1. Collaboration and Competition.
- Author
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Peterson, Martin
- Subjects
- *
RESEARCH , *SCIENCE - Abstract
ABSTRACT This brief paper provides a concise overview of the historical development of European research systems. Although social science has recently discovered national science and research systems as a topic of study, the historical origins of different national systems is as old as European science itself. The article provides a condensed tour of the major historical developments that have contributed to shaping the present European research landscape. These historical developments, which began with the establishment of the first European university in Bologna, show that the evolution of the European research system has been marked by forces pulling in opposite directions: on the one hand, the universalistic nature of science has forged co-operative relations across national boundaries; on the other hand, the national orientation of research systems embedded in nation-states has led to fierce competition. The article shows that this ambivalent historical legacy has shaped structures and practices in today's European research system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
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