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The Norwegian analysts, who were trained in Berlin before 1933, were drawn into a struggle against fascism, informed by politically leftist analysts who worked at the Berlin Institute. The Norwegian group, including the analysts Wilhelm Reich and Otto Fenichel, were committed to Marxist or social democratic ideologies in order to fight down fascism and Nazism. They were a source of inspiration but also of conflict. After the war the leadership of the IPA was sceptical about the Norwegian group because of its former connections with Die Linke , as well as its relations with Wilhelm Reich. This paper in part considers the courageous efforts of Nic Waal, whom Ernest Jones used as a delegate and courier to solve problems for the IPA and who was unjustly treated after the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the suggestion that a work of translation intervenes - and should actually be fostered - between psychoanalytic theories, models and idioms by Gail Reed in a paper presented at the International Psychoanalytical Association's Congress in Berlin, Germany, in 2007. The author believes that the suggestion is right in more than one way, provided the many levels at which translation occurs and the many meanings this notion conveys are considered.