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This paper aims to advance the state of knowledge related to innovation and philanthropy, by exploring the emerging field of 'participatory grantmaking' (PGM) through the lens of innovation literature. While there are increasing amounts of European and global grantmakers utilizing more participatory methodologies in their grantmaking as a means to move power and increase the collective ability to create social good, there is yet to be any literature specifically exploring the links between these two fields. This conceptual paper, therefore, uses a broad reading of innovation literature to argue that it is most fruitful to consider PGM as innovation within four modalities: as a form of social innovation, process innovation, both radical and incremental innovation, and user-driven innovation. The paper ultimately finds that user-driven innovation (and in particular co-creation / co-production as a strategy to user-driven innovation) may provide the best examples of theory and practical relevance for those utilizing PGM as a means to democratize philanthropy in Europe and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing number of digitally-enabled social innovation initiatives have recently attracted social scholars' interest; and required an attentive consideration the complex entanglements between innovation, social agency and power. This paper contributes to the debate on this juvenile research field by analysing the different conceptualisations, cultural framing, and socio-political entanglements of digitally-enabled social innovation. It adopts a Foucauldian perspective in order to analyse the diverse discourses on socially transformative digital initiatives that work as 'social technologies' and support distinctive power/knowledge nexuses within diverse coalitions of actors. To this end, the paper applies a combination of bibliographic and text-mining methodologies to a large number of academic publications (191 scientific papers) and grey literature (1948 EU-project reports). Retrieved data are elaborated to map the emerging discursive field and identify a genealogy of associated concepts, the distribution of co-incidences and linkages with other concepts, and their ideological layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the range of expansion/development/growth pathways (or scaling) that might occur with social innovations, with reference to social innovation in rural areas. It explores the lack of a clear conceptualization of both social innovation as a phenomenon and the possible growth and expansion pathways that might arise. Based on a survey of the diverse literature on the expansion/development/growth pathways of social innovations, and illustrated primarily by European examples, the paper develops a typology built around an attempted synthesis of the extant typologies found in published literature. Different theories of rural development are employed to help explain the divergent development pathways that might be anticipated in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe seems deeply divided due to recent crises such as the EURO crisis and the Brexit. Moreover, the EU seems unable to entice its citizens and the construction of a shared European identity seems more distant than ever. Yet, in this paper, I argue that this is testimony to a specific and limited view on European identity construction and focuses solely on the experiences of so-called native Europeans. There are clear indications that a sense of Europeanness is emerging among ethnic minority groups across Europe and that they are becoming key actors in European identity formation. Yet, they are currently rarely acknowledged as such. This paper argues that their identity processes can be understood as strategies by groups that feel excluded from national identities but do (want to) feel at home in 'Europe'. The paper ends with a discussion of the potential opportunities and pitfalls of an 'ambiguous' European identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally well-accepted in innovation research that consumer/user adoption of an invention is key to its diffusion. Despite general awareness about the importance of the adopter perspective in innovation diffusion, the majority of the literature on social innovation, hardly addresses the adoption-side of innovation diffusion. Social innovation potential therefore often remains under-utilized. In this paper the result of a review of 468 (predominantly English language) publications on social innovation is provided (based on Web of Science), searching for the adopter perspective in social innovation research. The findings show that, although some hints at the role of adopters, and their environment, can be found in the literature, attention for the willingness and capacities of potential adopters is meager in peer-reviewed publications. Propelled by high policy expectations, at the national as well as European level, scientific interest in social innovation has been booming over the last decade. Without a proper understanding of social innovation diffusion dynamics and adopter willingness and their interactions with existing institutions, expectations may not be fulfilled and specific social innovation policies that have been emerging across Europe may not be able to achieve intended policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-production was developed by several European countries to revive their film industries and has become increasingly popular, spreading across the region and beyond. However, this scheme should be carefully examined as to whether it is truly beneficial to the film industry. In response, this paper proposes two new concepts, "corporation-led" and "state-led" co-productions by distinguishing them from the prevailing notion of "(international) co-production." Corporation-led coproduction is to achieve the best outcome through the optimal utilization of production (or creative) factors and business activities. By contrast, state-led co-production has been used to enhance the national image and has been supported by financial incentives. As such, this type of co-production becomes a hindrance for the optimal utilization of production factors. All of these aspects can be found throughout the history of Europe's co-production efforts. In the future, such an instrument should be redesigned in order to promote the film industry more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence on the innovation performance in the European countries in the years of recovery from the global economic and financial crisis by using the CDM model of simultaneous equations. The model directly links R&D engagement and intensity to innovation outcomes measured either as process or as product innovation, and then estimates the effectiveness of the innovative efforts leading to productivity gains. The difference between the drivers of innovation systems and its influence over the productivity growth is analyzed between two different institutional settings in Europe. For that purpose a company-level dataset is used from the 2012 round of the Comunity Innovation Survey. Тhe results indicated that the recent financial crisis had negative influence on the companies' willingness to innovate. The effect of the crisis led to further divergence in the innovation systems of these two institutional settings. Identifying the characteristics of the innovation systems and drivers of innovation during the turmoil shows that policy instruments on EU level should be oriented towards creation of competitive business environment, encouragement to adopt the best management techniques and organizational structures and improvement of well-functioning capital, product and labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to numerous idiosyncratic features, a profound variety in the level of development and in the nature of regional innovation systems is often acknowledged. This paper has aimed to contribute to existing research by unraveling mutual relationships among knowledge bases, R&D structure and innovation performance of European regions. Our analysis showed that the differences among the European regions in their prevailing knowledge base and in the absolute and relative sizes of key segments of R&D systems are systematic and mutually interwoven. Generally, advanced regions are often typified by the lowest share of synthetic knowledge base and either by a dominance of the private R&D or by a relatively balanced structure between private and public R&D, while the opposite holds for lagging regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the initiation of the Erasmus programme in 1987, intra-European student exchanges in higher education are expected to promote a sense of European identity and citizenship among European exchange students. Panel studies grasping students' identification before and after participating in an exchange programme, however, remain remarkably scarce today. Moreover, the few existing studies report conflicting results. This paper adds to this debate, presenting the results of a survey conducted in 2009 and 2010 among non-exchange and exchange students from thirteen European countries, based on a pretest - posttest nonequivalent groups design (n = 400). My analyses did not find any statistically significant differences over time within and between the groups of exchange and non-exchange students, and neither between students with similar identification scores at wave 1. Finally, an analysis of the relationship between social network types and identification patterns did also not yield any significant results. Altogether, these findings suggest the impact of European exchange programmes on European citizenship and a sense of European identity is relatively limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The austerity discourse is usually analysed as an academic as well as a policy discourse on current European reform processes. This paper explores how the austerity concept is used by different economic expert discourses to create identity images in the European political economy. Starting from an economic sociology as well as social studies of science perspective, the analysis investigates how three different expert discourses produce certain identity images of the “me” and the “other”. An analysis of identity images is essential to understand how roles for actors in the political economy are constructed. Whereas the “me” image points to the speaker of a certain discourse, the image of the “other” always relates to ways how the speaker interprets and perceives other actors. These images as role models appear in different political, media and economic contexts as means in social struggle over hegemony. Thus, austerity discourses contribute to the cultural and discursive formation of the European political economy. The analysis takes three examples to illustrate the diversity of the current discursive struggles over the present and future form of Europe: ordoliberal “law-and-order” economist’s discourses develop a “resolute” me-perspective, the economic experts from the Keynesian camp constitute the discursive “me” as a “critical” discourse position, and the pragmatists from the ECB take a “moderate” position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social innovation is attracting increasing attention in research and policy, heightened by continuing austerity across Europe. Therefore, this paper examines earlier research into community-led local development (CLLD) initiatives in rural areas of Europe to develop our understanding of the meaning and scope of rural social innovation. We draw on a Schumpeterian view where innovations emerge from new combinations of resources that bring about positive changes and create value in society. A Schumpeterian social innovation framework is derived as the basis for re-analysing data from previous evaluations of LEADER policy in five different national contexts. This elicits a clearer understanding of social innovation in a rural development context, identifying different processes and outcomes that create social value. As the CLLD agenda and the demand for innovation in Europe gather pace, our aspirations are to inform future research and other initiatives on how to integrate social innovation into the design and evaluation of new rural development policies and programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to provide an insider's view into the implementation of goals set by the European Commission for socio-economic research. By analysing project coordinators' responses to questionnaires (n=88), several aspects of the emergence of a European social science research community are examined. Focus is placed on three 'European Added Values', defined within two subsequent calls for research proposals and funding opportunities: framework programmes 4 and 5 (1994-1998, and 1998-2002 accordingly). These 'Added Values' will set the expected features of European-funded research projects, and will include: (1) transnationality - the involvement of researchers from a variety of EU states; (2) applied research - the potential implementation of outcomes in socioeconomic policy; and (3) interdisciplinarity - the integration and collaboration of different disciplinary perspectives. These 'ideals' were tested against reports as to the reality of the research practices, and found to have a significant compatibility, as well as several discrepancies, with the objectives set out by the EU research committee. This paper allows for an understanding of the dynamics of European research consortia, and the factors involved in the success or failure in attaining the overarching goals of the EU Commission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have explored the security logic of EU policies on migration and asylum, which served as the legitimizing factor for adopting restrictive measures and for cutting back the rights of third-country nationals. The involvement of the European Commission in this policy area after the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force signalled a move towards more liberal immigration policies, which recognized the positive contributions made by labor immigrants. However, the terrorist attacks of September 11 brought the liberalization of European migration policy to a halt. In the context of these developments, this paper aims to readdress the security–migration nexus, utilizing but also extending the concept of ‘securitization’, developed by the ‘Copenhagen School of Security Studies’. By analyzing institutional developments in the area of internal security in the EU, it demonstrates that the events of September 11 did not initiate the insecurities, uncertainties, ambiguities and complexities in regards to migration policy; rather they accelerated dynamics that were already deeply rooted in the emerging European internal security regime. The paper concludes that the discourse that links migration to security is a construction that is both exaggerated and problematic, yet it has been further reinforced in the post-September 11 context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Culture' and 'change' are not words typically yoked together in social science. Indeed, the whole point of explanatory recourse to culture is to account for permanencies. Nonetheless, subject to certain conceptual precautions, middle range cultural analysis can work in conjunction with mainstream political science to clarify processes of policy change. The paper illustrates this by focusing on the case of European research policies and practices. After presenting a conceptual framework designed to bring together cultural analysis and policy science, the paper elaborates, on the basis of the framework, a theoretical scheme for the analysis of research policy. It then reports on some empirical findings from recent research and assesses the extent to which they validate the conceptual and theoretical framework. Finally, the paper offers some conclusions about the scale and innovative nature of policy change in contemporary European polities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A European housing typology for older people does not exist. There is a need to formulate a workable typology of elder-housing to enable planners and providers to make use of a meaningful categorization of accommodation within public, voluntary, private and mixed housing in a highly diversified Europe. This paper proposes an overarching typology, incorporating the notion of independent living accommodation and of assisted living accommodation as major categories, embracing 21 housing options. The usual use of the category of social housing is excluded because in Europe it has conflicting and overlapping meanings. Using the suggested typology, the provisions of independent living and of assisted living are commented upon in centre-periphery terms. Finally, the paper indicates that although the EU is the main European provider of welfare, it has virtually no housing policy, and its planning and provision are hindered by long-term constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization is frequently assumed to be responsible for creating the economic environment in which a much greater degree of European Union (EU) economic integration is deemed necessary. In contrast, this paper argues that globalization, in conjunction with neo-liberal growth, has led to autonomization as well as integration. The term autonomization designates both that economic governance is increasingly delegated to autonomous regions, and that neo-liberal economic policies tend to fragment and divide in their pursuit of growth. The paper investigates the tension between the role in which globalization has cast the region, and the region as a central player in the EU's cohesion strategy. Cohesion policy-measures to combat underdevelopment and backwardness-plays a key role in integration and growth strategies. It is argued that cohesion has become detached from its redistributive origins and incorporated in a discourse of competitiveness and growth. The region has emerged as both the site upon which the global acts upon the EU, and the level at which the EU has determined that the processes of globalization can best be accommodated. It is suggested that the tension between cohesion and autonomization introduced by globalization is a central dynamic at work in the contemporary EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways in which land use planning and the layout of the built environment may assist towards the objectives of sustainable mobility by influencing travel behaviour, in particular towards achieving travel reduction. The paper firstly discusses the different types of land use policy which may be used to assist with the objectives of sustainability and travel reduction, with reference to examples of implementation from Europe and elsewhere. It then places these in a framework distinguishing the nature of land use policies and the mechanisms activated in reducing travel or otherwise promoting sustainable mobility. The paper then goes on to explore in more detail the different mechanisms by which more sustainable travel patterns may be effected through land use considerations, noting how these mechanisms may be combined to amplify the potential scope for travel reduction. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of these explorations for land use policy and hence draws conclusions on the importance of the contribution of land use planning towards sustainable mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper positions transport at the edge of localization and globalization forces. Drastic changes in industrial organization, transportation systems, trade patterns and environmental quality conditions make the transport and communication sector an internally contrasting and disputed activity with many pros and cons, which are reflected in serious dilemmas and policy uncertainties, at different levels of governance. In order to cope with long-range uncertainties the use of scenarios analysis is advocated. The paper then develops three scenarios and analyses them by using the recently developed spider model. The paper is concluded with some policy lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT On-going trends in travel have led to the need to consider the possibilities for travel reduction, particularly travel by car and at peak times. It has therefore been considered necessary to identify strategies for reducing the amount of travel to a necessary minimum, considering which components of travel need to be addressed and what types of effects any travel reduction strategies would have on travel behaviour. Accordingly, this paper discusses travel trends in Europe, investigates a set of travel reduction measures and reviews their current implementation. This involves, firstly, the demonstration of significant travel trends, both through statistics at an aggregated level across Europe and findings from a series of individual countries. These trends point to the increase in travel, with increasing number and length of trips, with a particular emphasis on growing car use and dependence. The paper goes on to explore possibilities for applying travel reduction strategies to tackle the observed growth in travel. This involves a collation of a set of possible travel reduction measures and an assessment of their potential effect on travel behaviour. Such effects include switching trips--modal switching, time switching and location switching-and substitution of trips--by technology, by linking trips and by trip modification. A review of current implementation of travel reduction measures is then carried out. Here, the prevalence of particular measures and the bodies responsible for their implementation are investigated for a selection of European countries. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the potential for application of the various travel reduction measures. This will provide a basis for taking forward the formulation of travel reduction strategies and the assessment of the potential impact of particular measures, and hence contribute to the determination of the most appropriate future transport polities for travel reduction in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the European freight transport network from the viewpoint of its efficiency in overcoming severe barriers. Based on a broad overview of modern issues in European transport policy, the paper identifies various bottlenecks--at both national and European levels. Based on a survey among European transport experts an assessment of the importance of these barriers is made, using rough set analysis. In this way the critical success factors for an effective and efficient multi-modal European network can be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Intra-European transport policy has gradually moved towards a liberalized regime, both within most nations and the EU as an entity. Globalization trends and other, more limited aspects of internationalization, imply that the next phase is the greater integration of European economies with other economic systems. This is already taking place, but its fulfilment will involve new thinking regarding the roles of national and regional institutions. This paper looks at the nature of the future challenges that face European transport policy makers to meet this larger geographical remit and examine the forms of institutional structures which may permit an efficient transition. To substantiate alternative hypotheses, the paper will examine the various efforts that have been made to date in different transport fields in developing wider international structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacogenomics is the use of genomic science to study human variability in drug response. Proponents of pharmacogenomics suggest that it will lead to a new era of personalized medicine through a fundamental transformation in the drug discovery and development process. Uncertainty about the regulatory standards and processes for this emergent technology have been widely cited as an obstacle to more widespread and rapid adoption of pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics thus presents an ideal case study of the role of regulators in the co-production of new biomedical technologies. This paper describes the attempt to create a new transnational regulatory regime for pharmacogenomics through the creation of novel regulatory experiments by a transnational network encompassing regulatory agencies, academic scientists and industry. This process has been marked by the creation of new socio-technical spaces in the regulatory regimes for pharmaceuticals – a pre-regulatory space for the sharing of data outside the regulatory decision-making process and a pre-competitive space for the sharing of data between companies. It is marked also by the expansion of a transnational regulatory space for sharing data and setting standards across jurisdictional boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human tissues and cells, and tissue engineered (TE) therapies, have been the object of attempts at regulatory regime-building in Europe since the late 1990s. As a sector-in-the-making, or technological zone, TE has been beset by multiple uncertainties. The 2007 Regulation on Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, expands the legal scope of EU pharmaceutical jurisdiction to cover tissue engineering as “unconventional medicine”. This paper outlines the regulatory pathway taken by TE, explaining how the eventual pharmaceutical designation hides contentious, continuing stakeholder debates about the substantive definition of TE, its modes of production, tissue bank–hospital–industry relationships, the position of the medical device sector, and the appropriate type and institutional form of regulatory controls. In spite of the aim of providing “legal certainty”, the new regime has strategically built-in scope for future “technical” developments, and recent institutional innovations made by the key EU regulatory body respond to the continuing stakeholder tensions. The conclusion is that the EU Regulation provides some “regulatory ordering” of the TE zone while providing an open-ended flexibility, and inter-sectoral industry tensions continue given the shape of the recent EU legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a multiplicity of ongoing conservation activities, European biodiversity loss is still ongoing, caused mainly by a high level of habitat loss and fragmentation. Along the former Iron Curtain, wilderness areas and valuable natural refuges were preserved across Europe from Fennoscandia to the Black Sea. Initiated in 2003, the European Green Belt (EGB) aims to create, maintain, improve and extend this trans-border ecological network. In this paper we discuss the ecological functions of the EGB and provide an overview of research potential, activities and needs along the corridor. The implementation of ecological networks within planning instruments and European strategies on green infrastructure and wilderness underlines the importance of the EGB. Fulfilling its function as the backbone of an ecological and social network on different levels, the EGB triggers intensive collaboration between neighboring countries and provides new chances for formerly marginalized border regions to choose a sustainable path for their further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the economic development and development policies in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in 1990-2005, from the collapse of the USSR to the enlargement of the European Union. A great number of authors have generally seen the transition as a very positive process. They have concluded that the reform policies focusing on macroeconomic and price stability have been the key to success for CEE economies. A reliable economic environment is, of course, instrumental for longer-term economic success, as exemplified by the prolonged crisis in most of the former Soviet Union. Our analysis of the economic development and competitive advantages in the region, however, leads to the conclusion that the specific approach to transition that the Central and Eastern European countries followed came at a rather high cost. Comparative neglect and weakness of a set of policies crucial for longer-term development, such as science, technology and innovation policies, has led to deterioration in the last decade rather than the strengthening of the competitive advantages of Central and Eastern European economies. Furthermore, we argue that, in most cases, CEE countries have unfortunately overlooked or misjudged a number of development challenges, and have thus implemented policies that have generated growth at the cost of rapidly increasing risks. This is how the financial fragility of several Central and Eastern European countries has recently increased drastically, and the region seems to have virtually arrived at the brink of economic collapse. Since the CEE countries joined the European Union, the CEE governments have gradually moved towards acquiring a more active role in economic development. These policies need, however, to be strengthened considerably and reinforced by macroeconomic policies that curb current excessive dependence on foreign-financed growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to explain why religious beliefs and practice have strongly declined in some parts of the world, in particular in Europe, while in other parts religion continues to play a central role in the public sphere and in private life. It is argued that the following factors determine the patterns of religiosity in contemporary Christian societies: substantive differences between religious doctrines and denominations with respect to theological teachings but also the use of rituals and symbols; the level of welfare state services; and the historical connections between church and state. These theses are empirically investigated in two ways: first, through a quantitative, multilevel analysis of the effects of individual and context variables on individual religiosity in 28 Christian countries around the world; and, second, through short case studies of four countries - Norway, Ireland, the United States and Chile - each exemplary of a specific type of state-church relations over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the notion of Europeanism, asking the question: what does it mean to be a European? In much the same terms as in Michael Walzer's often-cited essay 'What does it mean to be an American?', Walzer's analysis will serve as a point of departure for a discussion of different conceptions of European self-understanding. Some points of contrast will be made between American hyphenated identities and European identity, conceived of in terms of a notion of cosmopolitanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address the alleged communication or public sphere deficit of the EU. We develop a systematic approach to the Europeanization of public spheres, which distinguishes three forms of Europeanized political communication: supranational, vertical and horizontal. We propose that the spatial reach and boundaries of public communication can be determined by investigating communicative flows and assessing the relative density of public communication within and between different geopolitical spaces. We apply this model to data on political claim making in seven issue fields in German print media in the year 2000. We find that the degree and forms of Europeanization of political communication vary considerably among policy fields. These differences are strongly linked to the extent and type (supranational or intergovernmental) of competencies of the EU in these fields. Contrary to the hypothesis of a public sphere deficit, the German mass media seem to quite accurately reflect the Europeanization of policy making, at least in those policy fields where a clear-cut transfer of competencies to the supranational EU level has taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the mutual perceptions and misperceptions between Europe and the Arab-Islamic world. Based on a sociological theory of collective identity formation, a typology and set of hypotheses are developed in the first section concerning the relations between countries and cultures in the world; these are seen as being dependent on inequality in their level of socio-economic development, and on the similarity or difference of their culture and their political systems. In the second and third section, these principles are applied to an analysis of the self-concepts and the mutual perceptions between Europe and the Arab-Islamic world. Here, it is first investigated whether fundamental differences exist in basic value orientations between Europe on the one hand, and Islam and the Arabic world on the other, and in the value orientations of Christians and Muslims in two selected countries. In the third section, the mutual perceptions of these two culture areas are investigated. It is shown that--despite a lack of fundamental differences in value orientations--significant misperceptions exist, particularly of the Arab-Islamic culture and societies in Europe. They are related to colonial history, religious-cultural differences, and inequalities in levels of development. Further reasons for the misperceptions and perspectives for their correction after the terrorist attack in New York in 2001 are outlined in the final section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several (large) states of the European continent, particularly in Germany, progress in bringing down high unemployment has been slow. In contrast, 'employment miracles' occurring in a number of countries of the Western world receive increasing attention and raise the question of what can be learned from their obviously more successful political strategies and institutional reforms for attaining better employment performance. The first part of the paper discusses different criteria for evaluating 'successful' employment performance in comparative perspective. After looking into the 'employment miracles' and the policies and policy changes which are commonly ascertained as having been conducive to success - concentrating mainly on the Netherlands, Denmark and the USA - the question of transferability is addressed by examining which elements could be transferred to Germany and other countries of the European continent. The conclusion is that, apart from modernizing (active) labour market policy, there is not much to copy from others. However, successful institutional arrangements and policy innovations implemented elsewhere may be informative with regard to the hindrances of reform in one's own country and the search for possible 'functional equivalents'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for passenger mobility has grown exponentially in Europe in the past 25-30 years. Policy makers place great emphasis on the ability to predict, analyse and manage the growth of passenger mobility. Predicting passenger mobility, especially 15 or more years into the future, requires taking into account the most relevant variables in the modelling process. For example, accounting directly for the effects of the diversification of leisure time or the increase in individualization, and their consequent (potential) impact on the demand for mobility. These trends are difficult to quantify. The ability to account for these and other important variables is important in the process of modelling the demand for mobility. The scenario-development process can be used to identify these trends. The use of scenarios can assist planners and researchers in predicting mobility in the following three ways: (1) they assist in structuring, understanding and thinking through a changing situation. There are general global developments that affect the demand for mobility, in addition to specific transport-related trends and trend breaks; (2) scenarios focus attention on the structural uncertainty of the most critical factors; (3) the process of developing scenarios increases the capability of the developers to understand the environment in which the transport system functions. During the process of developing scenarios, a strong cause-and-effect reasoning is used. This logical approach can also be employed to think through the consequences of possible developments. The ScenarioExplorer is a scenario-based model developed at TNO Inro and financed by the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. This model takes mobility prediction a step further in the direction of consistent scenario development and quantification. It provides strategic results at the national level for The Netherlands. It takes a novel approach to modelling in that it is not based on explicit detailed networks and zone systems. On the other hand, it does not make traditional transport models obsolete but rather enables policy analyses that can be followed by more detailed studies using traditional methods. This paper provides a description of the ScenarioExplorer as well as examples of how it models the dynamics present in the environment of the transport system, accounts for the context sensitivity of policies, and accounts for the effect of non-transport policies on the transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the remaining limitations to full interoperability within the European Union (EU) air transport market. Twenty years ago the European air transport network was fragmented, with airlines being treated as public entities designed to serve largely national interests. Considerable progress has been made in recent years, notably the three 'Packages' of EU legislation, to remove such barriers. The situation still differs in several ways from the almost totally free market that has been in place in the USA since the 1980s but, within the EU, fares and market entry are independent of national frontiers. Some barriers remain, largely legacy effects that are gradually being tidied up, but with some significant matters concerning routes outside of the EU and capacity constraints relating to the still largely publicly provided infrastructure still needing resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the reasons why it is justified to talk about a European 'democratic deficit'. The creation and consolidation of a European public space necessitates conceptual clarification at the normative theoretical level - as liberal democracy is historically closely bound to the nation-state - and action at the policy and political levels. A Union of European Citizens is a step towards, but not equivalent to, a democratic Union based on European citizenship. Formal announcements, normative convictions, or even institutional reforms are not enough to guarantee openness or support contestation. European democracy is de facto a process to be observed but it is also a project to be defined. The article outlines an agenda for European democracy both with regard to political deliberation and empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses decision-making in the field of European environmental regulation and examines the implications for tourist policy. It is argued that European Union (EU) environmental policy is influenced by three factors: (1) the EU bureaucracy is interested in expanding its influence and power vis-à-vis national bureaucracies and polities; (2) Northern European countries have selectively recruited regulators with environmentally sympathetic ideologies; and (3) a pro-environmental attitude contributes to the societal legitimation of business. These considerations give a unique character to environmental policy-making, which over time has tended to spill over to thematically connected areas, including to tourism policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This brief paper provides a concise overview of the historical development of European research systems. Although social science has recently discovered national science and research systems as a topic of study, the historical origins of different national systems is as old as European science itself. The article provides a condensed tour of the major historical developments that have contributed to shaping the present European research landscape. These historical developments, which began with the establishment of the first European university in Bologna, show that the evolution of the European research system has been marked by forces pulling in opposite directions: on the one hand, the universalistic nature of science has forged co-operative relations across national boundaries; on the other hand, the national orientation of research systems embedded in nation-states has led to fierce competition. The article shows that this ambivalent historical legacy has shaped structures and practices in today's European research system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the main findings of the report 'Co-operation of EU/EEA countries with the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union' (INCOPOL-NIS study commissioned by DG XII). The objective is to outline the contemporary strategies of bilateral RTD co-operation with the WIS as they have emerged in recent years. There are two focal points of attention, namely the bilateral level and the level of policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the relation between values and practices in European gender roles through a differentiation between public debates and local practices. Values in public debates can be seen as self-representations of leading principles of a society. On the one hand, shared values are produced and reproduced in public debates. On the other hand, individuals interpret and reproduce values in social contexts and institutions. The practices of individuals, however, are highly influenced by specific conditions, for example regional opportunity structures and regional milieus. Shared values (leading principles of a society) and (local) practices can therefore differ. Data from the Eurobarometer Studies, and from the European Values Study, are used to explicate these ideas, while information from Germany is used to show the importance of the regional level to the ways in which values and practices interrelate. The article argues that these cultural differences imply universal principles for gender equality, but at the same time the regional development of specific measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper examines the extent to which the main objectives of the European Common Transport Policy (CTP) are complementary. A total of six scenarios are constructed, reflecting three different policy objectives and two futures for Europe. The three policy objectives considered are economic efficiency, regional development and environmental protection. The two assumptions about the future of the EU (called external frameworks) are 'co-operation'--which assumes greater harmonization of European policies and actions, expansion of the EU and a high social acceptance of policy measures--and polarization; which presents more or less opposite developments. The outcomes of each scenario are examined using a selection of indicators to represent the main impacts. It is concluded that to some extent there is complementarity between environmental and efficiency objectives, while there is little complementarity with regional development objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The paper focuses on the Transalpine Freight Transport systems in the light of the future integration of single national transport systems into the European transport network. The environmental, social and institutional peculiarities of this 'region' have favoured--in the past--the development of strong nationally-oriented policies, which are largely in contrast with the goals promoted by the European Union. The present analysis aims to highlight opportunities and limits inherent in the implementation of various new network projects, with a particular view on the planned changes of the Alpine transport system. In this framework, a concise description of the existing and 'planned' situation will be offered. In addition, some new forecasting analyses for road transport will be provided on the basis of environmentally-based transport scenarios. In particular, given the large size of our database on European transport flows, two different approaches will be compared, viz. the logit model and the neural network model. Logit models are well-known in the literature; however, applications of logit analysis to large samples are more rare. Neural networks are nowadays receiving a considerable attention as a new approach that is able to capture major patterns of spatial flows, on the basis of fuzzy and incomplete information. The tentative results of both approaches in this context may then be used as a benchmark for judging the results of other transport flow models and offer also a more 'flexible' range of results to policy actors. Furthermore, our study will present the assessment of trans-European freight flows based on interesting future scenarios related to further congestion and the introduction of eco-taxes on transport in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The TEN (Trans European Network) is a WAN (Wide Area Network). Its purpose is to support the single market and increase growth, competitiveness and employment for Europe, but a global market does not delete cultural identities and informal relationships, a prerequisite to innovation. The modern "technopols' need efficient Local Area Networks (LAN). The interconnection between the TEN and short range networks is a major issue not only to implement complex logistics services but also to boost diversity and creativity. This paper puts forward the role of SME and local clusters, the hubs of the TEN, with two objectives: on the one hand, the adaptation of global products to local markets and," on the other hand, the creation of new products for the global market in an innovative environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In the late 1980s and early 1990s the German Federal government signed a number of bilateral agreements providing the framework for the recruitment of workers from Central and East European countries. This article analyzes the goals, instruments and (planned as well as unintended) implications of these policies. The analysis is based on the hypothesis that this is--far from a radical reappraisal--just a conservative modernization of the German migration regime. The new regulations combine piecemeal reactions to the global political changes with provisions intended to support the growth of the German economy. Methodologically the paper combines official employment statistics with information .from exploratory interviews conducted with commuters in the German-Czech border region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]