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Abstract: This paper presents and experimentally verifies an effective method for simultaneous identification of excitations and damages, which are two crucial factors in structural health monitoring and which often coexist in practice. The unknowns are identified by minimizing a time-domain square distance between the measured and the computed responses. Even though both damage and excitation are unknown, only damage parameters are treated here as the optimization variables: given the damage, the excitation is uniquely determined from the measured responses. As a result, all unknowns are of the same type, which allows standard optimization algorithms to be used and obviates the need for two-step procedures. The sensitivity analysis is facilitated by interpolating in each iteration the relation between structural responses and damage parameters. The numerical costs are further decreased by the fast reanalysis approach of the virtual distortion method (VDM), which is used to compute exact impulse responses of the damaged structure. The proposed methodology is verified both numerically (using a multi-span frame) and experimentally (using a cantilever beam). Stiffness-related damages and mass-related modifications are identified successfully together with the three tested types of external excitation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]