Search

The oil-immersed transformer is a crucial piece of equipment in the power system. Operating at the specified temperature is necessary to ensure the normal operation of the transformer. The insulation paper on the winding surface has a significant impact on the actual temperature of the transformers, which is often overlooked by researchers. The one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction model of the transformer is established by analyzing the heat diffusion process of winding to transformer oil. Atomic force microscope was used to observe the microsurface structure of insulation paper and copper. According to the experiment, the heat transfer resistance in the series process of heat transfer at 7 0 ∘ C is 0.0138 m2 K/W. Space thermal circuit model of transformer is established by thermoelectricity analogy method, and the simulation circuit is optimized according to the boundary conditions set up in the actual environment. The results show that the error of the hot spot temperature is closer to the measured temperature and decreases by 2.5% when considering the thermal resistance of insulation paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing procedures of sandwich composites containing corrugated paper (CP) as a core layer and covered with glass fabrics are discussed herein. The core layer of the sandwich composite was fabricated with CP-reinforced epoxy (E) resin and then stacked with glass fabric on the top and bottom surfaces to fabricate the sandwich composites. Three composites [a CP-reinforced E (CP/E) composite, glass fiber nonwoven mat (GN) sandwich composite with a CP core layer (GN/E/CP) and glass mesh fabric (GM) sandwich composite with a CP core layer (GM/E/CP)] were developed in this study. The bending and compression properties of these sandwich composites were measured on a materials test system. Experimental results revealed that the bending strength of the GN/E/CP sandwich composite was approximately 45% and 150% higher than those of the GM/E/CP and CP/E sandwich composites, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waterproof and flame-retardant properties of corrugated paper (CP) reinforced epoxy resin sandwich composites are discussed. Two composites, a CP-reinforced epoxy composite (CP/E composite) and a CP-reinforced flame-retardant epoxy composite (CP/FRE composite), were developed in this study. A dipping bath was developed for impregnating the paper with epoxy and a flame-retardant epoxy solution to make the CP/P and CP/FRE composite panels. A room-temperature-cured epoxy resin was blended with various contents (10%, 20%, and 30%) of phosphorus-based flame-retardant compounds and then was used as a matrix to make CP/FRE-10, CP/FRE-20, and CP/FRE-30 composite materials. Water absorption tests of these composites were used to estimate the waterproof properties. In addition, vertical and horizontal burning tests were used to evaluate the flame-retardant properties of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tensile and compressive properties of jute fabric and corrugated paper (CP)-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) resin sandwich composites are discussed. A core layer was fabricated with CP-reinforced PLA resin. The core later was then stacked with jute fabric and PLA films on the top and bottom surfaces to fabricate the sandwich composites. Two composites, a CP-reinforced PLA composite (CP/PLA composite) and a jute fabric/PLA sandwich composite with CP as a core layer (J/PLA/CP composite) were developed in this study. A dipping bath was developed for impregnating the paper with a molten PLA solution to make the CP/PLA composite core layer. The resin film method was used to fabricate the jute fabric/PLA/CP sandwich composite on a hot press machine. A material test system (MTS810) was used to evaluate the tensile, flatwise compression, and longitudinal compressive characteristics of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for colorimetric detection of solution concentration is presented. A paper-based microfluidic device was designed and made using printed circuit board technology. Detection zone patterns were designed and transferred to a printed circuit board by hollowing technology. The printed circuit board with patterns was stuck onto a copper sheet. The hollowed zone was filled with solid paraffin and then covered with a piece of filter paper. The paraffin wax was melted by heating the copper sheet and permeated into the filter paper. Solution to be detected was pipetted on the paper-based device with detective zones. The images of the detective zones were obtained using a microscope with charge-coupled device, which is used for calculating RGBI model to further obtain the solution concentration. Litmus was demonstrated in sample experiments. Results showed that maximum error of measured value of solution concentration to its true value is less than 2% using the presented method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas sensors are essential devices to detect harmful gases that are present in the environment. Metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) are used as sensing materials to detect harmful gases. Some of the metal oxides, like ZnO, SnO2, WO3, NiO, etc. have been used to detect the gases. This paper provides a theoretical study of gas sensing using MOSs. Many programs are available for the theoretical Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach. The theoretical calculation provides many properties about the sensing material, like electronic properties, magnetic properties, charge difference calculation, and Vander wall interaction between the sensing material surface and adsorbing molecule. The nanostructure provides better gas sensing performance due to its high surface-to-volume ratio. This paper is based on the DFT study and provides gas-sensing results using electronic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the localization of an electron in a binary quantum system formed by a pair of quantum dots (QDs). The traditional theoretical consideration of such systems is limited to the symmetrical case when QDs in such double quantum dot (DQD) are assumed identical in all respects. In this paper, we model the effects of breaking QD similarities in a DQD by studying two-dimensional (2D) DQDs as a double quantum well (DQW). This is done by solving the Schrödinger equation, with parameters chosen to describe an InAs/GaAs heterostructure. We calculate the energy spectrum of the electron confinement and the spectral distribution of localized/delocalized spatial states. Both symmetric and asymmetric QW shapes are considered and their effects are compared. The effects of symmetry breaking are explained within the framework of the two-level system theory. We delineate the QW weak and strong coupling cases in DQW. In particular, we show that the coherence in ideal DQW is unstable in the case of a weak QW coupling. Within the framework of the proposed approach, a charge qubit realized on a DQD is discussed and, as an example, a qubit based on an almost ideal DQD is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study of the dielectric constant of solutions of a polar liquid in a nonpolar solvent: chlorobenzene–benzene, chlorobenzene–hexane. The measurements were carried out at a wavelength λ = 1 2. 8 0 cm in the temperature range from − 8 0 ∘ C to 2 0 ∘ C. The studies were carried out using the dielectric spectroscopy method. This method allows a more detailed study of the dielectric properties of the objects of study due to the large equilibrium ("static") dielectric constant of the object. The temperature dependence of the dielectric relaxation time of molecules in the liquid and solid states of the studied solutions is determined. It has been established that with increasing concentration (0.300, 0.562, 0.794, 1.000 for a chlorobenzene–hexane solution and 0.179, 0.368, 0.567, 0.778, 1.000 for a chlorobenzene–benzene solution) of the halogen substituent, the relaxation time increases. The measurement results of dielectric constant ε ′ and absorption coefficient ε ′ ′ obtained for concentrated solutions chlorobenzene–benzene, chlorobenzene–n–hexane at wavelengths λ = 1 2 , 80 and λ = 3 , 2 6 cm at temperature 2 0 ∘ C are given in the paper. The static dielectric constant is obtained at a frequency of 1 MHz. The obtained experimental values ε ′ , ε ′ ′ and ε 0 of investigated systems in ( ε ′ , ε ′ ′ ) plane locate on the semi-circle the center of which is on ε ′ axis. In this case, the high-frequency limit value of ε ∞ dielectric coefficient exceeds the corresponding n2 refraction index square. The macroscopic and molecular relaxation times are calculated on the base of experimental data. The thermodynamic quantities characterizing the process of dielectric relaxation are calculated for solutions of chlorobenzene–benzene, chlorobenzene–hexane. It has been determined that the height of the potential barrier separating the two equilibrium positions of a polar molecule is greatest in the state of a pure polar liquid and decreases with dilution in a nonpolar solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, understanding the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity has emerged as a pinnacle achievement in condensed matter physics, capturing the lifelong interest of numerous physicists. This paper endeavors to offer a theoretical elucidation for this mechanism, advancing the broader field of physics. Recognizing that high-temperature superconductivity is an aspect of condensed matter physics — underpinned by Maxwell's classical electromagnetic theory — we turn to theoretical mechanics and field theory, which are foundational perspectives in the contemporary scientific era. By framing Maxwell's classical electromagnetic theory within the context of theoretical mechanics and field theory, this paper not only sheds light on the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity but also recasts Maxwell's theory within a purer theoretical mechanics and field theory domain. This represents a paradigmatic shift and cognitive transformation in physics. Furthermore, leveraging this theoretical mechanics and field theory interpretation of electromagnetic phenomena, we discern that electromagnetic phenomena can be more aptly explained without resorting to the concepts of charges and electric fields, leading to a reinterpretation of Coulomb's law. We propose that protons and electrons might exist as entities devoid of charge-specific attributes and negate the possibility of a strongly correlated particle system within them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper chip is an efficient and inexpensive device for pesticide residues detection. However, the reasons of detection error are not clear, which is the main problem to hinder the development of pesticide residues detection. This paper focuses on error analysis for pesticide detection performed on paper-based microfluidic chip devices, which test every possible factor to build the mathematical models for detection error. In the result, double-channel structure is selected as the optimal chip structure to reduce detection error effectively. The wavelength of 599.753 nm is chosen since it is the most sensitive detection wavelength to the variation of pesticide concentration. At last, the mathematical models of detection error for detection temperature and prepared time are concluded. This research lays a theory foundation on accurate pesticide residues detection based on paper-based microfluidic chip devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibers have been showing much greater potential to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-based composite materials. The purpose of this study is to extract the cellulose nanofibers from waste bio-resources; such as waste newspaper and paper sludge. The cellulosic raw materials were treated chemically and physically in order to extract individualized cellulose nanofiber. The combination of acid hydrolysis and following mechanical treatment resulted in the extraction of cellulose nanofibers having diameter of about 40 nm. In order to examine the reinforcing effect of the extracted cellulose nanofibers, fully biodegradable green nanocomposites were fabricated by composing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin with the extracted cellulose nanofibers, and then the tensile tests were conducted. The results showed that the enhancement in mechanical properties was successfully obtained in the cellulose nanofiber/PVA green nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of a mixed Graphullerene-like nanostructure. The Blume–Capel model is employed, and Monte Carlo computations were performed using the Metropolis algorithm. The study examines various spin configurations within different parameter planes and reveals stable configurations. Furthermore, the paper analyzes magnetizations, susceptibilities, specific heat, and Binder cumulant as a function of the temperature to determine the transition temperature and characterize magnetic phase transitions in the system. The suitability of the investigated structure for magnetic refrigeration was also assessed by examining the magnetic entropy change and relative cooling power at different external magnetic field strengths. The results show a direct correlation between the external magnetic field and maximum entropy changes, indicating a significant magnetocaloric effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use a novel approach to study the existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions (EUSS) to a Cauchy-type problem of nonlinear fractional differential equations (FrDiEq) of variable order with infinite delay (CPNFDEVOID). Contrary to the techniques taken in the literature, which were centered on the usage of the concept of generalized intervals and the idea of piecewise constant functions, our approach is straightforward and based on a novel fractional operator that is more appropriate and demonstrates the solvability and stability of the main problem under less restrictive presumptions. The results are achieved in this paper by using Fixed Point Theory (FPT). The application, which includes an example and supporting images, concludes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the time-dependent two-dimensional cable equation of fractional order in terms of the Caputo fractional derivative. This cable equation plays a vital role in diverse areas of electrophysiology and modeling neuronal dynamics. This paper conveys a precise semi-analytical method called the q-homotopy analysis transform method to solve the fractional cable equation. The proposed method is based on the conjunction of the q-homotopy analysis method and Laplace transform. We explained the uniqueness of the solution produced by the suggested method with the help of Banach’s fixed-point theory. The results obtained through the considered method are in the form of a series solution, and they converge rapidly. The obtained outcomes were in good agreement with the exact solution and are discussed through the 3D plots and graphs that express the physical representation of the considered equation. It shows that the proposed technique used here is reliable, well-organized and effective in analyzing the considered non-homogeneous fractional differential equations arising in various branches of science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central purpose of this paper is to explore the nonlinear dynamics of the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (KPE). The multiple soliton solutions (MSSs) are constructed via applying the Hirota method. Then the soliton molecules on the (x,y)-, (x,t)- and (y,t)-planes are extracted via imposing the velocity resonance conditions to the MSSs. Eventually, two effective techniques, the sub-equation approach (SEA) and the variational approach (VA), are employed to probe some other diverse wave solutions, which are the bright wave, dark wave, singular wave and the singular periodic wave solutions. The dynamics of the extracted solutions are unveiled graphically to exhibit the physical attributes. The attained solutions in this paper can enlarge the exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional KPE and enable us to understand the nonlinear dynamic behaviors better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a low dropout bandgap voltage reference circuit that combines high output voltage accuracy and low temperature-coefficient in a wide temperature range. The low temperature-coefficient is achieved by an advanced high-order curvature compensation technique, which is implemented by a novel exponential piecewise compensation term in a high-temperature range. A supply noise self-regulation technique is proposed to realize an excellent power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) without using any amplifiers in this paper. The proposed high-accuracy voltage reference is designed in a 2 μ m bipolar process. The circuit generates a reference voltage of 3.3 V and can operate under a minimum supply voltage of 3.8 V, while consuming 44.8 μ A. The output voltage accuracy is ± 0.15%. The PSRR at 10 Hz and 1 MHz is − 6 4 dB and − 7 8 dB, respectively. The line regulation is 2.45 ppm/V in a supply voltage range from 3.8 V to 20 V. The average temperature coefficient is 11.9 ppm/∘C in a temperature range from − 5 5 ∘ C to +125∘C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Newtonian fluids display fascinating and versatile flow behavior, enabling applications in fields where precise control and manipulation of viscosity are required. This paper presents the rheology of Homann stagnation point flow for a Jeffrey fluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a biaxially stretching surface. The system of equations is solved numerically using appropriate similarity transformations and conditions. The boundary conditions are set to maintain a fixed physical environment, and the far field values are defined accordingly. The dual solutions are found and expressed in terms of relevant quantities, and their behavior is analyzed using graphical representations via bvp5c. Stability analysis is conducted as well. The model is extended to study the behavior of Jeffrey nanofluids under the influence of various physical phenomena such as thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Ohmic heating, heat source/sink, radiation, and chemical reaction. The model presented in this paper can help researchers predict and optimize the behavior of such systems for a range of industrial and biomedical applications. It is observed that when the smallest eigenvalue is positive, the disturbance initially decreases, and the flow is stable, otherwise unstable. The stretching/shrinking parameters affect the flow field and boundary layer characteristics, leading to changes in the skin friction forces and an increase in the skin friction coefficient. Moreover, the Peclet number augmented the concentration of microorganisms due to gyrotactic bioconvection for first and second solutions, whereas bioconvective Lewis number shows an opposite trend. The comparison of the present results, as a simplified case, with existing literature demonstrates good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angular velocity is a very important measurement parameter for autonomous driving and industrial applications. The design of MEMS quartz gyro measurement and control circuit has always been the key to restricting the measurement angular velocity performance of gyro system. This paper introduces the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design and implementation of a MEMS quartz gyro measurement and control circuit for angular velocity measurement. The designed nonlinear multiplier can use a square wave to drive the gyro's sensitive structure at the beginning of gyro start-up, thereby reducing the gyro power-up time. The drive circuit replaces the PLL with an automatic gain control unit composed of peak detection and proportional integration (PI) controller, which makes the MEMS gyro system have good robustness. First, SIMULINK is used to model and simulate the MEMS gyroscope system-level model, which illustrates the feasibility of the drive circuit design scheme. Then, the operating principle of the drive loop is analyzed, and the design of the key circuit modules of the measurement and control circuit is introduced. Finally, the performance of the gyroscope drive and detection circuit is experimentally tested, the amplitude and frequency uncertainty of the gyroscope drive circuit are evaluated, and the bias instability and nonlinearity of the gyroscope are tested, the experiment results show that the gyroscope has good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel digital closed-loop interface circuit system of MEMS vibrating gyroscope is proposed, which includes driving, detection and quadrature circuits. Because of the high sensitivity and precision of the MEMS gyroscope, the interface circuit system is established under the condition of mode separation. The driving circuit of MEMS gyroscope adopts digital automatic gain control (AGC) to realize self-excitation closed-loop control, which makes the gyroscope system simple in structure and good in robustness. First, the working principle of the gyroscope's sensitive structure is introduced and the system simulation model of the sensitive structure is developed. Second, a Σ Δ ADC and DAC with single-bit output are designed and the feasibility of the driving circuit design is verified by the system-level model. Third, the quadrature closed-loop correction circuit is designed to reduce the coupling of the quadrature component to the gyroscope detection circuit. The simulation results show that the quadrature correction loop can effectively reduce the influence of the quadrature coupling on the detection loop of MEMS gyroscope. Finally, the system-level model of the gyroscope is established by SIMULINK, the overall system performance of the gyroscope is analyzed, and the test system of MEMS gyroscope is built by field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The experiment verifies the feasibility of the digital interface circuit design, and the zero-bias instability of the gyroscope system is 1.0∘/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) spectroscopy is a nonlinear optical technique that is used to investigate many different chemical and biological systems. This tool is very efficient and essentially completely rejects fluorescence. As is well known, the excitation profiles of resonance CARS are mostly used to estimate the origin shift parameters with electronic excitation for vibrations with resonantly enhanced Raman components that give information about the molecular structure and its changes in an excited electronic state. Certainly, it is necessary to have an appropriate theoretical model for pragmatically representing these processes and considering the joint (simultaneous) impact of different broadening mechanisms. The theoretical model presented in the paper is the most general and is free from a priori assumptions. Also, the mathematical algorithm created on its basis is flexible and fast for quantitative calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diamagnetic susceptibility and binding energy (BE) of a hydrogenic donor confined in a GaAs/AlGaAs QWW were theoretically studied in this paper under the influences of the applied laser field, QWW geometry, and non-parabolicity using variation technique combined with effective mass approximation. In the first part, the diamagnetic susceptibility and BE of the donor at the ground state are studied as a function of the size of the QWW, geometry, and applied laser field. The results reveal that changing the geometry of QWW enhances the quantum confinement effects. However, increasing the laser field reduces the BE by adding screening effects to the Coulomb interactions. Further, the diamagnetic susceptibility is available with the stability information about the carrier–parent donor system based on the mean square separation between them. It also demonstrates that susceptibility may remain stable regardless of the change in geometry and applied laser field. Thus, the diamagnetic behavior can serve as a better tool to evaluate the stability and Mott transition of donors in QWW. In the second section, the consequences of laser field and geometry on the SMT of confined donors in QWW have been studied. It is observed that the BE of donors remains constant until N ∼ 1 0 1 5  cm − 1 beyond which it starts to decrease gradually and vanishes exactly at critical concentration ( N c). However, the diamagnetic susceptibility of the donor has remained constant until reaching N c , beyond which it turned into a drastic fall, which manifested the SMT in the system. The current work is expected to add a few noteworthy points to the SMT phenomena in nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional superconductivity on a honeycomb lattice has received increasing interest since the discovery of graphene primarily due to the similarities between materials with a honeycomb lattice and cuprate superconductors. Many theoretical studies have been conducted on superconductivity on a honeycomb lattice, however, a consistent picture is still lacking. In this paper, we have extended the theory of kinetic-energy-driven superconductivity, which has been developed to investigate unconventional superconductivity in cuprate superconductors, to explore superconductivity on a honeycomb lattice within the t-J model. Our results demonstrate that the charge-carrier pair gap parameter with d x 2 − y 2 + i d x y -wave symmetry exhibits a dome-like shape as a function of doping, with superconductivity emerging at a certain doping concentration and disappearing at high doping levels, similar to what has been observed in cuprate and cobaltate superconductors. Furthermore, the charge-carrier pair gap parameter decreases with increasing the value of J ∕ t (the ratio between the antiferromagnetic exchange coupling constant and the nearest-neighbor hopping integral), and approaches zero when J ∕ t reaches a sufficiently large value. This indicates that the antiferromagnetic order will suppress the superconducting state and a sufficiently strong exchange coupling will completely destroy the superconductivity. Taking into account our present results together with the corresponding results of cuprate and cobaltate superconductors, it appears that the dome-like shape of the doping dependence of the charge-carrier pair gap parameter may be a common feature in doped Mott insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this probing is to scrutinize the impact of chemical reaction and radiation on the flow behavior of a nanofluid, made up of copper nanoparticles suspended in water, as it moves through a vertically oscillating plate in a magnetohydrodynamic free, unsteady convective system. We tackled the problem with a mathematical model incorporating nanoparticle volume fraction and used a closed-form Laplace transformation method to resolve the governing equations for momentum, energy, and concentration field. The results were also depicted graphically with heat transport rate, mass transport rate, and skin friction illustrations. The study shows that increasing the volume fraction of Cu–water-based nanoparticles decreases primary and secondary velocities, while the temperature field grows. Moreover, a higher chemical reaction parameter leads to a drop in the fluid concentration. Furthermore, a graphic representation of the upshots of variant dimensionless parameters on the nanofluid velocity, temperature, and species concentration is provided. The subject of this paper explores an extension that involves the inclusion of Cu–water-based nanofluid. This nanofluid exhibits significantly higher thermal conductivity compared to typical fluids. Consequently, it can be considered a superior alternative to conventional fluids, proving to be valuable in enhancing heat transfer in diverse engineering and industrial processes. This study is significantly relevant to various industrial and machine-building applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered metal composites have been widely used in various industries fields because of their excellent properties and are responsible for mechanical behavior of materials. This paper focuses on analyzing the deformation mechanism of the (110) interface under different loading states by MD. The results show that there are two yield points in the stress–strain curve under both Z- and Y-axis loading states. The first yield is the nucleation of dislocations at the interface, meantime the slip of dislocations and the extension of stacking faults begin at the Al layer. The second one, the dislocation passes through the interface, nucleates and emits toward the Cu layer at the interface, leading to a stress mutation. It is worth noting that during the stable rheological stage, the deformation mechanisms vary under different loading directions. Under Y-axis tensile loading, the phase transformation of FCC–HCP is present due to the interaction of dislocation movement and stacking fault. On the contrary, there are two twin paths A and B, improving the strength, during Z-axis compression loading. For other loading modes, there are three zones, namely the elastic stage, the release of energy, and strain hardening and dynamic softening. The interface plays the role of nucleation, annihilation and penetration of dislocations, and this interface-dislocation mechanism is reflected in the whole stage of plastic deformation. The results have an insight into the design and control in heterointerface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical framework for modelling multiphase flows with interface correction is proposed. In original Volume-of-Fluid method, the interface smearing may appear since the interface profile deviates from its equilibrium state, especially in the simulations of complex interface deformation. To solve this problem, a novel correction step is introduced into the procedure after solving the volume fraction transport equation, and this step just works on the region of phase interface. The difference between the current method and the previous work is that the correction coefficient can be adjusted adaptively with the gradient of normal velocity at the interface, which is strongly correlated to the intensity of interface smearing and changes with the computational time and interface position. The validation computations are performed for bubble deformation (initial shapes of two-dimensional four-lobed-star and three-dimensional (3D) box with holes), bubble rising in a channel and Rayleigh–Taylor instability problems (Reynolds number of 100 and 1000). The obtained results show that the unphysical phenomenon of interface smearing is suppressed effectively, and the interface sharpness is improved greatly by the present method. In addition, the mass of bubble deformation by the original method will decrease by 13.3%. While these results obtained by the present method are in good agreement with the analytical solutions or published data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The robustness of complex networks to various kinds of attacks that could trigger cascading failures has attracted increasing attention. Most existing studies fail to consider that the cost to attack each network component (node or edge) may be unequal. Therefore, in this paper, we explore the network robustness to cascaded attacks based on heterogeneous costs. We introduce an attack cost model with both cost-sensitive and budget-constraint parameters. On this basis, three attack strategies are considered, including hub strategy, average degree strategy, and leaf strategy. Their cascaded attack effects are compared by considering the load local preferential redistribution rule. Both the fraction of failed nodes and the value of a new robustness metric, i.e. the budget-constraint threshold, are monitored in different complex networks. Numerical experiments indicate that as the attack cost changes from homogeneity to heterogeneity, the performance of the classic hub strategy decreases gradually. For the situation of weak heterogeneity of attack cost of each node, leaf strategy achieves the maximum attack performance gradually. Moreover, the budget, network structure, and robustness metrics may all affect the selection of the optimal attack strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical analysis on the influence of photothermal effects on the photoconduction of one-dimensional (1D) carbyne nanostructures has been explored in this paper. It is found that the size dependence of photoconduction is a great benefit from the change of band structure and optical absorption, while the influence of photothermal effect on the photoconduction is mainly induced by the grain boundary scattering and transport properties. Moreover, the photoconduction increases as the incident power enhances with a P 0 γ dependence and γ is not only related to the illumination intensity but also modulated by the dimensions. Our predictions are consistent with the available evidence, which indicates that our model is crucial for the understanding of the physical mechanism on the photothermal effect of 1D carbyne nanostructures and for their potential applications in nanotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of surface roughness, magnetic field, and couple stress on the performance of secant slider bearing is studied in this paper. The effectiveness of the bearing is assessed by using a couple stress liquid as the lubricant in the process. Because of microstructural impacts, couple stress fluids have distinctive rheological characteristics. These features have the potential to make a major impact on the bearing's performance. The novel aspect of this study is that the roughness of the secant slider is taken into consideration. The modified Reynolds equation is derived using Christensen's stochastic theory for roughness. Here, both transverse and longitudinal roughness patterns are considered. The analytical solutions are obtained for steady-state pressure, load-carrying capacity, film stiffness, and damping coefficient. The results are presented for various parameters through graphs and tables. The combined effect of the magnetic field and couple stress is significant on bearing characteristics. It is noticed that the bearing features increase with the longitudinal roughness parameter, and the reverse phenomenon is observed with the transverse roughness parameter. When a transverse roughness pattern is assumed on a secant slider bearing, characteristics like pressure, load, stiffness of the film, and damping coefficient increase significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary intent of this paper is to examine the influence of radiation, Soret, and Dufour on the laminar flow of a rotating fluid through a permeable plate undergoing a chemical reaction. The Soret effect, for example, has been employed to differentiate isotopes and to combine gases of different molecular weights. Many real-world applications, including geosciences and chemical engineering, comprise the Soret and Dufour effects. Using similarity variables, the governing equations and allied boundary conditions (BCs) are simplified to a dimensionless form and then solved using the finite element method (FEM). In order to get the numerical approximations of velocity, temperature, and concentration, dimensionless parameters of the flow were utilized, and the consequences were envisioned visually. The most significant results of this research are that raising the Soret and Dufour parameters causes an upsurge in the velocity profile and enhancing the radiation factor causes an upsurge in the temperature distribution. Enhancing the values of permeability causes a reduction in skin friction. Enhancing the accuracy of heat absorption factor estimations leads to an increase in the values of the Nusselt number. A comparison case study has been made among the outcomes of well-existing repository literature with the current solutions and detected a great correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamic behavior of generalized nonlinear fractional Tzitzéica-type equations and to derive optical soliton solutions. To achieve this goal, we employ the modified Khater method, focusing on obtaining solitary wave solutions for generalized fractional Tzitzéica-type (TT) equations. Through this approach, we unveil novel solutions for both Tzitzéica and Tzitzéica–Dodd–Bullough (TDB) equations expressed in terms of fractional derivatives. The significance of employing the modified Khater method lies in its ability to yield a diverse array of soliton solutions. These solutions encompass dark, bright, singular, periodic, kink, singular kink, and combined dark–bright solitons. The derived solutions are visually represented through two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphs. Our findings underscore that the proposed method serves as a comprehensive and efficient approach to explore exact solitary wave solutions for generalized fractional TT evolution equations. By employing the modified Khater method, we not only enhance our understanding of the dynamic behavior of these equations, but also provide a versatile tool for obtaining precise soliton solutions in the realm of nonlinear fractional evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address various optical soliton solutions and demonstrate the different dynamics of solitary waves to a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with parabolic law (NLSE) using a newly created powerful and effective method named as the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method. This technique presents an organized manner to reveal the essential dynamics. There is great significance of the nonlinear Schrödinger equations and their several formulations in numerous fields of science, particularly in nonlinear optics, optical fibers, quantum electronics, and plasma physics. Through the use of numerical simulations and mathematical analysis, we explore the characteristics and behavior of these solitary wave solutions in a variety of scientific contexts. These results demonstrate the essential complexity of the governing equation and yield novel derived solutions. These solutions contribute to a better understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena by highlighting the fundamental dynamics establishing solitary waves in the NLSE. To enhance our wider knowledge, we provide effective graphic representations of the nonlinear wave structures in the derived solutions utilizing a variety of graphs, including 3D, 2D, and density plots. Moreover, a specific transformation has been applied to transform the system into a planar dynamical system, and several phase portraits have been presented to examine its behavior. Furthermore, upon introducing a perturbed term, chaotic behavior has been observed across different parameter values through both two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise pollution is growing nowadays and there is always a conflict between ventilation and noise insulation. The advances in acoustic metamaterials provide an effective solution for this conflict. In this paper, we propose a metastructure with protruded necks based on Helmholtz resonance. Sound transmission loss (STL) of 13 dB at low-frequency of 488 Hz is obtained in experiment with the ventilation of 20%, which is in good agreement with the simulation. It is revealed that introduction of protruded neck can reduce the resonant frequency. Sound absorption is the main mechanism for noise insulation at low frequency. Next, the effects of geometric parameters on sound insulation are discussed. A reduction in cross-sectional area of neck, an increase in neck length, and an increase in ventilation all lead to a decrease in both resonant frequencies and STL amplitudes. Finally, a two-layer structure is constructed by the proposed metastructure with different neck length in each unit. Both the amplitude and frequency range of STL are enlarged. These results exhibit a practical application for ventilated metastructure in sound insulation at low frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum orthogonal arrays are combinatorial designs with a remarkable class of genuinely multipartite highly entangled states. In this paper, we propose the method for constructing maximally multi-qubit entangled state through phase parameters of orthogonal arrays. Using this method, we not only determine that maximally n-qubit entangled state, but also find the n − 1 orthogonal array that gives maximally n − 1 entangled states. Such states play an important role in quantum theory with a high degree of multipartite entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation of this paper is to explore an oscillatory flow of a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) couple stress fluid with heat and mass transfer analyses through a porous medium. The modified Darcy–Brinkman couple stress fluid model is employed. There could be many potential applications of this study, such as thermal system, solidification of liquid crystals, cooling of metallic plates in a bath, exotic lubricants and colloidal solutions. In the wake of these potential applications, the study of MHD couple stress fluid flow with additional diffusing components has been found to be innovative and very interesting in the analysis of the influence of combined magnetic effects, couple stress fluid and two solutes. A governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equation with boundary constraints represents the modeled flow problem. In addition, these equations are converted into nondimensional form by employing the suitable nondimensionalizing quantities. It is possible to attain analytic solutions to the dimensionless equations that control the liquid flow, and the consequences of the flow's confines on velocity, temperature, concentration and skin friction profile are examined and also the results are discussed through graphs. It is noteworthy that when the injection level on the heated plate is increased, the skin friction on each channel plate also increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of low quality of coherent demodulation transmission signal of digital signal in the background of Levy noise, this paper proposes a new method of 4FSK signal reception based on adaptive tristable stochastic resonance (SR) system. The bit error rate (BER) of output signals of adaptive tristable SR system model and the traditional modulation model are compared by simulation. The numerical simulation results show that compared with the traditional model, the output BER of the 4FSK signal after demodulation of the adaptive tristable SR system model is reduced by 4% compared with the traditional model. The time domain image of 4FSK signal is clearer, the burrs are significantly reduced and the spectral amplitude of 4FSK signal is greatly improved. The success of this experiment suggests a strong promise of SR systems for digital signal detection in impact noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will investigate the structural, electronic, mechanical, magnetic and optical properties of Heusler Mn2NiAl (MNA) compound using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) of the full potential linearized augmented plane-wave method for exchange and use correlations, modified Becke–Johnson and GGA+U Hubbard parameter. The calculated band structure (BS) and density of states (DOS) of MNA showed a metallic (GGA), nearly half-metallic (mBJ) and half metallic (GGA+U) behavior. Moreover, the magnetic computed magnetic moments by GGA+U are higher compared to GGA and mBJ results. Bulk modulus, shear modulus, Voigt and Reuss polycrystalline elastic modulus, Debye temperature, sound velocities, the melting temperatures, B / G ratio, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were obtained. The elastic anisotropy of MNA alloy was analyzed using 2D and 3D figures of directional dependence of Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, linear compressibility and Young's modulus. Studies have shown that the Heusler material MNA has magnetic and anisotropic properties and is mechanically stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of electronics, the application and research of two-dimensional materials have been at the forefront of the world's scientific research. Black phosphorus (BP) has the advantages of large specific surface area, anisotropy, band tunability, high electrical conductivity and high theoretical specific capacity, which make it very promising for research in the fields of medicine, aerospace and electrochemistry. This paper calculates the electronic structure and adsorption properties of BP in water for different heavy metal ions of Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + and Cd 2 + , including adsorption energy, bandgap, electron density and Mulliken population analysis, based on the first-principles approach of density generalized theory. First principles are quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), which is a dominant well-developed method in the field of materials simulations, with low errors and high efficiency, especially in systems containing metallic particles. The results showed that the Pb 2 + adsorption system in water was more stable than the Hg 2 + adsorption system and the Cd 2 + adsorption system. The bandgap values of 0.617, 0.785 and 0.715 eV of BP after adsorption of Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + and Cd 2 + in water are smaller compared to 0.891 eV of intrinsic BP, and its properties change from direct bandgap semiconductor to indirect bandgap semiconductor. The higher the stability of a system for the adsorption of different heavy metal ions by BP, the higher the internal electron activity of the adsorption system and the amount of electron transfer. Meanwhile, it is concluded that the electrons mainly transfer from P to heavy metal ions in all the adsorption systems. The electron transfer of the BP-Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + , and Cd 2 + adsorption system occurs mainly in the p, s, and s/p orbitals, respectively. The above content investigated the electronic structure changes and internal electron transfer of heavy metal ions adsorbed by black phosphorus in water, expecting to provide a new reference basis for the detection of heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater using black phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the motion of inertial particles in three-dimensional (3D) unsteady cylindrical wake flow is investigated by a two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. At different flow Reynolds numbers (Re), the corresponding striking dynamic property and dispersion mechanism of four particle classes have been studied, with inertia parameterized by means of Stokes number (Sk). It is found that inertial particles with lower Stokes number are expelled from vortex cores, and coherent voids encompass the local Kármán vortex cells. As Stokes number increases, a low velocity particle channel could be formed, which almost coincides with the results in the literature. Moreover, with the increase of Reynolds number, numerous irregular coherent voids are observed in the cylinder wake, and the high-speed particles follow the fluid flow closely when they are contained in the vortices. Although the centrifugal force of Kármán vortex cells significantly affects the dynamics of inertial particles, the fluid flow modulation is believed to be responsible for the distinctive particle dispersion patterns in the vortex streets. For particles with medium inertia, the two-way coupled modulation weakens the centrifugal effect of vortex structures on the particles. This trend declines with the increase of Reynolds number, and vanishes with light particles, while both two-way coupled modulation and the centrifugal effect of vortex structures are almost equally effective with heavy particles. The investigations contribute to a better understanding of the particle-laden flows in practical applications, which will benefit the optimized design of certain machinery and equipment for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present boundary layer flow of Maxwell fluid over a stretching sheet has good number of practical applications in metallurgy, drawing of plastics, polymer sheet extrusion including hot rolling extrusion, glass blowing, spinning of fibers, rubber and plastic sheets, crystal growing and many more. Due to these extensive applications of Maxwell fluid in engineering, medicine and manufacturing industries including the above-mentioned applications, authors have motived, inspired and investigated the present problem. However, in this research paper, the influences of Soret and Dufour effects on the steady-state Maxwell fluid flow past a stretching sheet with nonuniform heat source/sink are considered numerically. The thermal and concentration stratifications impacts are also incorporated. The viscous dissipation and magnetic field effects are also included in the respective governing equations. The main novelty and uniqueness of this numerical research is to generalize the earlier studies and describe the salient features of magneto-thermo visco-elastic dissipative Maxwell fluid motion about a stretching sheet with cross-diffusion effects under the influence of double stratification phenomena. To differentiate the non-Newtonian fluids from those of Newtonian fluids, a well-known Maxwell fluid flow model is used in the present study. The investigated physical problem results the highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) and which are not amenable to any of the direct methods. Suitable similarity transformations are deployed to reduce the highly complex PDEs into the system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A robust BVP4C Matlab function is employed to solve the rendered dimensionless system of ODEs. The numerically generated computed data is plotted in terms of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles including engineering quantities of interest such as skin-friction, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers in the flow region. It is evident from the current analysis that, the amplified magnetic field decreases the velocity field and increases the thermal and concentration distribution fields. Accelerating Maxwell’s number diminished the flow velocity and increased the temperature field. Increasing Soret and Dufour numbers enhances the concentration and temperature fields, respectively. Amplifying Maxwell’s number raises the skin-friction coefficient and enlarging the thermal stratification parameter magnifies the thermal transport rate. The mass transport rate amplified with a raise in concentration stratification number in the flow region. Finally, it is provided that, the current results are excellently matching with earlier published results in the literature and it confirms the accuracy of the used numerical method and the produced similarity solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine the analytical properties of the nonlinear (1+1)-dimensional Camassa–Holm equation (ℂℍ), a fundamental model within the domain of nonlinear evolution equations. The aforementioned equation serves as a valuable tool in elucidating the unidirectional propagation of shallow water waves over a level terrain, as well as in representing certain nonlinear wave phenomena seen in cylindrical hyperelastic rods. We use the Khater III (핂hat.III) and improved Kudryashov (핀핂ud) technique to provide accurate solutions, drawing inspiration from the intricate mathematical framework of the ℂℍ issue. He’s variational iteration (ℍ핍핀) technique is used as a numerical methodology to assess the correctness of the generated answers. This strategy reveals a notable concurrence between the analytical and numerical outcomes. This alignment guarantees the suitability of the acquired solutions within the framework of the studied model.The importance of this investigation lies in its ability to improve our comprehension of the intricate dynamics regulated by the ℂℍ equation and its connections with other nonlinear evolution equations that describe shallow water wave behaviors and nonlinear wave propagation in cylindrical hyperelastic rods. The results of the study demonstrate novel analytical approaches, expanding the range of potential solutions and offering valuable insights into the physical characteristics of the interconnected wave phenomena. This research offers valuable insights and methodologies for addressing intricate mathematical models in shallow water wave theory and studying nonlinear waves in hyperelastic materials, therefore making substantial advances to the subject of nonlinear partial differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper inspects the combined effects of heat and mass transfers in a hybridized Williamson viscous nanofluid composed of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles in RT42 (Rubitherm) as base fluid in the existence of heat source and thermal radiative aspects. Knowing that the base fluid RT42 is a phase change material (PCM), it is also considered that the surface on which the nanofluid flows is an expandable surface with varying thickness. The influence of chemical reactions process and viscous dissipation on the flow and temperature of the hybridized nanofluid is examined. The parameters’ influences on the problem are evaluated after setting appropriate similarity transformations to transform the collection of major partial differential equations (PDEs) into nondimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The study concludes that the presence of hybridized nanoparticles of CdTe and SiC reduces the horizontal and vertical surface frictional forces of the hybrid nanofluid. The integration of nanoparticles in RT42 enhances heat transfer rates and reduces mass transfer. The thermal radiative variable declines the heat transfer of hybridized nanofluid. The results indicate that altering the variable parameter of surface thickness reduces frictional forces in both directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we construct the photonic dam-break flow problem for ϕ(α) magnetic fluid in a spherical model. Then, we obtain an optical magnetic transform for the NLSE in hydrodynamical form. By dispersive photonic hydrodynamic representation, normal of surface ϕ(α) flow is obtained. Thus, we design two-phase ϕ(α) flow dispersion density in a spherical model. Finally, we have new modeling of dispersive dam break two-phase ϕ(α) flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is accomplished to explore the pioneering of a two-dimensional ferromagnetic fluid flow over a flat elastic sheet with the magnetic dipole effect. The recent flow design was selected as it is mostly applicable in bioengineering as well as engineering fields that includes magnetic drug targeting systems. In this paper, the impacts of thermal radiation and magnetic dipole in flow of ferromagnetic Sutterby fluid for a stretching surface are examined. Some suitable similarity transformations are exploited to achieve the system of nonlinear ODEs from set of PDEs, then acquired ODEs are resolved by numerical scheme known as bvp4c technique. Impacts of ferromagnetic interaction parameter, viscous dissipation and curie temperature are perceived for velocity as well as temperature fields. Furthermore, velocity as well as thermal gradients are deliberated and scrutinized pictorially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, under the observation of extended modified rational expansion method based on symbolic computation, the multiple solitary wave solutions for nonlinear two-dimensional Jaulent–Miodek Hierarchy (JMH) equation are constructed. In this investigation, we use the computer software Mathematica for the construction of multiple solitary wave solutions. The interested and important things in this work are the multiple solitary wave solutions which have various kinds of physical structures such as kink soliton, periodic traveling wave, bright soliton, anti-kink soliton, dark soliton, combined bright and dark solitons, topological soliton and peakon soliton. We are sure that the various kinds of soliton solutions are found first time by using one method in the existing literature works. On the basis of this research, we can say that the applied technique is very efficient, reliable, fruitful and powerful. The constructed soliton solutions for nonlinear JMH equation will play an important role in the investigation of different physical phenomena in nonlinear sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steam condenser is a crucial component in power plants, playing a vital role in influencing the overall performance of steam power plants. This paper delves into a detailed assessment of the thermal aspects and evaluation of steam surface condensers. To conduct this rigorous evaluation, we meticulously crafted a three-dimensional (3D) model of a multi-tube single-pass counter-flow heat exchanger using ANSYS Design-Modeller. Within this model, a multiphase mixture model was harnessed to replicate the condensation process that takes place within the condenser. After the model's development, a series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were expertly executed utilizing ANSYS Fluent Workbench. The simulations encompassed diverse cooling water flow rates and steam inlet velocities. Notably, two sets of CFD simulations were carried out: the initial set featured a velocity inlet in the condenser, while the second set involved CFD simulations with a pressure steam inlet. The findings derived from these simulations unveiled a noteworthy correlation between the condensation rate within the shell and both the rate of circulating water flow and the operational pressure of the condenser. Additionally, it was discerned that the condensation rate could be further influenced by the specific geometry of the condenser. In sum, this study concludes that optimizing the geometrical configuration and baffle arrangements holds promise for increasing the condensation rate and overall performance of steam condensers employed within steam power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to grasp the playing functions that utilize criteria for decision-making (DM) approaches, this paper offers a League season learning selection issue. The decision criteria to assess several game-based learning options are outlined, and a real-world choice dilemma is provided. Finding the most effective League season learning among playing functions is the goal. The needs for a League season of learning, such as Cognitive Methodologies, Gameplay Characteristics, Psychological Reactions, Accessibility, Users, as well as its environmental and societal impacts, are taken into consideration, leading to the identification of six primary criteria and 22 sub-criteria. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to calculate the criterion weights. The Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje techniques are used to rank and choose between four possibilities. The outcomes of the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje procedures are also contrasted with those of the Complex Proportional Assessment, Multi-Atributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis and Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison approaches. The results of the rankings of the alternatives produced by each approach all recommend the same choice as the best. Thus, it can be said that Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations, Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje, Complex Proportional Assessment, Multi-Atributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis and Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison approaches may be successfully employed for selection issues in game-based learning, as well as generally for other forms of multi-criteria decision problems with finite number of choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical solution to the model. By solving the system of nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations using Akbari–Ganji's method (AGM), we can derive the semi-analytical expressions for substrate and oxidized and reduced mediator concentrations. These models provide information about enzyme electrode mechanisms and their kinetics. These modeling results can be helpful for sensor design, optimization, and determining how the electrode will react. Further, we studied the effects of many physical and biological parameters on model prediction. The mathematical equations, which are nonlinear partial differential equations, are solved using AGM. Also, we derived the semi-analytical results for concentrations for saturated and unsaturated kinetics. It is verified that the proposed solution is validated by comparing it with numerical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a pulsatile flow of a biviscous fluid in a circular tube of varying cross-section has been considered for investigation. The study helps to draw the characteristics of blood, the pressure drop and the wall shear stress on the inner wall of small blood vessels and capillaries where suction/injection velocity arises and Reynolds number is very low. The effects of Reynolds number, apparent viscosity coefficient and leakage parameter on the streamlines, pressure drop and wall shear stress have been discussed and shown graphically for suction and injection, respectively. The wall of the tube is supposed to be permeable and a normal velocity of the fluid at the wall is prescribed to consider the fluid exchange across the wall. Both analytic and numerical solutions are given. Using the perturbation technique, we analyze the problem for low Reynolds numbers and small oscillation amplitude. Lastly, the simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and excellent tracking performance of the proposed control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, K2Ti6O13 (KTO) nanowires were doped with carbon (CKTO) via a novel solid-phase approach at 800∘C for the first time using ethanol, KF, and TiO2. In addition to the lower sintering temperature, a shorter insulation period was achieved compared to the conventional solid-phase method. Furthermore, by combining and calcining CKTO and g-C3N4, a CKTO/g-C3N4 heterojunction composite was produced. The rate at which CKTO/g-C3N4 photocatalytically degraded methylene blue was higher than those of pure CKTO and g-C3N4. Our study indicates that adding g-C3N4 enhances photocatalytic performance by reducing the recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and narrowing the bandgap of the CKTO/g-C3N4 heterostructure. This paper presents a novel method for creating KTO composites in an eco-friendly and productive manner for the photocatalytic degradation of organic colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the food industry, electrical conductivity is essential for heating processes. The dependence on temperature conductivity of electricity on the outermost layers flow of the nanofluid is the main topic of this paper. Variable electrical conductivity, viscosity, thermo diffusion, thermal radiation and radiation absorption on convective heat and mass transfer flow Cuo and Al2O3-water nano-fluids confined in cylindrical annulus. The non-linear governing equations have been solved by finite element technique with quadratic approximation functions. For various parametric adjustments, the temperature, speed, and nanoconcentration have all been examined. Similar to the cylindrical wall, quantitative evaluations have been made of the surface resistance, temperature rate and mass transport. It is discovered that for both types of nanofluids, a higher thermo-diffusion effect leads to a lower concentration and Sherwood digits on the cylinders. An augment in Q1 enriches the rapidity in CuO-water nanofluidic system as well as decreases in Al2O3-water nanofluidic. Increased Q1 lowers the real temperature and nanoconcentration in both types of nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]