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Pre-compiled guidelines with a static question list can stimulate critical thinking while reading a scientific paper. However, they could be less engaging than taking live question prompts from others. In this paper, we develop CReBot that interactively asks section-level critical thinking questions and customize it for routine paper readers with prior research experience and novices new to research. Our first within-subjects study with 24 routine readers demonstrates CReBot's engagement and usefulness over static guidelines. Then, with more teacher-like question-specific hints prepared for CReBot, we conduct another within-subjects study with 20 novices. The results, however, indicate that CReBot might not be better than static guidelines for beginners. Nevertheless, both user groups favor CReBot's contextualized questions and interaction flexibility. We conclude with design implications for interactive tools to facilitate critical reading. • This paper develops a CReBot that interactively prompts critical reading questions. • This paper creates a critical thinking question bank with hints for paper reading. • We show that CReBot is more useful for routine paper readers than a question list. • We show that CReBot is equally useful for research novices with a question list. • This paper provides detailed implications for interactive reading support tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • IntersectionExplorer, a tool for multi-perspective exploration of items is presented. • User studies confirm IntersectionExplorer's general viability. • Multi-perspectives of relevance show promise in the exploration of recommendations. Abstract In this paper, we advent a novel approach to foster exploration of recommendations: IntersectionExplorer, a scalable visualization that interleaves the output of several recommender engines with human-generated data, such as user bookmarks and tags, as a basis to increase exploration and thereby enhance the potential to find relevant items. We evaluated the viability of IntersectionExplorer in the context of conference paper recommendation, through three user studies performed in different settings to understand the usefulness of the tool for diverse audiences and scenarios. We analyzed several dimensions of user experience and other, more objective, measures of performance. Results indicate that users found IntersectionExplorer to be a relatively fast and effortless tool to navigate through conference papers. Objective measures of performance linked to interaction showed that users were not only interested in exploring combinations of machine-produced recommendations with bookmarks of users and tags, but also that this "augmentation" actually resulted in increased likelihood of finding relevant papers in explorations. Overall, the findings suggest the viability of IntersectionExplorer as an effective tool, and indicate that its multi-perspective approach to exploring recommendations has great promise as a way of addressing the complex human-recommender system interaction problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Autism affects children׳s learning and social development. Commonly used rehabilitative treatments are aimed at stimulating the social skills of children with autism. In this article, we present a prototype and a pilot study on an audio-augmented paper to support the therapy of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The prototype supports audio recording with standard sheets of paper by using tangible tools that can be shared between the therapist and the child. The prototype is a tool for the therapist to engage the child in a storytelling activity. We use a progressive design method based on a dynamic process that merges concept generation, technology benchmarking and activity design into continuously enriching actions. The paper highlights the qualities and benefits of using tangible audio-augmented artefacts for therapy and educational intervention for children with ASD. The work describes three main qualities of our prototype: from building cooperation to attention control, flow control, and using the children׳s own voices to foster attention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article introduces audio-enhanced paper photos enabled by digital pen technology as an interaction paradigm for supporting and understanding emotional wellbeing in late adulthood, particularly in the context of communication therapy activities and related social interactions. We describe the development of a multimodal pen-based system that enables creation of audio-enhanced paper photos and the application of this technology to two domains: older adults with aphasia working to regain expressive and receptive language after a stroke, and older adults wanting to interact with a family member of advanced age with memory loss. Our pen-based authoring software enables caregivers, both therapists and family members, to create audio-enhanced paper photos to encourage meaningful and emotionally appropriate interaction with the older adults they support. We examine the ways in which emotional information is embedded in audio-enhanced photos and how this approach addresses various aspects of emotional wellbeing in late adulthood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: All hospitals in the province of Styria (Austria) are well equipped with sophisticated Information Technology, which provides all-encompassing on-screen patient information. Previous research made on the theoretical properties, advantages and disadvantages, of reading from paper vs. reading from a screen has resulted in the assumption that reading from a screen is slower, less accurate and more tiring. However, recent flat screen technology, especially on the basis of LCD, is of such high quality that obviously this assumption should now be challenged. As the electronic storage and presentation of information has many advantages in addition to a faster transfer and processing of the information, the usage of electronic screens in clinics should outperform the traditional hardcopy in both execution and preference ratings. This study took part in a County hospital Styria, Austria, with 111 medical professionals, working in a real-life setting. They were each asked to read original and authentic diagnosis reports, a gynecological report and an internal medical document, on both screen and paper in a randomly assigned order. Reading comprehension was measured by the Chunked Reading Test, and speed and accuracy of reading performance was quantified. In order to get a full understanding of the clinicians'' preferences, subjective ratings were also collected. Results: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests showed no significant differences on reading performance between paper vs. screen. However, medical professionals showed a significant (90%) preference for reading from paper. Despite the high quality and the benefits of electronic media, paper still has some qualities which cannot provided electronically do date. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The possibility of linking paper to digital information is enhanced by recent developments in printed electronics. In this article we report the design and evaluation of a local newspaper augmented with capacitive touch regions and an embedded Bluetooth chip working with an adjunct device. These allowed the interactive playback of associated audio and the registration of manual voting actions on the web. Design conventions inherited from paper and the web were explored by showing four different versions of an interactive newspaper to 16 community residents. The diverse responses of residents are described, outlining the potential of the approach for local journalism and recommendations for the design of interactive newsprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Women learn about their health through their families, particularly their female family members. • Women rely on Google and social media influencers for information surrounding sexual health and cervical screening. • Participants believe the sexual health education in Ireland is substandard. • Users positively perceived a self-sampling kit for HPV that used menstrual blood for biomarker identification. Cervical cancer screening has the potential to save lives, but it can also produce strong anxiety and self-stigma in those who are screened. Although there has been a recent turn towards women's health in design, the potential for design to ameliorate experiences of cervical screening remains underexplored. In this paper, we report on a design research study with 15 Irish women that qualitatively unpacked their attitudes towards screening, their social learning processes, mediated through technology, and how they live with and give meaning to health-related information related to the topic of cervical screening and which they procure online. Following this, we developed NALA, a product-service-system that aimed to 1) allow self-sampling for HPV via menstrual blood, and 2) provide information around the topic of HPV, cervical cancer, and screening. This paper presents NALA, a preliminary evaluation of the system, and concludes with provocations for continuing design research in the area of digital design for women's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A frequent use of conversational user interfaces (CUIs) today is improving the users' experience with online quantitative surveys. In this paper, we explore the use of CUIs in qualitative surveys. As a concrete use case, we adopt a specific, well-structured, qualitative research method called the repertory grid technique (RGT). We developed a hybrid user interface (HUI) that combines a graphical user interface (GUI) with a CUI to automate the distinct stages in a RGT survey. A pilot study was used to verify the feasibility of the approach and to fine-tune interface aspects of an initial prototype. In this paper, we report the results of a within-subject lab experiment with 24 participants that aimed to establish the performance and UX in a realistic context of a more advanced prototype. We observed a small decrease in UX in some hedonistic aspects, but also confirmed that the HUI performs similarly to a human agent in most pragmatic aspects. These results provide support for our hypothesis that automating qualitative surveys is possible with proper interface design. We hope that our work can inspire other researchers to design additional tools for qualitative survey automation, especially now that generative AI systems, such as ChatGPT, open up interesting new ways for computer systems to interact with users in natural language. [Display omitted] • Explored CUIs in qualitative survey automation, focusing on RGT methodology. • Developed HUI integrating GUI and CUI for experimenting RGT automation. • Conducted lab experiment with 24 participants for the HUI idea evaluation. • The HUI prototype showed UX decrease in hedonism, yet matched human agents pragmatically. • Our findings support AI-driven qualitative survey automation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We developed a system usability scale based on cartoon animation called A-SUS. • Experiment I indicates that the A-SUS scale has performed well under psychometric properties. • Experiment II indicates that, when compared with the text and graphic version, A-SUS has a better questionnaire experience. This paper describes the development of a cartoon animation system usability scale (A-SUS) based on the established text-based SUS questionnaire. We propose a methodology and design a short graphic interchange format (.GIF) animation for each SUS item. Experimental evaluations confirm that the scale has satisfactory psychometric properties (e.g., structural validity, reliability factor structure, concurrent validity, and sensitivity). A second experiment is used to evaluate and compare the questionnaire experiences associated with the SUS, a pictorial SUS (P-SUS), and the developed A-SUS. The results indicate that A-SUS performs well in terms of recommendations, aesthetics, motivations, and completion time. Compared with the SUS and P-SUS, the animated version is more interesting, and the overall questionnaire experience is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Naturalistic study of a context-sensitive distraction warning system for 24 weeks. • Significant decreasing effect on the participants' phone usage in reminder areas. • No effect in urban road environments. • Drivers reported increased attention to traffic and the warnings to be acceptable. • Inattention warnings might benefit from adaptation to the upcoming traffic demands. Driver distraction by smartphone use is a major contributor in traffic accidents. Context-sensitive driver (in)attention monitoring and warning systems might mitigate the associated risks. However, few naturalistic studies are yet available on the effects of such systems. In this paper, utility of context-sensitivity in inattention monitoring was studied by a smartphone-based context-sensitive distraction warning system. The warnings were based on driver's phone use and the attentional demands of the upcoming traffic environment. The system's effects on 26 heavy smartphone users' phone usage and acceptance were analyzed after a within-subject naturalistic study with 12 weeks of control (warnings off) and 12 weeks of interventions (warnings on). The system decreased odds that the drivers would touch their smartphones in reminder areas that were defined a priori as high demanding for attention. Against expectations, the system had no effect in urban road environments. The drivers reported that they had paid more attention to traffic because of the system and that the warnings were acceptable and useful, even if annoying. Similar systems' safety effects should be further studied. No eye-tracking or driving performance measures were collected and thereby it is questionable if there was a true positive effect on participants' attention. However, the findings suggest that (in)attention warning systems might benefit from adaptation of the warnings to the upcoming driving demands. The findings can be utilized for the development of proactive and context-sensitive (in)attention monitoring and distraction mitigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While numerous studies have examined 3D interaction techniques for Virtual Reality (VR) across various tasks and scenarios, limited research has focused on music-related applications. However, the most common input techniques in consumer VR systems have been developed outside of the musical domain. Therefore they have not been tested in tasks where synchronization with auditory stimuli and timing plays a crucial role. There is a lack of empirical knowledge about performance and user experience. This paper presents a comparison of five selection input techniques for VR employing the tapping paradigm commonly utilized in the research on sensorimotor synchronization. We assess asynchrony and timing variance as well as user experience, encompassing factors such as ease of use, workload, and cybersickness of such techniques. The study involved 30 participants, both with and without musical expertise, and encompassed the examination of all techniques using one and two hands. Our analysis yielded several key findings: (1) different input techniques yielded distinct outcomes regarding timing asynchrony and variance; (2) the choice of interaction metaphor significantly influenced the user experience; (3) tracking stability emerged as a critical factor. Building upon these insights, we identified essential considerations for selecting the most suitable technique for music creation in VR and proposed design guidelines and future research directions in this domain. • Interaction techniques affect time precision. • The use of two alternating hands does not improve performance. • Buttons and touch surfaces enhance synchronization with auditory stimuli. • Musically-inspired gestures assist users in maintaining tempo without auditory cues. • Tracking stability represents a critical factor for timing tasks in VR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Time-bounded collaborative events bring together participants from different backgrounds to address a problem by creating a computational artifact over a short period (e.g., one or two days). • Time-bounded collaborative events include hackathons, game jams, codefests, ideathons, data-thons, etc. • Participants in time-bounded collaborative events have different motivations. • A validated measure of motivation that addresses the participants' willingness to attend a time-bounded collaborative event is presented. • Our measure is composed of a set of 20 questions grouped to measure different motivations: Technical, personal Curiosity, personal Ideation, social Teamwork, and business Connections. Time-bounded collaborative events bring together participants from different backgrounds to address a problem by creating a computational artifact over a short period of time (e.g., one or two days). Examples of these events include hackathons, game jams, codefests, ideathons, etc. Time-bounded events present minimal restrictions for participation, with hundreds of people attending an increasing number of events each year. There are different reasons why people decide to participate in time-bounded collaborative events. While several studies focused on studying the motivations to participate in these events, there is no consensus on how to measure this motivation. This paper aims to develop and validate a measure of motivation that addresses the participants' willingness to attend a time-bounded collaborative event. The construction process of our scale used quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques. Our model of motivation is composed of a set of 20 questions that are grouped into five sub-constructs that measure different motivations: Technical, Personal Curiosity, Personal Ideation, Social Teamwork, and Business Connections. Our results show that our measure has internal reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the motivations for participating in time-bounded collaborative events and provide some implications for the research and practice of such events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many methods currently exist to evaluate a user interface, they have been mainly developed and applied for graphical and vocal user interfaces, leaving aside other modalities such as gesture interaction. As a consequence, the evaluation of the global quality of a gesture user interface most often resorts to these methods, which take little or no explicit and specific account of the gesture modality or which adapt existing methods in a way that jeopardizes their validity. To remedy this situation, this paper introduces, defines, and justifies a method for evaluating explicitly and specifically a gesture user interface based on a conceptual model that consists of: (1) six quantitative measures covering user and system aspects, such as gesture thinking time and recognition rate; (2) three new qualitative scales, i.e., discoverability, learnability, and social acceptability, combined with seven scales in a gesture evaluation scheme, which is formally based on four measures, i.e., subscale score, subscale importance, scale mean score and scale mean importance; (3) a debriefing interview to cross-analyze the results of the quantitative measures and qualitative scales. This method also includes the use of multiple sessions to take into account short and long-term memory, as well as discoverability, and integrates tests specific to each gesture, as well as concrete use cases. For validation and illustration purposes, this method is applied to a gesture user interface serving as a case study. The results are then analyzed, starting with classic methods and gradually adding the particularities of our method to highlight its added value. Based on this experiment, we suggest some implications for evaluating gesture interfaces and for incorporating these scales into UEQ+, a modular user interface evaluation method. • A new evaluation method specific to gesture-based user interfaces. • The combination of quantitative measures, qualitative scales, and interviews. • The use of a multi-session method to take into account short and long-term memory. • The use of tests specific to each gesture and concrete use cases. • The introduction of new scales (discoverability, learnability, social acceptability). • An application of this evaluation method to a case study. • Insights gained from this experience for evaluating gesture user interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Via informative priors, DDM parameters were recovered with only few observations. • We demonstrated this through a simulation study and a reanalysis. • This could enable evidence accumulation models' use for AV systems design. For the foreseeable future, automated vehicles (AVs) will coexist on the roads with human drivers. To avoid accidents, AVs will require knowledge on how human drivers typically make high-stakes and time-sensitive decisions (e.g., whether or not to brake). Providing such insights could be statistical models designed to explain human information processing and decision making. This paper attempts to address a roadblock that prevents one class of such "cognitive models", evidence accumulation models (EAMs), from being widely applied in the design of AV systems: their high demands for data. Specifically, we investigate whether Bayesian hierarchical modeling can be used to determine a person's characteristics, if we only have limited data about their behavior but extensive data on other (comparable) people's behaviors. Leveraging a simulation study and a reanalysis of experimental data, we find that most parameters of Decision Diffusion Models (a class of EAMs) – representing information processing components – can be adequately estimated with as few as 20 observations, if prior information regarding the decision-making processes of the population is incorporated. Subsequently, we discuss the implications of our findings for the modeling of traffic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Help-seekers adjust their diction to be more empathic and tactful when they perceive co-workers as stressed. • Help-seekers experience less negative emotional shifts when rejected by stressed rather than relaxed co-workers, suggesting empathy towards stressed individuals. • Social messaging applications could boost workplace empathy by enabling stress status sharing, albeit with caution for relaxed status displays. • For privacy and reduced stigmatization, using subtle haptic vibrations could be considered for signaling users' negative or sensitive emotional states. In both remote and physical work environments, it is commonplace for help-seeking messages to be rejected by other colleagues. This paper investigates how signifying co-workers' stress status would influence the social diction and empathy of help-seekers in the context of rejection. 36 participants were recruited to perform help-seeking tasks with virtual co-workers via a professional mobile messaging application (Trillian). Their device was tailored with a vibrotactile mechanism (TacStatus), which could signify different emotional states of the co-workers: no-cue, relaxed, normal, and stressful. Independent sample Friedman nonparametric tests were conducted to analyze the social diction and empathy of the participants in their messages for help-seeking and responses to the co-workers' rejection. This study revealed that stress cues have observable impacts on the social diction and empathy of help-seekers. Stressful and relaxed cues were found to evidently shape the social diction of help-seekers. When faced with a relaxed co-worker, the help-seeker felt disappointed and unaccepted after being rejected. By contrast, when confronted with a stressful cue, help-seekers tended to exhibit relatively more positive emotions after been rejected. This study attempts to reveal the mechanism through which stress cues influence professional messaging interactions and collaboration. The findings could provide implications for the design of socio-emotional cues in the context of messaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The curvature gain of the redirected walking (RDW) technique can map a straight virtual path to an arced real path, which enables users to real walk in large virtual space. However, the human perceptual abilities for curvature gain are mainly estimated on single walking paths in some large spaces, showing a lack of understanding the cognitive performance for more complex path conditions in room-size spaces. To explore this issue, this paper conducts three studies by using a novel psychophysical method of limits to evaluate human perception of curvature gain under different conditions of virtual paths. First, we evaluate the perception of path curving under a single path condition and reveal the impact of the path curving direction. Second, we study the ability to perceive curvature gain on a postorder path when the curving direction and degree of its preorder path vary. Our results show a moderation effect on the perceptual ability for the postorder path if both paths are in the same curving direction. Finally, we explore the effect of the preorder path length on the human sensitivity to the postorder curvature gain and demonstrate that longer preorder paths can increase the ability of users to adapt to postorder path curving. This paper reveals the adaptation characteristic of the curvature gain under complex path conditions, contributing to the development of path-based RDW methods. • We perform several studies to explore the human cognition for curvature gain. • Path curve direction can influence the human perception of curvature gain. • Consistency of multi-path curve direction affects the sensitivity on postorder path. • Large path length increases the human adaptation to the curve of postorder path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informing people of health threats is crucial as they may lack situation awareness (SA) of risky situations when they do not have personal experiences or lessons learned from dangerous encounters. In this work, we explored the potential of using a VR data story to raise people's SA of health risks. We first invited seven participants and conducted participatory design studies to capture the design considerations. Then, we implemented the VR data story with five design features referring to the design considerations. Using a between-subjects study (N=62), we evaluated the effects of the data story on raising SA and investigated the role of each design feature. Our results show that the data story can promote SA by enhancing people's connection to risky situations. Design features such as immersive visualizations, multiple perspectives, and embodied interactions contribute to this connection. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative findings, we discuss the implications of designing data stories in VR for promoting public health. • This paper conducts a design study with users to explore the design considerations of creating the immersive experience of a data story in VR. • This paper designs an interactive VR data story prototype that aims to raise people's situation awareness (SA) of public health threats. • This paper examines the effectiveness of the VR data story in improving people's SA and finds that three features of the story contribute to the improvement of SA. • This paper provides detailed design implications for designing VR data stories for the promotion of public health communication and user engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of research recognizing the home as a shared space and privacy as inherently social, privacy in smart homes has mainly been researched from an individual angle. Sometimes contrasting and comparing perspectives of multiple individuals, research has rarely focused on how household members might use devices communally to achieve common privacy goals. An investigation of communal use of smart home devices and its relationship with privacy in the home is lacking. The paper presents a grounded analysis based on a synergistic relationship between an ethnomethodologically-informed (EM-informed) study and a grounded theory (GT) approach. The study focuses on household members' interactions to show that household members' ability to coordinate the everyday use of their devices depends on appropriate conceptualizations of roles, rules, and privacy that are fundamentally different from those embodied by off-the-shelf products. Privacy is rarely an explicit, actionable, and practical consideration among household members, but rather a consideration wrapped up in everyday concerns. Roles and rules are not used to create social order, but to account for it. To sensitize to this everyday perspective and to reconcile privacy as wrapped up in everyday concerns with the design of smart home systems, the paper presents the social organization of communal use as a descriptive framework. The framework is descriptive in capturing how households navigate the 'murky waters' of communal use in practice, where prior research highlighted seemingly irreconcilable differences in interest, attitude, and aptitude between multiple individuals and with other stakeholders. Discussing how households' use of roles, rules, and privacy in-practice differed from what off-the-shelf products afforded, the framework highlights critical challenges and opportunities for the design of communal privacy experiences. • There is little to no support for communal or familial use of smart home technology and privacy. • We present a grounded analysis of smart device use, drawing on Ethnomethodology and Grounded Theory. • Participants' perspectives on privacy are bound up with other situational considerations. • Basic design concepts for privacy clash with the social organization of communal use. • Technology design ought to rethink privacy in communal use as adherence to social goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Clipboard operations are used more frequently than drag-and-drop. • Most data transfers occur on the same screen • The choice of drag-and-drop vs. clipboard is application dependent. • Text was the most frequently transferred item on the clipboard. • Keyboard initiation is more frequent than mouse initiation for clipboard operations. Data transfer within and between desktop applications facilitates efficient data-centric tasks on modern computer operating systems. This data can be transferred via the clipboard (cut, copy, paste) or through more direct drag-and-drop actions. This paper presents results gathered during a 90-day longitudinal log study of 17 participants' clipboard and drag-and-drop interactions. The paper characterises the frequency, time and type of actions, interaction mechanism, and whether the users' computer configuration affects these findings. We found clipboard operations are more common than drag-and-drop operations (and drag-and-drop is rarely used by some participants), most data transfer occurs on the same screen for multi-screen users, clipboard and drag-and-drop operations are used for different applications and the applications used for clipboard operations align with previously reported results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are disagreements in HCI over what is meant by 'interaction' and whether 'interaction' is a useful concept going forward. • We review two diverging perspectives on 'interaction': seeking its definition, or dispensing with it. • We chart a third way: 'interaction' has use as a promiscuous concept that helps glue together HCI communities, therefore argue for its retention, but with a 'therapeutic' attitude. Recent research has exposed disagreements over the nature and usefulness of what may (or may not) be Human–Computer Interaction's fundamental phenomenon: 'interaction'. For some, HCI's theorising about interaction has been deficient, impacting its capacity to inform decisions in design, suggesting the need either to perform first-principles definition work or broader administrative clarification and formalisation of the multitude of formulations of the concepts of interaction and their particular uses. For others, there remain open questions over the continued relevance of certain 'versions' of interaction as a useful concept in HCI at all. We pursue a different perspective in this paper, reviewing how HCI treats interaction through examining its 'conceptual pragmatics' within HCI's discourse. We argue that articulations of the concepts of interaction can be a site of productive conflict for HCI that for many reasons may resist attempts of formalisation as well as attempts to dispense with them. The main contribution of this paper is in specifying how we might go about talking of interaction and the value of interaction language as promiscuous concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We developed three working prototypes of smart rings embedded with multiple (4, 6, and 8) thermoelectric coolers (TECs), of various sizes, which can be used with the in-ring spatial thermal patterns described in the paper. • Our pilot study investigated how well users could localized the in-ring thermal feedback with three different settings. Results showed that users could reliably recognize 4 points with cold stimulation (97.2% accuracy). In the two main experiments, we investigated the use of 4 in-ring TECs to achieve two combinations of spatial thermal patterns (i.e. the neighboring or opposite patterns). The results revealed three neighboring patterns and five opposite patterns that were reliably recognized by the participants with the accuracy above 80%. • The follow-up studies showed that it could be confusing for users by combining four single-spot cold stimulations, three neighboring patterns, and five opposite patterns in the same group (average accuracy: 50.2%). On the other hand, the participants could identify the thermal patterns in the combined group of the single-spot cold stimulations and the neighboring patterns (average accuracy: 85.3%), and the combined group of the single-spot cold stimulations and the opposite patterns (average accuracy: 89.3%). This suggested it could feasible to use these combined group of thermal patterns as thermal icons for information representation. • We further conducted three design workshops, involving six product/interface designers. The designers suggested different mappings between the given thermal patterns and the information, including direction cueing through single-spot and neighboring patterns, artifact comparison through opposite patterns, notifying incoming calls/messages from different persons with different locations and temperatures of the TECs, etc. In this paper, we investigate the use of thermal feedback on a smart ring with multiple thermoelectric coolers (TECs). Our prototype aims to offer an increased expressivity with spatial thermal patterns. Our pilot study showed that users could reliably recognize 4 single points with cold stimulation (97.2% accuracy). In the following two main experiments, we investigated the use of 4 in-ring TECs to achieve two categories of spatial thermal patterns by combining two neighboring or opposite elements. The results revealed three neighboring patterns and five opposite patterns that could be reliably recognized by the participants with the average accuracy above 80%. A follow-up experiment suggested that it could be confusing for users by combining four single-spot cold stimulations, three neighboring patterns, and five opposite patterns in the same group (average accuracy: 50.2%). We conducted two more follow-up studies, showing that the participants could identify the thermal patterns in the combined group of the single-spot cold stimulations and the neighboring patterns (average accuracy: 85.3%), and the combined group of the single-spot cold stimulations and the opposite patterns (average accuracy: 89.3%). We further conducted three design workshops, involving six product/interface designers, to investigate the potential applications of these thermal patterns. The designers suggested different mappings between the given thermal patterns and the information, including direction cueing through single-spot and neighboring patterns, artifact comparison through opposite patterns, notifying incoming calls/messages from different persons with different locations and temperatures of the TECs, etc. This demonstrated interest in spatial thermal patterns in smart rings not only for notifications but also for various everyday activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper presents the CoDeT (Collaborative design thinking) approach, developed for co-design settings characterized by a high child-to-adult ratio (ca. 1 adult for 15 to 20 children) such as schools, libraries and maker spaces. • Children often lack a basic understanding of the design process and skills to collaborate productively with peers; CoDeT addresses these challenges by scaffolding collaboration and design thinking. • To scaffold collaboration and design thinking, CoDeT relies on a framework that integrates social interdependence theory and design Thinking; this framework was validated in a case study with 49 children between 9 and 10 years old in two schools. This paper presents the Collaborative Design Thinking (CoDeT) co-design approach, its theoretical framework, and its application in a case study with 49 children aged 9 to 10 in two schools. CoDeT aims to scaffold children's collaboration and design thinking in co-design settings characterised by a high child-to-adult ratio (ca. 1 adult for 15 to 20 children), such as schools, museums and maker spaces. In these settings, children have to work relatively independent from adults who become guides on the side. This can be challenging due to children's limited understanding of the design process and their lack of skills to collaborate productively towards a shared design goal. CoDeT addresses these challenges by integrating principles of Social Interdependence Theory (SIT) and Design Thinking (DT), which together form the theoretical backbone of the approach. CoDeT was first applied in a case study and yielded promising results in terms of children's collaboration and design thinking skills, yet possible improvements were found. The insights of this case study informed the revised version of CoDeT presented at the end of this article, in a what-why-how structure, allowing researchers and practitioners to apply the co-design approach in a wide variety of contexts characterised by high child-to-adult ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Five years of study examining children's touchscreen interactions compared to adults'. • Data has been collected from over 180 people (60 adults, 120 children). • Results focus on findings that are robust to screen size and touchscreen platform. • The set of cumulative design recommendations captures in one place an easy reference for future design. • Open questions in the design of touch-based interactions for children on future platforms. Touchscreen interaction is nearly ubiquitous in today's computing environments. Children have always been a special population of users for new interaction technology: significantly different from adults in their needs, expectations, and abilities, but rarely tailored to in new contexts and on new platforms. Studies of children's touchscreen interaction have been conducted that focus on individual variables that may affect the interaction, but as yet no synthesis of studies replicating similar methodologies in different contexts has been presented. This paper reports the results across five years of focused study in one project aiming to characterize the differences between children's and adults' physical touchscreen interaction behaviors. Six studies were conducted with over 180 people (116 children) to understand how children touch targets and make onscreen gestures. A set of design recommendations that summarizes the findings across the six studies is presented for reference. This paper makes the entire set available for reference in one place and highlights where the findings are generalizable across platforms. These recommendations can inform the design of future touchscreen interfaces for children based on their physical capabilities. Also, this paper outlines the future challenges and open questions that remain for understanding child-computer interaction on touchscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence is being employed by humans to collaboratively solve complicated tasks for search and rescue, manufacturing, etc. Efficient teamwork can be achieved by understanding user preferences and recommending different strategies for solving the particular task to humans. Prior work has focused on personalization of recommendation systems for relatively well-understood tasks in the context of e-commerce or social networks. In this paper, we seek to understand the important factors to consider while designing user-centric strategy recommendation systems for decision-making. We conducted a human-subjects experiment (n=60) for measuring the preferences of users with different personality types towards different strategy recommendation systems. We conducted our experiment across four types of strategy recommendation modalities that have been established in prior work: (1) Single strategy recommendation, (2) Multiple similar recommendations, (3) Multiple diverse recommendations, (4) All possible strategies recommendations. While these strategy recommendation schemes have been explored independently in prior work, our study is novel in that we employ all of them simultaneously and in the context of strategy recommendations, to provide us an in-depth overview of the perception of different strategy recommendation systems. We found that certain personality traits, such as conscientiousness, notably impact the preference towards a particular type of system (p < 0.01). Finally, we report an interesting relationship between usability, alignment, and perceived intelligence wherein greater perceived alignment of recommendations with one's own preferences leads to higher perceived intelligence (p < 0.01) and higher usability (p < 0.01). [Display omitted] • We study Strategy Recommendation Systems across modalities: single, similar, diverse, all. • Single strategy recommendations are more useful than similar strategy recommendations. • Agreeable participants experience higher workloads. • Higher perceived alignment of recommendations results in higher usability and perceived intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaze-based writing is one of the most widespread eye tracking applications for human–computer interaction. While eye tracking communication has traditionally been employed as an assistive technology, declining prices of eye trackers now make it a feasible alternative to keyboards or touchscreens in many contexts (for example, the interaction with public info points). In this paper we propose L eye nes, a text entry method based on smooth pursuit, a natural eye movement that occurs when the gaze follows a moving target. Our approach requires no explicit calibration by the user, allowing for more spontaneous interaction and enabling eye input even when calibration is difficult to achieve or maintain. To the best of our knowledge, L eye nes is the first text entry technique based on smooth pursuit that considers both (approximate) gaze speed and position and employs a linear interface instead of the more common circular layouts. The results of the user study we conducted show that the proposed solution is slow but robust, with a very low error rate, which makes it particularly suitable for extemporaneous writing of short text. • L eye nes is a new gaze-based writing method that exploits linear smooth pursuit. • The interface consists of a series of targets moving along linear paths. • L eye nes does not require any explicit calibration by the user. • L eye nes uses approximate gaze position and speed data. • The user study has shown that L eye nes is slow but robust, with a very low error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An optimal Dual-Thumb technique outperforms Single-Thumb pointing techniques. • Similar usage of both thumbs improves the pointing efficiency. • Relative pointing for the coarse step improves the efficiency. • Two thumbs are better than one for menu item selection. • Quarter menu shape is more efficient than Half or Linear menu shape. • Quarter and Half menu techniques favour scalability. • Quarter menu is more efficient than dual-thumb Marking-Menus. Tablets are often used as a distant input device to interact with large displays. Users can hold the tablet with two hands when interacting for a long time to avoid fatigue or dropping it. Still, most previous distant interaction techniques consider only one-handed tablets. This paper presents novel interaction techniques to perform distant pointing and command selection tasks using both thumbs while holding the device with two hands. In a first step, we design and evaluate six interaction techniques for distant pointing, based on using one or two thumbs, absolute or relative cursor control and single- or dual-precision pointing. Our results show that a combination of dual-thumb and relative pointing is preferred and more efficient than any other dual-thumb or single-thumb technique we designed. In a second step, we focus on command selection using two thumbs. We designed seven dual-thumb menu techniques based on quarter-pie or half-pie layouts, offering from 64 to 900 items. Our results show that using quarter-pie menu techniques is more efficient, usable and appreciated than using a linear or half-pie menu. Furthermore, we show that augmenting the number of items for quarter-pie and half-pie menu techniques has a low impact on command selection performance. In a third step, we compare our quarter-pie menus to bimanual marking menus. Our results show that quarter-pie menus are more efficient and less error-prone. We finally provide a set of lessons for designing efficient dual-thumb interaction techniques for two-handed tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People can nowadays take advantage of Digital Self-Control Tools (DSCTs) to regulate their technology use, e.g., by defining a usage timer or by removing some distractive functionality like recommendations or a newsfeed. In this paper, we aim to overcome the limits of these restrictive methods, e.g., their low effectiveness in the long term, by speculating on tools that can teach users how to use technology better. To this end, we present StepByStep, a novel mobile DSCT that proactively assists users in learning how to regulate smartphone use through adaptable and continuously variable interventions. The DSCT is the result of a 2-phase iterative design process. StepByStep starts conversations with users to suggest possible problematic smartphone behaviors, and it establishes personalized "learning paths" via gamification. It then progressively reduces its degree of support until the user acquires a sufficient level of independence, i.e., it is able to sustain a new behavior without the help of the tool. Two exploratory in-the-wild studies with 8 and 41 participants, respectively, show initial evidence that the adopted approach is promising and could effectively assist users into understanding when and how to reduce the time spent on their smartphones, thus avoiding unwanted smartphone habits. • Present a digital self-control that teaches users how to regulate smartphone use. • Describe how the app integrates established psychological theories and constructs. • Evaluate StepByStep in two in-the-wild studies with 8 and 41 participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research in smart home privacy highlights significant issues with how users understand, permit, and consent to data use. Some of the underlying issues point to unclear data protection regulations, lack of design principles, and dark patterns. In this paper, we explore heuristics (also called "mental shortcuts" or "rules of thumb") as a means to address security and privacy design challenges in smart homes. First, we systematically analyze an existing body of data on smart homes to derive a set of heuristics for the design of consent and permission. Second, we apply these heuristics in four participatory co-design workshops (n = 14) and report on their use. Third, we analyze the use of the heuristics through thematic analysis highlighting heuristic application, purpose, and effectiveness in successful and unsuccessful design outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of the wider challenges, opportunities, and future work for improving design practices for consent in smart homes. • We used CFA to guide the development of consent and permission in smart homes. • We showed how design heuristics can be used in four smart home co-design workshops. • We demonstrated that heuristics act as a bridge between privacy and data protection. • We demonstrated how heuristics facilitate design communication through storytelling. • We showed how heuristics facilitate the design of permission and admin models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study proposes a method of automatic generation of architectural space based on user activities in a metaverse and analyzes users' perceptions of such spaces. • In reference to the theory of environmental psychology, we constructed a theoretical framework for quantitative analysis of activities, based on which, we developed a metaverse space. • Architectural space images were produced based on grammatical rules that converted the analysis results into text as well as a deep-learning-based text-to-image generator. • Twenty participants, after participating in the metaverse experience and receiving the architectural space image, responded to two questionnaires on their perceptions and opinions. • We analyzed the users' opinions on the architectural space created using the data they provided. Recently, architectural offices and IT companies have undertaken projects to build and sell cities in metaverses. However, it is considered inefficient to undertake such construction individually, building-by-building, using 3D modeling techniques. Fortunately, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) offers a breakthrough solution. This paper proposes a method of automatic generation of architectural spaces that is based on user activities in a metaverse and that can analyze users' perceptions of such spaces. To this end, in the present study, by referencing the theory of environmental psychology, we constructed a theoretical framework that can quantitatively analyze activities, based on which, we developed a metaverse space. Architectural space images were produced based on grammatical rules, which converted the analysis results into text, as well as a deep-learning-based text-to-image generator. Twenty participants responded to two questionnaires on their perceptions and opinions after participating in the metaverse experience and after receiving the architectural space image. Consequently, we analyzed the users' opinions on the architectural space created using the data they provided. Further, we reviewed the validity of the architectural design of the virtual space created using the proposed approach and explored the possibilities of its future utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reading comprehension ability can impact adaptability to reading on screens. • Less-skilled comprehenders saw a decrease in comprehension for screen reading. • Higher-skilled comprehenders showed no evidence of a screen inferiority effect. • iPad and paper reading times were similar for higher-skilled comprehenders. • Adopting multiple reading strategies may be necessary to adjust to screen reading. There is little doubt that whether at home, in the office or in the classroom, digital screens have become a dominant presence in our lives. While the stakes may not be high when it comes to leisurely reading on a tablet or e-reader, the same cannot be said when these types of devices are used in learning environments. Despite evidence showing reading comprehension skill to be a significant predictor of academic success, questions remain unanswered as to how reading comprehension skill affects one's adaption to on-screen reading. The current study sought to investigate how reading expository text on different mediums impacts reading comprehension and recall of skilled and less-skilled comprehenders. Participants read two expository texts presented on either paper, a computer or an iPad while reading times and cued recall were measured. Across all reading mediums, skilled comprehenders' recall performance remained the same despite taking marginally longer to read in the computer condition compared to print or the iPad. Less-skilled comprehenders, however, read faster in the digital conditions compared to print and showed decreased recall performance. These results show that while on-screen reading is an equivalent alternative to print for some, readers who lack the proper reading strategies may see a screen inferiority effect. Given the influence of screens in classroom settings, these findings provide insight into the challenges less-skilled comprehenders encounter with reading on digital devices and should help guide those working to optimize a learning experience that spans multiple mediums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cognitive training games gamify cognitive tests using extrinsic game design elements. • Creating engaging and emotive user experiences may improve training outcomes. • This paper presents a novel smartphone game to foster cognitive and regulatory skills. • An initial mixed-methods evaluation suggests the game can sustain engagement over time. • The game provides efficacious and continued cognitive and emotional regulatory challenges. For children to yield greater mental performance abilities in real world settings, training approaches should offer practice in problems which have an affective component requiring social interactions, and be motivating over a sustained period. Current cognitive training games often overlook the important relationship between cognition and emotion, characterised by 'hot executive function', and correlated with fundamental academic and life outcomes. Here, we present robust qualitative evidence from a case study which documents the social relationships, motivation and engagement of a class of ten-year-old children who used an active smartphone cognitive training game called BrainQuest in their physical education lessons over a period of 5 weeks. Game design elements which are intended to move beyond simple gamification of cognitive tests are presented, along with a discussion of how these design elements worked in practice. The paper also presents and discusses the impact of the game upon the cognitive and emotional regulatory skills, characterised by executive function skills, based on the findings of this initial work. We conclude with recommendations for the designers of cognitive training games in the future and discussion of appropriate research methods for future gamification studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Commercial touch apps for kindergarteners only use the screen size as virtual world. • Kindergarteners are able to use the virtual world beyond the screen. • Visual prompts are feasible mechanisms to effectively provide directional awareness. • Several factors must be taken into account when designing visual prompts for children. Abstract Although a myriad of educational applications using tablets and multi-touch technology for kindergarten children have been developed in the last decade, most of these applications do not fully exploit multi-touch technology since the game world used is limited to the screen only. Considering a larger digital space in tablet-based educational scenarios would be beneficial since it would enable the design of engaging activities driven by curiosity, exploration, discovery and decisions on where the next action is situated in the digital virtual space by directional awareness. This paper therefore investigates kindergarten children's abilities to use a virtual world beyond the screen and evaluates three different types of visual prompts for communicating directional awareness. The results obtained show, firstly, that these specific users are able to use the space beyond the screen boundaries and that the evaluated prompts can effectively communicate information to kindergarten children. The paper also makes a set of recommendations to help designers choose the appropriate type of prompt for their application requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Users perceived the usability of credit/debit cards higher than Bitcoin. • Low user usability perception of Bitcoin has a negative influence on users' security perceptions of Bitcoin. • Insufficient government regulation and Bitcoin application standards are among many reasons that affect users' usability and security perceptions of Bitcoin as a payment system. • Need for further investigation to get a better understanding of users and address user usability and security issues and the trade-off between these. Abstract This paper investigates users' perceptions and experiences of an anonymous digital payment system (Bitcoin) and its influence on users in terms of usability and security in comparison to other non-anonymous payment systems such as credit/debit cards. This paper identifies users' perceptual differences in terms of usability and security. Two versions of user survey are used to collect data, which reveal significant differences in users' perceptions of credit/debit cards and Bitcoin. The usability attributes of both systems examined show that respondents perceive the usability of credit/debit cards to be higher than Bitcoin. This has a great negative influence on users' security perceptions of Bitcoin. We conclude that Bitcoin, as a crypto-currency, is still in its infancy and requires user education and a new way of thinking. The study recommends developing users' mental models to deepen developers' understanding of anonymous digital payment technology and improve user-centred design. We also make recommendations with respect to e-government services that may be developed relying on crypto-currencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Phishing email subject lines contain high and diverse persuasive power in just a few words. • The paper builds on the well-known and foundational work of Cialdini's (2007), Gragg's (2003) and Stajano and Wilson (2011) to derive a unique list of Principles of Persuasion in social engineering, resulting from the application of the relational method by two independent researchers. • The study of the relations between existing persuasion principles was applied to the content analysis, by two independent researchers, of a random sample of phishing emails subject lines (N = 194), dated from 2008 to 2017. A thematic content analysis and a sample characterization in terms of visual elements and targeted content, revealed that the most prominent persuasion principles were 'Authority', 'Strong Affect', 'Integrity' and 'Reciprocation'. The persuasion principle 'Strong Affect' was the one containing the larger percentage of references with the presence of visual elements. The use of the pronoun 'you' and 'your' was more evident for the categories 'Strong Affect' and 'Authority', while the employment of the pronouns 'we, us, our' was more expressive in the 'Reciprocation' principle. • This paper presents a method on the way to define a tool for automated identification of principles of human persuasion in social engineering, within phishing emails. Future solutions should focus on the use of socio-technical aspects related mainly to a small number of persuasion principles ('Authority' and 'Distraction – Strong Affect'), which seem to be the most commonly used in phishing emails. Abstract Phishing is a very dangerous form of social engineering with the aim to deceive people into disclosing private/confidential information. Despite widespread warnings and means to educate users to identify phishing messages, these are still a prevalent practice and a lucrative business. The authors believe that persuasion, as a style of human communication designed to influence others, has a central role in successful digital scams. Research on persuasion applied to phishing emails is scarce and tends to build on Cialdini's work alone. Only a single study has proposed a list of merged principles from three different perspectives but it has methodological limitations regarding the analysis' performance by a single researcher and the testing of principles in a small, not validated sample of phishing emails. This paper aims to fill those gaps by building on Cialdini's, Gragg's and Stajano & Wilson's works to derive a unique list of Principles of Persuasion in Social Engineering (PPSE), resulting from the application of the relational method by two independent researchers. The PPSE are identified, by two independent researchers (Kappa > 0.789) on a sample of phishing email subject lines (N = 194), dated from 2008 to 2017 and randomly selected from a reliable phishing archive (millersmiles.co.uk). A thematic content analysis, together with the sample characterization in terms of visual elements and targeted content, revealed that the most prominent principles of persuasion in phishing emails were 'Authority', 'Strong Affect', 'Integrity' and 'Reciprocation'. The larger percentage of references with the presence of visual elements was found for the 'Strong Affect' principle. The use of the pronouns 'you' and 'your' was more evident for the categories 'Strong Affect' and 'Authority', while the employment of the pronouns 'we, us, our' was more frequent in the 'Reciprocation' principle. This paper constitutes a step further in understanding the use of principles of persuasion in phishing emails with future applications on how their recognition can be automated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Openly exposing collected data to participants in CS systems has multiple benefits. • Participation in mobile open data CS systems is strongly driven by altruistic motives. • Financial or personal ethical rewards are not strong drivers of participation. • Altruistic participation safeguards contributed data quality even with anonymity. • Engagement can be boosted by contributing meta-data (reviews) and contextual reminders. Abstract The paper presents experiences from the rapid introduction and deployment of a data crowdsourcing and data sharing system, motivated by an urgent civic need arising due to the appearance of jellyfish in the swimming coastal areas of western Greece during the summer season. The system was tailored for mobile use and although the pressing need for its deployment negated the time for thorough design, a rich set of lessons and findings emerge from its public use by 13,340 users, over a period of 2 months, reporting over 1,800 times on the condition of 189 local beaches, of which 157 were added to the system by the users themselves. This work touches on issues of usability, motivation, data reliability and public utility of mobile participatory systems and demonstrates that effective outcomes for public bodies may rise when systems are designed for the immediate benefit of citizens, by openly exposing the collected data. Most importantly, participation in mobile crowdsourced systems where the data is openly shared between participants is found to be strongly driven by altruistic motives and not by financial or ethical awards. Additionally, the altruistic motives behind participation overcome the added difficulty of participating from a purely mobile use context, and safeguard the quality of the contributed data, reducing the need for complex quality monitoring and safeguarding mechanisms. Finally, the paper identifies barriers and opportunities for the opportunistic participation in mobile crowdsourcing systems during leisure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Offers a user-driven perspective on the design of wearable devices for sports. • Elicits climbers' values influencing wearables acceptance and the related design considerations. • Presents design activities that involve potential users in the real context of use. • Explores the possibility to augment interpersonal communication in sport through vibrotactile feedback. • Compares different design solutions in the real context of use. Abstract This paper presents the co-design process of a wearable device for rock climbing, an extreme sport that requires high physical, emotional, and cognitive involvement. From the preliminary investigation of climbers' needs, it emerged that their acceptance of wearables is mainly influenced by climbing sport-specific values like self-efficacy, trust, and adventure. Such values highlight the importance of the role technology should have beyond its functional purpose, i.e. how wearables should support climbers. Based on these insights, we designed and deployed a vibrotactile wearable device aimed at augmenting the communication between instructor and trainees and assessed its usefulness, usability, and pleasantness during an indoor climbing lesson. Finally, we conclude the paper discussing how the wearable we implemented meets the design criteria emerged from climbers' values and reflecting on the importance to gain new perspectives on the design of wearables for sports in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the occurrence of user restatement when there is no apparent error in Intelligent Virtual Assistant (IVA) understanding in a multimodal customer service environment. Analysis was performed on 2998 sessions with a live customer service IVA deployed on a major airline company website and mobile application. Restatements of a user’s previous turn in a conversation are separated into two classes by evidence of dissatisfaction in the IVA response. We consider combinations of response media and linguistic complexity features and determine through detailed statistical analysis which combinations of features should be minimized to improve user comprehension. A discussion of these findings follows demonstrating how the presentation of response in addition to the formulation of response text in a multimodal environment can have an effect on user understanding. Through this analysis, 1 1 This work is an extension of a paper appearing in SLT2016 Beaver and Freeman (2016) . Through additional annotations and deeper analysis, many new and valuable conclusions that were missing in the SLT paper are presented here. we derive guidelines when crafting responses for designers of multimodal IVAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human multi-robot interaction exploits both the human operator's high-level decision-making skills and the robotic agents’ vigorous computing and motion abilities. While controlling multi-robot teams, an operator's attention must constantly shift between individual robots to maintain sufficient situation awareness. To conserve an operator's attentional resources, a robot with self-reflect capability on its abnormal status can help an operator focus her attention on emergent tasks rather than unneeded routine checks. With the proposing self-reflect aids, the human-robot interaction becomes a queuing framework, where the robots act as the clients to request for interaction and an operator acts as the server to respond these job requests. This paper examined two types of queuing schemes, the self-paced Open-queue identifying all robots’ normal/abnormal conditions, whereas the forced-paced shortest-job-first (SJF) queue showing a single robot's request at one time by following the SJF approach. As a robot may miscarry its experienced failures in various situations, the effects of imperfect automation were also investigated in this paper. The results suggest that the SJF attentional scheduling approach can provide stable performance in both primary (locate potential targets) and secondary (resolve robots’ failures) tasks, regardless of the system's reliability levels. However, the conventional results (e.g., number of targets marked) only present little information about users’ underlying cognitive strategies and may fail to reflect the user's true intent. As understanding users’ intentions is critical to providing appropriate cognitive aids to enhance task performance, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to examine operators’ underlying cognitive intent and identify the unobservable cognitive states. The HMM results demonstrate fundamental differences among the queuing mechanisms and reliability conditions. The findings suggest that HMM can be helpful in investigating the use of human cognitive resources under multitasking environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) brought light on the need for explainability in multiple domains (e.g., healthcare, finance, justice, and recruiting). Explainability or Explainable AI (XAI) can be defined as everything that makes AI more understandable to human beings. However, XAI features may vary according to the AI algorithm used. Beyond XAI features, different AI algorithms vary in terms of speed, performance, and costs associated with training/running models. Knowing when to choose the right algorithm for the task at hand, therefore, is fundamental in multiple AI systems, for instance, AutoML and AutoAI. In this paper, we propose a method to analyze patterns of high-granularity user interface (UI) events (i.e., mouse, keyboard, and additional custom events triggered on the millisecond scale) to predict when users will interact with UI elements that provide explainability for the AI in place. In this context, this paper presents: (1) a user study involving 37 participants (7 in the pilot phase and 30 in the main experiment phase) in which people performed a task of reporting a bug using a text form associated with an AI data quality meter and its XAI UI element and (2) an approach to model micro behavior using n o d e 2 v e c to predict when the interaction with XAI UI element will occur. The proposed approach uses a rich dataset (approximately 129k events) and combines n o d e 2 v e c and a Logistic Regression classifier. Results obtained show we have obtained an event-by-event prediction of the interaction with XAI with an average F-score of 0.90 (σ = 0. 06). From the presented results, one expects to support researchers in the realm of UI personalization to consider high-granularity interaction data when predicting the need for XAI while users are interacting with AI model outputs. • A study detailing different behaviors while users interact with explainability. • A user model approach to predict interaction with explainability. • The proposed approach obtained an average F-score of 0.90. • Groups do not differ in terms of task time nor event stream length. • An extension for XAI taxonomy encompassing interaction with XAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital well-being traditionally means limiting the effects on individuals of technology abuses. However, in a broader perspective, it can be crucial to consider the pervasiveness of technology, and the effect it can have not only on individuals but also on their peers in the context of diverse everyday-life situations. Within this view, which emphasises the social side of digital well-being, the paper argues the need of educating young generations to participate in the making of technology for a social goal and have a reflective attitude towards technology and its impact on society. It, therefore, presents a design toolkit as a means to (i) engage young generations to become active in design for social digital well-being and, thanks to the exposure to how technology works, (ii) reflect deeply on the pros and cons of technology in use in their everyday life. By presenting the results of a study with 24 high-school pupils and their teachers, the paper discusses how a phygital toolkit, which structures the design process, engages them in the rapid prototyping of their own smart things, and how it acts as a proxy for soliciting their own reflections around technology and social digital well-being. • Digital well-being is positioned within the broader perspective of social digital well-being. • The paper motivates the need of educating young generations to social digital well-being. • Design is framed with a phygital toolkit for engaging and making teens reflect on social. digital well-being, with a focus on inclusion. • A study with a high-school class assesses their engagement and critical reflections. by teens through design for social digital well-being. • Results shed light on the novel view on digital well-being and computational empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art therapy has been an essential form of psychotherapy to facilitate psychological well-being, which has been promoted and transformed by recent technological advances into digital art therapy. However, the potential of digital technologies has not been fully leveraged; especially, applying AI technologies in digital art therapy is still under-explored. In this paper, we propose an AI-infused art-making system, DeepThInk, to investigate the potential of introducing a human-AI co-creative process into art therapy, by collaborating with five experienced registered art therapists over ten months. DeepThInk offers a range of tools which can lower the expertise threshold for art-making while improving users' creativity and expressivity. We gathered the insights of DeepThInk through expert reviews and a two-part user evaluation with both synchronous and asynchronous therapy setups. This longitudinal iterative design process helped us derive and contextualize design principles of human-AI co-creation for art therapy, shedding light on future design in relevant domains. • A longitudinal iterative design process with five professional art therapists. • A novel AI-infused digital art-making system DeepThInk. • Results of an evaluation that assists the understanding of AI as a material in art therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]