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The article discusses the paper "Cathepsin K-dependent Toll-like receptor 9 signaling revealed in experimental arthritis," by M. Asagiri and colleagues. The study demonstrates the role of NC-2300, an orally active cathepsin K inhibitor, in bone resorption by osteoclasts and in mediating immune responses. The data describe a new role for cathepsin K in Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling in response to unmethylated CpG-containing DNA and in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-23.

The article presents research highlights from the field of neuroimmunology based on the original research paper "C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE," by A. Reboldi et al. that appeared in the March 22, 2009 issue of "Nature Immunology." Subjects discussed include chemokines, interleukins, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), and research about multiple sclerosis.

The article presents research highlights from the field of T cell memory based on the original research paper "Professional memory CD4+ T lymphocytes preferentially reside and rest in the bone marrow," by K. Tokoyoda et al. that was published in the May 7, 2009 issue of "Immunity." Subjects discussed include antigen-specific memory T cells in mice, immune responses, and the role of interleukin-7 (IL-7) in expressing stromal cells.

The article discusses recent research in the field of antiviral immunity based on the original research paper "IL-21 is required to control chronic viral infection," by H. Elsaesser. K. Sauer, and D.G. Brooks that was published in the May 7, 2009 issue of "Science." The article mentions T cells, viral infections, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV).

The article discusses two studies published in "Nature Medicine" which describe new roles for interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10-family cytokine that is mainly produced by T helper 17 (TH17) cells, in host defense at mucosal surfaces. It highlights the key findings of the papers "Interleukin-22 mediates mucosal host defense against Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia" and "Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens."

Presents an update on papers related to immunology as of January 2003. Impact of cytokines on surface lymphotoxinαβ; Immunoregulatory cells that can mediate graft rejection; Role of interleukin-21 receptor in regulating immunoglobulin production.