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Freedom of religion or belief is an essential right for building pluralistic and tolerant societies which can sustain a multiplicity of competing ideas. However, the opaqueness of artificial intelligence systems on the Internet represents a challenge to the protection and enjoyment of this and other human rights. Although AI has generated interest in the human rights literature, these studies have largely focused on AI and its impact on freedom of expression and privacy, leaving other rights such as freedom of religion or belief neglected. As part of a broader research project to expand the academic conversation about AI and human rights, this paper will examine the impact of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The paper will focus on the worship, teaching, observance, and practice associated with freedom of religion or belief alongside the impacts of AI in content display, content moderation, and online privacy. The paper will offer preliminary policy recommendations to encourage discussion on policy approaches to AI development and deployment which incorporate protections for freedom of religion or belief in the era of artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algorithmic decision-making and other types of artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to predict who will commit crime, who will be a good employee, who will default on a loan, etc. However, algorithmic decision-making can also threaten human rights, such as the right to non-discrimination. The paper evaluates current legal protection in Europe against discriminatory algorithmic decisions. The paper shows that non-discrimination law, in particular through the concept of indirect discrimination, prohibits many types of algorithmic discrimination. Data protection law could also help to defend people against discrimination. Proper enforcement of non-discrimination law and data protection law could help to protect people. However, the paper shows that both legal instruments have severe weaknesses when applied to artificial intelligence. The paper suggests how enforcement of current rules can be improved. The paper also explores whether additional rules are needed. The paper argues for sector-specific – rather than general – rules, and outlines an approach to regulate algorithmic decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]