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Worldwide, an estimated 130-170 million people are infected with Hepatitis C. The geographic distribution of HCV infection is highly variable between and within countries. To start the antiviral therapy, it is necessary to find the genotype in order to get better forecast about observed duration of treatment. This also provides the load of virus. Treatments for patients with chronic HCV infection have recently advanced with newly licensed antivirals, which specifically target HCV. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of HCV in Faisalabad region of Pakistan and to evaluate the frequency distribution of various HCV genotypes among those with HCV infection. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional. Settings: Blood samples were received from Biotech Lab, Pinum cancer hospital Faisal Laboratory, Alshafa lab Jaranwala, Mehran Lab, Samundari, Rashid Lab, Shahkot and Molecular care, Human Molecular Diagnostic Department of Biochemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Period: May 2016 to April 2017. Material and Methods: The data for this study included a total of 382 anti-HCV positive blood sera samples, collected from different collection centers. Nested reverse transcription (RT) PCR was done for the qualitative detection of HCV. RNA using primers that correspond to the relatively conservative 5'UTR noncoding region of the highly mutable HCV were used. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. Results: 233 samples were found to be confirm positive for HCV RNA by qualitative PCR. 98 (42%) were females and 135 (58%) were males. The age-group of 36-45 years bear the largest number of HCV patients (37.08%) and smallest number of patients was in the 56-65 years age-group. A total of 87.55% patients belong were below 45 years of age. The genotype 3a, 135 (77%) was the most prevalent form of all HCV genotypes in Faisalabad. A peripheral area of Faisalabad almost same distribution has been observed. The other strains detected were 2a, 29% 3b 11% were males and 5% were female), and none of the patient was detected with 2b, 4a, 5a and 6a genotype of HCV. Conclusion: This data analysis shows that there is no specific relationship of age-groups or genders in case of prevalence of different HCV Genotypes but female patients were found to have higher frequency of HCV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: (1) To investigate the inhibitory effect of Captopril on level of glycation (in vivo). (2) To study glycation inhibition in vivo. Study design: Case study. Period: Sep. 2006 to March. 2008. One year seven months. Setting: Department of Biochemistry University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Methods: Different parameters like fluorescence, total proteins, TBA (thiobarbituric acid) method, periodate borohydride assay were used to check the effect of inhibitor on glycation. Thirty two combinations were made and all these combinations were placed at 37̊C, at same time for five weeks. 3mL of blood sample was drawn after 1st, 3rd and 5th week of incubation to perform the experiments for glycation and glycation inhibition. Along with the same temperature (37̊C), different combinations of glucose and inhibitor were used. Results: Effective concentration of inhibitor helped to decrease the level of glycation. All concentrations of glucose (G , G and G ) showed 1 2 3 glycation with protein. The inhibitor Captopril (all concentrations) showed variations in inhibition of glycation at one temperature (37̊C) with different parameters (Fluorescence, TBA and Periodate) but the most effective concentration of inhibitors at each condition is I (1mM) but I (10 3 1 mM) and I (5 mM) were also equally effective after I . Periodate borohydride Assay is more effective for glycation determination than 2 3 thiobarbituric acid assay. Conclusions: Captopril can be used as glycation inhibitor in future. As it enhances the activity of transketolase, it can produce 3DG compound which can block the AGEs. However, more experimentations should be done on animal or on large scale before its application in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]