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High-rate systems are defined as engineering systems that undergo accelerations of amplitudes typically greater than 100 g n over less than 100 ms. Examples include adaptive airbag deployment systems, hypersonic vehicles, and active blast mitigation systems. The use of feedback mechanisms in these high-rate applications is often critical in ensuring their continuous operations and safety. Of interest to this paper are algorithms needed to support high-rate structural health monitoring (HRSHM) to empower sub-millisecond decision systems. HRSHM is a complex task because high-rate systems are uniquely characterized by (1) large uncertainties in the external loads, (2) high levels of non-stationarities and heavy disturbances, and (3) unmodeled dynamics generated from changes in system configurations that necessitate careful crafting of adaptive strategies. This paper studies benefits of integrating a data-driven predictive model with a physics-based state observer to reduce latency and convergence time estimating actionable information. The predictive model, constructed with long short-term memory (LSTM) cells, performs multi-step ahead signal prediction acting as the input to the physical model, a model reference adaptive system (MRAS). The MRAS then performs state estimation of the predicted signal rather than the true signal. A comparison study was done between the proposed hybrid algorithm and a physics-based MRAS on a testbed involving a fast-moving boundary condition. Results showed that the hybrid algorithm could perform state estimations with zero timing deadline overshoot and with up to 50% faster convergence time when compared to the MRAS under constant boundary conditions. However, the hybrid generally underperformed the MRAS algorithm in terms of convergence accuracy during motion of the boundary condition by increasing convergence time by 20%, attributable to the lag in learning the new dynamics used in predicting. The performance of the NSE algorithm was also examined on a true high-rate system, where it was shown to be capable of qualitatively tracking actionable information. • A hybrid, deep learning algorithm for real-time state estimation. • Physics-integrated algorithm with state estimation time of less than the desired sampling rate. • An algorithm with sub-millisecond computation capabilities for applications in high-rate systems. • Demonstrated performance using three case studies on experimental datasets acquired on two different testbeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time reversal (TR) techniques due to their spatial and temporal focusing characteristics, have been increasing applied in damage evaluation. Since probing waves strongly attenuate in concrete material, imaging of damage in concrete using conventional time reversal imaging (TRI) algorithm often requires a large number of deployed transducers to minimize unexpected artifacts. To relieve economic burden and fussy installation induced by massive transducers, this paper develops a small number of transducers-enabled concrete-adapted time reversal imaging (CATRI) algorithm using implantable technology. The CATRI algorithm adopts a compensation factor to overcome wave attenuation and eliminate artifacts during crack imaging process. The implantable technology is achieved by a designed concrete implantable module (CIM) device that can be easily implanted into concrete structures. The performances of the CIM device and CATRI algorithm were numerically and experimentally studied. The results show that the proposed techniques overcome the strong wave attenuation-induced problems and successfully identify crack regions. The comparison of imaging results by using conventional TRI algorithm highlights the superiority of the CATRI algorithm for concrete crack imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification models are a fundamental component of physical-asset management technologies such as structural health monitoring (SHM) systems and digital twins. Previous work introduced risk-based active learning , an online approach for the development of statistical classifiers that takes into account the decision-support context in which they are applied. Decision-making is considered by preferentially querying data labels according to expected value of perfect information (EVPI). Although several benefits are gained by adopting a risk-based active learning approach, including improved decision-making performance, the algorithms suffer from issues relating to sampling bias as a result of the guided querying process. This sampling bias ultimately manifests as a decline in decision-making performance during the later stages of active learning, which in turn corresponds to lost resource/utility. The current paper proposes two novel approaches to counteract the effects of sampling bias: semi-supervised learning , and discriminative classification models. These approaches are first visualised using a synthetic dataset, then subsequently applied to an experimental case study, specifically, the Z24 Bridge dataset. The semi-supervised learning approach is shown to have variable performance; with robustness to sampling bias dependent on the suitability of the generative distributions selected for the model with respect to each dataset. In contrast, the discriminative classifiers are shown to have excellent robustness to the effects of sampling bias. Moreover, it was found that the number of inspections made during a monitoring campaign, and therefore resource expenditure, could be reduced with the careful selection of the statistical classifiers used within a decision-supporting monitoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deployment of systems experiencing high-rate dynamic events, such as hypersonic vehicles, advanced weaponry, and active blast mitigation systems, require high-rate structural health monitoring (HRSHM) capabilities in the sub-millisecond realm to ensure continuous operations and safety. However, the development of high-rate feedback systems is a complex task because these dynamic systems are uniquely characterized by (1) large uncertainties in their external loads, (2) high levels of non-stationarity and heavy disturbance, and (3) unmodeled dynamics from changes in system configuration. In this paper, we present a deep learning algorithm specifically engineered for HRSHM applications. It consists of an ensemble of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) constructed with long short-term memory (LSTM) cells with transfer learning capabilities to cope with the highly limited availability of training data as it is typical for high-rate systems. The use of an ensemble of RNNs empowers multi-rate sampling capability to capture multi-temporal features of the time series, thus enabling modeling of non-stationarities. Also, because the RNNs use short-sequence LSTMs and are arranged in parallel, the computation time is substantially reduced to the sub-millisecond range. The performance of the algorithm is investigated on experimental high-rate dynamic data produced from accelerated drop tower tests and benchmarked against results from a prior investigation using a purely on-the-edge algorithm termed variable input space observer (VIO) and its hybrid architecture (hybrid VIO) that incorporated physical knowledge and is considered as an upper bound on the algorithm performance. Numerical results show that the ensemble of RNNs, composed of five RNNs, significantly outperformed the VIO, with performance close to that of the hybrid VIO when it comes to the estimation error metrics, with an average computation time of 25 μ s per prediction step. Yet, the ensemble of RNNs exhibits chattering for low-amplitude excitations, likely attributable to the behavior of RNNs sampling at small time delays. An examination of the RNN weights and hidden states confirms that the algorithm can capture multi-temporal features, and an investigation with respect to noise in the training dataset showed that the algorithm is robust for signal-to-noise ratios up to 20 dB. • Machine learning-based architecture for non-stationary time-series analysis. • Transfer learning for accelerated training with limited data. • Ensemble-based system estimation using parallel recurrent neural networks integrated with attention mechanism is proposed. • Sib-millisecond estimation of a high-rate system is achieved though the proposed architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]