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Climatic and geographic factors characterizing local conditions, as well as the ecological state of the external environment, have a direct effect on human health, morbidity, and life expectancy. The paper considers the basic concepts of medical ecology, a pathogenetic role of environmental atmospheric pollution in the development of environmentally induced and environmentally dependent diseases associated with exposure to meteorological factors. In addition to the major hygienic risk factors affecting the public health (a level of air, water, and soil pollution), the levels of acoustic and electromagnetic background, the type of human nutrition, architectural and planning conditions of human life are of significant importance. Global climate warming causes numerous environmental changes, primarily an increase in surface air temperature, which in turn entails global changes in weather conditions that lead to various weather anomalies. Human health is directly dependent on environmental conditions and a degree of adaptation to them. The paper highlights the issues of diagnosing environmentally induced diseases and measures to counteract their spread. Based on the system diagnosis using physiological indicators of human health and the integration of the adaptation and nosological approaches, a hardware-software complex has been developed and introduced into medical practice. Corrective technologies of regenerative medicine that are used for ecologically dependent pathologies are described. Their application in the process of the complex sanatorium and resort treatment is most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors explore the trends in the human health risks caused by air pollution and changing levels of weather and climate comfort on the territory of Russia in 2020–2050 under two climate change scenarios. Generally, the dynamics of risks is expected to be moderate. It will presumably be characterized by inter-scenario variability and dispersion by the country's climate zones. In certain areas, primarily in Siberia, very noticeable trends have been revealed. The paper shows a need for additional attention when planning the measures of adaptation to climate change in southern and central regions of European Russia, most of Western Siberia, the Magadan oblast and Kamchatka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a physically based mathematical model of the key hydrophysical processes of runoff formation at a catchment point over a long-term period. The model describes the freezing and thawing of soil, the formation and melting of the snow cover, the migration of moisture to the freezing front and the infiltration of rain and melt moisture, evaporation from snow, soil cover, vegetation, and water surface. Average daily values of meteorological parameters are used as initial information for mathematical modeling. The relevance of the study is caused by a need to reveal the main links between the processes of vertical heat and moisture exchange in soil and the environmental factors that determine their climate-driven nature. Using observational data from water balance stations, numerical experiments and an analysis of the influence of long-term variability of the key meteorological factors on evaporation from the land and water surface and on vertical moisture flows in soil were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, much attention has been paid to climate change issues. Regional climate change can be manifested in the changes in the main climate-forming factors, including wind. Studying the climatic characteristics of wind over the Caspian Sea is considered the most important task, since wind affects the variability of currents, the formation of hydrological and hydrochemical processes, and the information about the wind regime is necessary for the operation of marine organizations, the specifics of which is the dependence of all stationary and mobile objects in the sea on hydrometeorological conditions. The paper presents the analysis of the frequency of wind directions and wind speeds for individual months, seasons, years, and different gradations of wind speed. For the climatic characteristics of wind speed for consecutive 30-year periods, the comparative analysis of changes in climatological normals is carried out, and wind characteristic deviations relative to the standard reference period are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the dynamics of the hydrothermal coefficients characterizing agroclimatic resources on the territory of Siberia within the coordinates of 50°–65° N, 60°–120° E during modern climate change. The intensity, frequency, and duration of adverse weather phenomena for agriculture (the atmospheric droughts and moisture excess conditions) are analyzed. The Ped' drought index () and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) calculated from the data of 134 weather stations and the ERA5 reanalysis are used as an indicator. In Eastern Siberia and in the west of the analyzed territory, there is an increase in aridity (a trend is 0.2–0.5 per decade). Northern regions of Kazakhstan, the Sayan Mountains, and the West Siberian Plain were characterized by a relative stability of hydrothermal conditions in 1950–2020 (statistically significant changes are not revealed). A direct linear dependence of hydrothermal conditions on large-scale circulation processes have been not detected for most cases. The greatest number of statistically significant correlation coefficients has been obtained for the drought index and the SCAND (Scandinavia teleconnection pattern) index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of studying the influence of modern agrometeorological conditions on the yield of different groups of grain crops in the municipal districts of the Saratov oblast. The climatic trends of the recent two decades are analyzed for five weather stations (Khvalynsk, Balashov, Saratov, Ershov, and Aleksandrov Gai). For the Saratov weather station, a longer period (1941–2022) is analyzed. There is an increase in the heat availability and aridity of the territory. The analysis of the dynamics of the crop yield distribution and variability has shown that the most favorable conditions of crop cultivation are formed in the Balashov municipal district. Operational forecast models of the maximum and minimum productivity of winter wheat are developed, which makes it possible to predict a yield with a monthly lead time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reveals the causes and consequences of unfavorable conditions for overwintering of winter grain crops on the example of the Moscow region. Unstable winter periods in the recent decades resulting from climate change have often led to the damage or loss of winter grain crops (winter wheat, winter rye, and triticale). Using the difference integral curve of average annual temperatures for the entire year, the growing season (May–September), and the period from September to April, including the winter season, it is shown that warm years and warm seasons have been generally observed since 1987. The sum of negative temperatures, snow depth, frost depth, the number of days with snow cover, the duration of cold periods with air temperatures below 0, –5, –10°C, etc. are analyzed for assessment of the changes in overwintering conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial and temporal variability of the main climatic indicators on the territory of the Volga Federal District in the 20th–21st centuries is considered. A general increasing trend in air temperature is revealed, and a heterogeneous pattern of precipitation changes is shown. The temperature variations until the end of the 21st century are analyzed on the example of Kazan using 40 CMIP6 climate models for four anthropogenic scenarios. In the paper, there is an assessment of the dynamics of agroclimatic resources on the territory of the Volga Federal District: the duration of the growing season, the sum of positive temperatures, total precipitation, and photosynthetic radiation. A correlation has been found between the temperature fluctuations in the region and the atmospheric circulation indices (NAO, AO, SCAND, and EAWR). For the territory of Tatarstan, a degree of aridity and waterlogging is evaluated using the agroclimatic indices: the Budyko's dryness index, the Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient, the Sapozhnikova's moisture index. It is shown that there is a tendency toward an increase in the duration of the growing season, its heat supply and aridity in the region in summer. A statistical estimation of the dependence of spring wheat yield on the agroclimatic indices on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the frequency and spatial distribution of atmospheric and hydrological droughts over the territory of Belarus in 1945–2020 is assessed. Aridity is evaluated using the standardized precipitation and streamflow indices (SPI and SSFI). Trends in monthly total precipitation are determined, the features of the streamflow formation during the open-channel period are revealed. The frequency of anticyclones that determines hydrometeorological conditions on the territory of Belarus is calculated. The statistically significant increase in the number of the days with anticyclonic weather over the country during the warm season is found. The increasing frequency of dry conditions in summer months against the background of a rise in the precipitation intensity is highlighted. A simultaneous increase in the frequency of very-low-flow periods on rivers and an increase in the height of warm rainfall floods in some river basins are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to a new reference period of 1991–2020 requires updating the estimates of agroclimatic resources in agricultural regions. The paper summarizes the results of the annual monitoring of agroclimatic conditions over 1961–1990 and 1991–2020 obtained by both the statistical analysis and the Climate–Soil–Yield simulation system and provides their comparative evaluation. It has been noted that along with growing aridity of the most fertile areas of the steppe and forest-steppe zones, there is an almost universal growth of spring precipitation, which compensates to some extent the negative impact of high summer temperatures on the yield. A significant decrease in the climate-driven productivity of spring wheat from the period of 1961–1990 to the new reference period of 1991–2020 has been revealed for the main grain-producing regions. Estimates of productivity trends for major grain crops, spring and winter wheat, are given in connection with climate change and the development of agricultural technologies. Estimates of changes in the wintering indices and sown areas for winter wheat are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overview of papers dealing with the analysis of current and future climate change on the territory of Russia and their impact on the crop productivity is presented. Using the reanalysis data for 1950–2020, trends in air temperature and precipitation are estimated for different regions of Russia. A correlation was found between changes in temperature and atmospheric circulation indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the spatial distribution of forest fires and their causes in the forest areas of Central Siberia in 1987–2020. An increase in the share of fires from lightning discharges has been recorded ( , ). A spatiotemporal extrapolation of long-term meteorological data series has been performed. An increase in thunderstorm activity by at least 30% relative to the average annual norm for the end of the 20th century has been revealed for the entire territory of Central Siberia. It is shown that if current trends are maintained until 2100, the number of lightning discharges during the fire season (March–September) will determine up to 10–40% increase in the number of fires caused by lightning. Thunderstorm activity can be one of the significant factors in the toughening of fire regimes in Central Siberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean fruit fly is a significant agroclimatic threat to the fruit production. It can damage up to 80–100% of fruits on 45–78% of agricultural land in some countries. The modern climatic range of the pest is analyzed in the present paper using computational data generated by the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory regional climate model and the global climate model of Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics. The species requirements for climate conditions are: the sum of active temperatures (a threshold is 10°C) above 2700°C; monthly mean temperatures for December–February are positive; monthly precipitation totals in December–February exceed 13 mm. In Russia, such conditions are observed on the Black Sea coast and in a small part of the southern Caspian lowland. The assessment of changes in the climatic range of the pest in 2050–2059 versus 1990–1999 under the RCP8.5 scenario showed the expansion of the climatically suitable territory. The territory will almost completely include such traditional fruit growing regions as the Krasnodar krai, the Republic of Crimea, and the Republic of Adygea. Strict quarantine measures and early resource allocation that quickly suppresses infestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly may be proposed as adaptation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the method for determining the point of change (the disturbance of stationarity) in the time series of hydrometeorological parameters characterized by a sequential change in stationary states of a random process. The method is based on the Bayesian approach to obtaining the distribution of the change point, which is generalized for a case of correlated sequences with non-Gaussian marginal distribution laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]