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This paper presents a method of determining electromotive force and battery internal resistance as time functions, which are depicted as functions of state of charge (SOC) because Soc = f(t). The model is based on battery discharge and charge characteristics under different constant currents that are tested by a laboratory experiment. This paper further presents the method of determining the battery soc according to a battery modeling result. The influence of temperature on battery performance is analyzed according to laboratory-tested data, and the theoretical background for calculating the SOC is obtained. The algorithm of battery SOC indication is depicted in detail. The algorithm of the battery SOC "online" indication considering the influence of temperature can be easily used in practice by a microprocessor. An NiMH battery is used in this paper to depict the modeling method. In fact, the method can also be used for different types of contemporary batteries, as well as Li-ion batteries, if the required test data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two efficient algorithms are proposed for estimating code timing in a code-division multiple-access system in which multiple antennas are used at the transmitter and receiver. One of the algorithms is a pilot data transmission technique; while pilots in a conventional method are transmitted continuously, they are cyclically transmitted over each transmit antenna in the proposed algorithm. Hence, when compared to the conventional method, code allocation efficiency and more powerful transmission for unmodulated pilot channels could be achieved. The other is a weighted average (WA) method in which code-timing acquisition is achieved by averaging the estimated delays by weight. In addition, we propose two efficient code-timing estimators based on the proposed algorithms. Based on the analysis in this paper, the performance of the WA method is better than the equal-gain average method. Simulation results show that the two code-timing estimators based on the proposed methods provide a better code- timing acquisition performance than the conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]