35.7 m3 s−1. The peak discharge initially increased at the upper portion of the channel, then decreased at the lower portion, indicating that the upper channel experienced erosion but the lower channel experienced deposition. The location with the maximum debris flow discharge corresponds to the point where the volume of the debris flow started to decrease. The method presented in this paper can help to prevent or mitigate debris flow hazards. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Debris flows, landslides and rock falls are severe abrupt mass movement hazards, whose recorded occurrence in China has increased markedly in the past two decades. With the county- and city-based data, the debris flow hazard zonation for China was accomplished using the Rapid Zonation of Abrupt Mass-movement Hazard (RZAMH) approach, whose principles are described in the Part I companion paper. The entire area of China was classified into five regions with different degrees of hazard. Landslide and rock-fall hazard zonations for China were also presented. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the RZAMH approach. Direct validation was made with comparison of the zonation results and historical recordings on occurrence distribution of debris flows. The zonations produced by the RZAMH approach and other methods were compared by similarity analysis and paired-sample t-tests for the indirect validation of the accuracy of the RZAMH approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There are few detailed analyses of the wind energy environments and dunefield activity in the Chinese deserts. On the basis of wind data and other climatic parameters collected at meteorological stations in and around the deserts, this paper considers wind environments and dunefield activity in the Chinese deserts in the 1990s. The results show that dunes in most of the deserts were developed and controlled by low energy wind regimes. Although most dunes had the morphology of transverse and linear types, which is consistent with wind regimes, some deserts did not show close relations between dune morphology and regional wind directional distributions due to other controls. Although sand transport mainly occurs in spring and early summer, there is strong sand transport activity in winter in some deserts. Dune activity in the Chinese deserts has great spatial variations. The regions with low dune activity are located in the Chaidm, Mu Us, Hobq, Horqin and Nenjiang Deserts due to much higher annual precipitation in these regions. The areas with strong dune activity are located in the eastern Taklimakan and northern Badain Jaran Deserts due to arid conditions and much stronger winds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A Holocene loess profile to the west of Xi''an China was studied multi-disciplinarily to investigate the relationships between soil erosion and monsoonal climatic change. The proxy data obtained from this aeolian loess and palaeosol sequence indicate large-scale variations of climate in the southern Loess Plateau since the last glaciation. A rainwash bed, indicative of a wetter climate, excessive runoff and erosion on the loess tablelands, was identified relating to the early Holocene before the onset of the “climatic optimum”. This is synchronous with the early Holocene physiographic erosional stage identified in the valleys in North China. It means that severe erosion took place when the region was undergoing climatic amelioration during the early Holocene. The evidence presented in this paper shows that the erosion occurred as a regional response to a monsoonal climatic shift in the southern Loess Plateau. During the last glaciation, prior to the erosion phase, the land surface on the tablelands had been largely stable except for the rapid accumulation of aeolian dust and the resultant increase in its elevation. Relatively slow dust accumulation and intensive bio-pedogenesis responding to the Holocene “climatic optimum” followed the erosion phase. The loess tablelands were most vulnerable to erosion during the large-scale monsoonal climatic shift from dry-cold glacial to humid-warm post-glacial conditions in the southern Loess Plateau. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]