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In this study, the optimization of a multisource hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/Wind/Diesel/Fuel cell (FC) system is performed to meet three realistic loads demand for heavy, medium and small activities observed at Figuil, Cameroon. This paper also examines and compares the techno-economic viability of an off-grid hybrid PV/Wind/Diesel/FC, PV/Diesel/FC and Wind/Diesel/FC systems in terms of net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE) and environmental emissions. The effectiveness of different evolutionary algorithms employed in the designing problem of the various hybrid systems is also investigated. The results revealed that, for maximum loss of power supply probability (LPSP) of 5% and minimum renewable energy fraction of 85%, the PV/Wind/Diesel/FC system is economically the best choice for supplying the three types of non-domestic loads demand with corresponding NPC, COE and LPSP values of 159319.4$, 1.087$/kWh and 0.0397 for heavy activity; 150185.8$, 1.753$/kWh and 0.0411 for medium activity; and 144588.0$, 2.384$/kWh and 0.0288 for small activity, respectively. The results also demonstrated that, in terms of pollution emissions minimization, the PV/Wind/Diesel/FC configuration is a preferable option, with an overall yearly CO 2 emissions of 2946.1 kg, 2043.6 kg and 1504.2 kg corresponding to an annual total fuel consumption of 1115.9L, 774.1L and 569.8L for heavy, medium and small activities, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of solar-hydrogen hybrid renewable energy systems as a solution for off-grid applications in areas with heavy rainfall. This study highlights the immense potential of renewable mini grids as a solution to Africa's energy access challenges helping to achieve the sustainable development goal SDG 7. Associated to Photovoltaic primary source (PV), the combination of Lithium-Ion batteries and Alkaline hydrogen system emerges as an effective approach for ensuring uninterrupted electricity supply, especially in rainy seasons. This solution mitigates the need for Diesel Generator, offers protection against fluctuations in diesel fuel prices, and concurrently results in significant reductions in CO2 emissions while optimizing the utilization of PV energy. The uniqueness of this approach is the use of hydrogen as a backup solution. Hydrogen, generated through electrolysis, serves as a reliable energy reservoir during periods of low renewable energy production. This capability enhances the mini-grid's resilience, guaranteeing continuous electricity feeding to off grid critical facilities where power outages can have significant consequences. However, the exclusive use of hydrogen in conjunction with PV energy requires further cost reductions for broader competitiveness, especially concerning Solid Oxide Cell (SoC) electrolyzers. Furthermore, fuel cells, across all hydrogen technologies explored, require continuous development to improve their cost-efficiency and streamline their widespread adoption. Nevertheless, the improvement that can be made to reduce the Hydrogen system CAPEX and enhancing its efficiency would make green hydrogen as a competitive and reliable primary storage solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of solar-hydrogen hybrid renewable energy systems as a solution for off-grid applications in areas with heavy rainfall. This study highlights the immense potential of renewable mini grids as a solution to Africa's energy access challenges helping to achieve the sustainable development goal SDG 7. Associated to Photovoltaic primary source (PV), the combination of Lithium-Ion batteries and Alkaline hydrogen system emerges as an effective approach for ensuring uninterrupted electricity supply, especially in rainy seasons. This solution mitigates the need for Diesel Generator, offers protection against fluctuations in diesel fuel prices, and concurrently results in significant reductions in CO2 emissions while optimizing the utilization of PV energy. The uniqueness of this approach is the use of hydrogen as a backup solution. Hydrogen, generated through electrolysis, serves as a reliable energy reservoir during periods of low renewable energy production. This capability enhances the mini-grid's resilience, guaranteeing continuous electricity feeding to off grid critical facilities where power outages can have significant consequences. However, the exclusive use of hydrogen in conjunction with PV energy requires further cost reductions for broader competitiveness, especially concerning Solid Oxide Cell (SoC) electrolyzers. Furthermore, fuel cells, across all hydrogen technologies explored, require continuous development to improve their cost-efficiency and streamline their widespread adoption. Nevertheless, the improvement that can be made to reduce the Hydrogen system CAPEX and enhancing its efficiency would make green hydrogen as a competitive and reliable primary storage solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated energy system (IES) coupled with renewable energy generation and power-to-gas (P2G) technology provides an effective solution to alleviate the current urgent carbon peak demand. Therefore, This paper develops a novel IES low-carbon economic operation strategy incorporating market mechanism. Firstly, a 24-h joint wind turbine and photovoltaic (WT-PV) output scenario generation method is proposed based on the time-varying Copula function. Secondly, the introduction of carbon capture technology (CCT), electrolyzer (EL), methane reactor (MR) and hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) refines the operation process of p2g into two stages. The combined heat and power (CHP) and HFC variable power operation strategy with adjustable thermoelectric ratio is proposed. Finally, the ladder-type carbon trading mechanism is used to guide IES to control carbon emission. The results of case study show that 1) The time-varying Copula function is effective in improving the scenario accuracy and fitting the data closely to reality 2) The introduction of hydrogen improves the energy utilization efficiency while promoting the consumption of WT-PV. 3) The variable power operation reduces the total cost and carbon emission by 2.4 % and 3.14 %, respectively, compared with the constant thermoelectric ratio. 4) The proposed IES operates reliably and economically under reasonable carbon trading parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]