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Researchers have been involved for decades in search of an efficient skin detection method. However, current methods have not overcome the significant challenges of skin detection, such as variation of illumination, various skin tones of different ethnic groups, and many others. This research proposed a clustering and region-growing-based skin detection method to overcome these limitations. Together with significant insight, these methods result in a more effective algorithm. The insight concerns the capability to dynamically define the number of clusters in a collection of pixels organized as images. In Clustering for most problem domains, the number of clusters is fixed prior and does not perform effectively over a wide variety of data contents. Therefore, this research paper proposed a skin detection method that validated the above findings. The proposed method assigns the number of clusters based on image properties and ultimately allows freedom from manual thresholds or other manual operations. The dynamic determination of clustering outcomes allows for greater automation of skin detection when dealing with uncertain real-world conditions. • Human skin tone is uniform, and clustering is an efficient method to detect human skin. • CIELAB color space is better for separating illumination from the image. • A small number of significant objects can occupy most of the pixel in an image. • Pixel connectivity of an image can automatically decide the number of clusters. • Clustering performs efficiently in Human skin detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A small target detection algorithm based on feature interaction and guided learning. • A feature guided alignment module is designed to obtain more effective features. • Gaussian distribution sample allocation strategy is introduced to obtain better samples. • Feature interaction and decoupling detection enhance the detection task capability. • A new regression loss function is used to optimize the localization ability to a certain extent. At present, for the diverse target sizes, different angles, and complex environment in aerial images, how to detect small objects effectively in aerial images is still a challenge task. In order to further improve the detection accuracy and reduce the missing rate, in this paper, we proposes a small target detection algorithm based on feature interaction and guided learning. Firstly, the feature guided alignment module is designed to deal with the problem of information loss and overlap. Secondly, the misallocation of small object samples is optimized by introducing gaussian sample allocation strategy. Then the interactive parallel detection header is designed to solve the detection task conflict problem. Finally, the new regression loss function is designed to enhance the localization ability of the target. The experimental results on the Tinyperson dataset and Visdrone dataset show that this model can improve the detection accuracy and reduce the missing rate of small targets effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object drift determination is a crucial issue in long-term tracking. Most existing object drift determination criteria require manually selecting different thresholds on different datasets to determine whether the object is lost. In this case, choosing the appropriate threshold is a complex problem. An object drift determination network based on dual-template joint decision-making is proposed to address this issue. The proposed object drift determination network not only does not require selection of thresholds on different datasets, and can be used as a plug-and-play module of short-term visual tracking algorithm to achieve long-term visual tracking tasks with good generalization ability. The proposed object drift determination network is applied to four short-term baseline trackers and constructs four long-term visual tracking algorithms. Experimental results verify that all four improved algorithms significantly improve long-term visual tracking performance compared to the original algorithms. In addition, the determined speed of the object drift determination network proposed in this paper reaches 111 FPS, which has little effect on the long-term visual tracking speed. • New drift determination network without threshold selection is proposed. • New template update criterion is proposed to ensure the quality of templates. • Capable of acting as a plug-and-play module for most basic trackers. • The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on five public datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome challenges in multiple-object tracking (MOT) tasks, recent algorithms use interaction cues alongside motion and appearance features. These algorithms use graph neural networks or transformers to extract interaction features that lead to high computation costs. In this paper, a novel interaction cue based on geometric features is presented aiming to detect occlusion and reidentify lost targets with low computational costs. Moreover, in the majority of algorithms, camera motion is considered negligible, which is a strong assumption that is not always true and can lead to identity (ID) switching or mismatching of targets. In this paper, a method for measuring camera motion is presented that efficiently reduces its effect on tracking. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on MOT17 and MOT20 datasets and achieves state-of-the-art performance on MOT17 with comparable results on MOT20. The code is also publicly available. 1 1 https://github.com/mhnasseri/for_tracking. • Cascade association based on the detection score. • A new similarity metric that considers detection's size. • A novel interaction model for occlusion handling and target re-identification. • A novel algorithm for estimating camera motion and removing it. • State-of-the-art results on MOT17 and comparable results on MOT20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting objects is a fundamental but challenging problem. In this paper, we propose diffusion-based, geometry-free, and learning-free methodologies to count the number of objects in images. The main idea is to represent each object by a unique index value regardless of its intensity or size, and to simply count the number of index values. First, we place different vectors, refer to as seed vectors, uniformly throughout the mask image. The mask image has boundary information of the objects to be counted. Secondly, the seeds are diffused using an edge-weighted harmonic variational optimization model within each object. We propose an efficient algorithm based on an operator splitting approach and alternating direction minimization method, and theoretical analysis of this algorithm is given. An optimal solution of the model is obtained when the distributed seeds are completely diffused such that there is a unique intensity within each object, which we refer to as an index. For computational efficiency, we stop the diffusion process before a full convergence, and propose to cluster these diffused index values. We refer to this approach as Counting Objects by Diffused Index (CODI). We explore scalar and multi-dimensional seed vectors. For Scalar seeds, we use Gaussian fitting in histogram to count, while for vector seeds, we exploit a high-dimensional clustering method for the final step of counting via clustering. The proposed method is flexible even if the boundary of the object is not clear nor fully enclosed. We present counting results in various applications such as biological cells, agriculture, concert crowd, and transportation. Some comparisons with existing methods are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]