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• HCLs show as similarities human errors while operating unsafe systems. • Unsafe systems assign to human performance a considerable contribution to the overall risk. • Structured human reliability analysis can improve offshore risk evaluations. • The regulator has an important influence on risk control performed by risk owners. • Early project's regulatory enforcement is challenging in the offshore industry. Despite laws, regulations, or risk management tools designed to avoid loss events, a hydrocarbon leak (HCL) in an offshore oil and gas platform 1 1 Also mentioned in this paper as 'offshore platform' or 'platform'. is a major hazard event that reveals failures in risk control. In addition, similarities between different HCLs challenge the efficiency of current improvement mechanisms and the completeness of applied risk management practices. Accident causation models sustain that different roles in different levels, including regulators, companies, and the work environment, create the necessary conditions to a loss event, and therefore should be part of the accident analysis. This paper analyzes similar HCLs occurred in Norwegian and Brazilian offshore platforms to compare the regulatory approaches to risk control, aiming to identify influences related to the recurrence of HCLs in functional regulatory regimes (FRRs). As a result, each HCL among case studies consists of human errors that occurred while offshore crews were operating unsafe systems created by improper design or changes to address operational demands. An inappropriate context may support the impairment of safeguards that may not always be available or reliable in an environment which has as particular aspects the remoteness and the need to be self-sufficient. As a consequence, unsafe systems impose safety rules to offshore personnel and more relevance to human performance in the overall risk picture. In FRRs, the combination of regulatory requirements and enforcement activities is part of the safety context and influence risk owners' behavior. The current comparison identifies differences between Brazilian and Norwegian regulatory regimes that may influence safety in offshore systems, as well as risk constraints related to human performance, which is strongly dependent on influencing factors such as safety culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method is provided to classify safety regulatory functions. • The functions are divided into four levels. • Four functions with significant variability are identified. • Not only focusing on non-compliance behaviours, but safety decision-making. • A feedback mechanism between regulators and companies is more effective. Governmental safety regulatory functions play an important role in preventing major accidents by incorporating lessons from both the investigation of major accidents and the theory of system accident causation. However, to date, these functions have not been evaluated. In China, a unique aspect of accident prevention is that the government engages in macro-safety regulation. In this paper, the analysis process of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is applied to the Chinese safety regulatory system to classify and evaluate governmental safety regulatory functions. The results show that there are nine main regulatory functions, and they are divided into four levels. The potential performance variability in the outputs of regulatory functions influences other functions through up-down coupling. The entire regulatory system could therefore undergo unexpected changes that could lead to major accidents. The two most important functions are F1, formulating a plan, and F2, enacting laws and regulations. This system reverses the past view of focusing only on the non-compliance behaviours of government regulators and companies. Some safety constraints are proposed in this paper, which mainly include monitoring and suppression, to reduce the unreasonable output of functions and unexpected changes. This paper provides a new perspective for other countries to further evaluate their governmental safety regulatory functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One hundred ninety-four data-driven articles are comprehensively examined from the past decade in four aspects: Paradigm, Model, Data Source, and Purpose. • The mapping between ML approaches and safety purposes is established. • Some future research directions of ML in the field of safety are proposed. • This paper describes the possible bias in the past data-driven safety research. Data-driven intelligent technologies are promoting a disruptive digital transformation of human society. Industrial accident prevention is also amid this change. Although many emerging technologies, such as machine learning (ML), are extensively employed in workplace safety, these approaches need to fit the intended safety purpose of accident analysis, risk assessment, adverse outcome prediction, or anomaly detection. Hence, examining the "real-world" need for accident prevention and the advantages of emerging data-driven methodologies to better integrate them is necessary. This study provides a systematic review to clarify the current research status, existing problems, and future insights into these evolving technologies in accident prevention. We present notable gaps and barriers in data-driven accident prevention by analyzing 194 published studies from four perspectives: Paradigm, Model, Data Source, and Purpose. The results demonstrate (1) lack of a systematic framework to guide the application of Big Data (BD) in the field of safety; (2) few prior studies have considered model interpretability; (3) more proactive data needs to be incorporated into accident analysis; (4) safety-related data and domain knowledge need to be further integrated; (5) some recent data-driven techniques are unexplored in safety science. Further, the future research opportunities are discussed based on these findings. Such review may help clarify the mapping of data-driven tasks to safety goals to accelerate the uptake of data-driven technologies in safety or accident analysis research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper proposes a hazards correlation analysis method for railway accidents. • The knowledge graph theory and big data techniques are applied into the method. • Real-world case studies based on the decade-long UK railway accident data are conducted. With the continuous development and construction of railway transportation, the railway accidents occur frequently which greatly threatens the life safety of passengers and the further development of railway industry. Discussing and summarizing experience from past accidents is benefit to improve the safety of railway. This paper proposes a modeling method for the correlation analysis of hazards in railway accidents based on the knowledge graph theory. By describing the association between accidents and hazards in the knowledge graph network, the potential law of accident occurrence is revealed. The innovation of this study is that it considers the correlations between hazards. In addition, the hazards are further refined, and new topology indexes that adapt to the heterogeneous structure characteristics of knowledge graph are presented. Based on actual railway accident data in the UK, a number of key hazards have been identified using the methods proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that by controlling key hazards one by one, the harmful consequence caused by hazards to accidents is also continuously decreasing. Finally, based on the experimental exploration of the correlation between key hazards, corresponding preventive measures were developed. The method based on knowledge graph is expected to be applied to explore the relationship between hazards in railway accidents and provide additional decision-making information for the prevention of railway accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A new way to research the work safety is proposed. • The work safety success theory based on the deductive method has been put forward. • The theoretical research of work safety has been deepen. • A dynamic work safety entropy model is constructed and applied. • The conclusion of the paper can be a reference of achieving the zero accident. Abstract Traditional work safety theory has played a significant role in promoting the development of work safety in that its application has effectively reduced the number of accidents and saved thousands of lives. However, as time goes on, the "marginal effect" of the theory is becoming more and more obvious. The world's statistics shows that the number of workplace accidents can only be reduced to a certain level, and cannot be reduced to zero. Also, as reflected from the increasing concerns and research of occupational diseases, the number of new occupational disease case has been found increasing year by year. This paper puts forward the work safety success theory based on the deductive method, which is different from the traditional work safety theory based on the inductive method. It deepens the theoretical research of work safety, and is an important improvement to the traditional theory. Combined with the theory of thermodynamics in physics, the entropy theory is used to explain the work safety success theory. And a dynamic work safety entropy model has been constructed and applied in specific cases, which further validates the work safety success theory. At present, technology and equipment have laid a good foundation for data collection and analysis of work safety research, and the work safety success theory provides a new methodology for the whole process work safety research with big data. The conclusion of this paper can provide reference for achieving the goal of zero accident in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Accident information in SRs provide reliable and valid data for the statistical analysis. • There exist discernable patterns related to fatal accidents in building construction activities. • Accident patterns can help provide valuable direction for formulating accident prevention strategies. Abstract Fatal accidents occur frequently in building construction activities due to inherently hazardous nature. This paper aims to explore the fatal accident patterns in China's building construction activities by using frequency analysis, correlation coefficient analysis and variance analysis. The data presented in this study come from short reports of accidents published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. The results are obtained by analyzing the factors related to month, day of week, time interval of day, province, type of accident, and severity of accident. It's mainly found that more fatal accidents occur (1) in July and August, (2) on Monday and (3) during the time intervals 10:00–11:00 and 15:00–16:00, and excessive laboring hours still exist in building construction activities. It's also notable that relatively underdeveloped provinces have experienced higher mortality rate per hundred million yuan of gross domestic product in the building industry, especially Qinghai, Hainan and Heilongjiang. Moreover, fall is the predominant type of fatal accidents, accounting for more than 55% overall. There exists the significant correlation between the types of accidents and the severities of accidents, and each collapse and hoisting damage can cause more fatalities compared to other types. The corresponding recommendations are ultimately put forward to prevent fatal accidents of building construction activities. The patterns found in this paper can provide valuable direction for formulating accident prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper proposes an incidents precursor management system for accident prevention purposes. • A system for the data collection and classification is developed, with a dedicated taxonomy. • A data analysis system, based on the fuzzy logic, has been developed to identify corrective measures. • The proposed incidents precursor management system has been tested on an industrial case study. The present work deals with the development of an Accident Precursors Management System, aimed at analysing the accident precursors (unsafe act & conditions and near misses) in order to identify the preventive actions needed to avoid them and the accidents that could descend from the analysed events. The methodology is developed starting from the HFACS taxonomy for the collection and classification of the observed events and the Fuzzy Application Procedure – FAP, already devised for the occupational accident risk analysis in the industrial domain. The methodology proposed is thus made of: a data collection procedure, to be carried out in situ based on the observation of the workshop, and a data analysis tool, based on the Fuzzy Logic Approach, that allows to obtain the suitable preventive measures to cope with the accident precursors analysed. The methodology described is generally applicable and does not depend on a specific working site environment. On the contrary, the measures to be applied to prevent accident precursors and their effectiveness are strongly dependent on the work environment, the safety culture and the operational procedures and praxis. The method has been tested in a real industrial workplace and the results obtained are here described and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Accidents are caused by contributory factors from across entire work systems. • Risk assessment provides a proactive approach to accident prevention. • The extent to which risk assessment methods take a systems approach is unclear. • We reviewed risk assessment methods to determine whether they adopt a systems approach. • The majority of existing methods do not adopt a systems approach. Accidents are now widely acknowledged to be a systems phenomenon. As part of a proactive approach to safety management, organisations use risk assessment methods to identify the hazards and associated risks that may lead to accidents. Although there is an extensive body of literature on the need for a systems thinking approach in accident analysis, little has been said regarding the theoretical underpinnings of risk assessment methods. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the risk assessment methods presented in the literature and evaluate the extent to which they are underpinned by a systems thinking approach. A total of 342 methods spanning a range of safety-critical domains were evaluated using Rasmussen's tenets of accident causation. A key finding is that the majority of existing risk assessment methods are not consistent with Rasmussen's model of accident causation (arguably the most popular model in safety science circles). Instead, the majority of risk assessment methods focus on risks at the so called sharp-end and largely view accidents as emerging from a linear, or chain-of-events process. This overlooks emergent risks at other levels of the system, including supervisory, managerial, regulatory and government levels. The findings therefore suggest that the majority of existing risk assessment methods may be inadequate for identifying hazards and analysing risks within complex sociotechnical systems. The implications for risk assessment practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UK history of safety professionals. • Parallel development of inspectors and industry professionals. • Generalist vs. specialist. • Advisor vs. enforcer. • Consequences for education and training. The appointment of people working full time as advisers or enforcers for the prevention of work accidents and occupational diseases can be traced back in the UK (United Kingdom) to the factory inspectors in the early 19th Century. From the early 20th Century companies started to employ their own occupational safety and health (OSH) staff to undertake preventive tasks and to monitor compliance with legislation and company rules and procedures. Both the inspectorate and the companies faced comparable policy decisions about the role, selection, education and training of these OSH staff, who, by the 1940s, were taking the first steps to becoming a profession in the field of working conditions. This paper presents a historical summary of the developments in the UK which determined the role and requirements for appointment, education, training and work of both these groups of budding professionals (inspectors and company OSH staff). It traces the steps which have characterised this process of professionalisation, summarising them using as framework the criteria for becoming a recognised profession as set out in the introduction to this special issue (Hale et al., this issue). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel hybrid approach to assess potential operational contingencies in a real shipboard accident since safety at sea is of paramount significance in maritime transportation industry. The hybrid accident analysis model integrates an Analytical Network Process (ANP) method with Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). To achieve this purpose, the HFACS model provides a schematic conceptual framework to investigate and analyse role of human error in marine accident and the ANP method provides correlation among the factors for assessment. Thus, the most important factors that contribute to the accident are revealed respectively. The novelty of this paper is to present a different perspective during marine accident analysis in which priority weights of accident causes related to the human error are calculated by ANP model. The hybrid accident analysis model is established to enhance safety and prevent loss of life or injury in maritime transportation industry. The proposed hybrid approach is illustrated with a real-ship incident case: a serious liquefied petroleum gas leak from the gas carrier ship. In conclusion, the research is expected to encourage safety researchers and ship-management companies to prevent similar accident occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zero Accident Vision (ZAV) is a promising approach developed in industry, but not so much addressed by the safety science research community. In a discussion paper in Safety Science (2013) a call was made for more research in this area. Three years later is a good time to take status of developments in this field. A first set of empirical studies has been published, several authors see new perspectives with the vision, while misunderstandings still flourish with a focus on ‘zero incidents’ as a ‘goal’, rather than the ‘vision’ that all occupational incidents are preventable. This has thus given rise to fundamental criticism of ZAV with some authors seeing ZAV as an unjustified and misleading pretention that is counter-productive for safety. In this paper an overview is given of the knowledge developments in this respect, as well as on the discourse on the controversial aspect of ZAV. There appears to be consensus that merely promoting traditional safety management or accident prevention will not lead to significant new improvements in safety. Six innovative perspectives associated with ZAV are identified and presented in this paper, which together offer a range of possibilities for both industry and for the safety science community to develop new practices and knowledge that may provide significant improvements in safety. The call for more empirical research into this challenging area is relevant for the advocates of ZAV as well as for its critics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Quantitative risk analysis for airport facilities is presented. • A probabilistic framework to evaluate the annual fatality risk for airports and surrounding areas is discussed. • Aircraft dynamics is modelled and cascading effects on industrial facilities are also considered. • The developed method is applied to the upgrade of the Florence (Italy) airport. Abstract Feasibility studies for airport facilities require quantitative assessment of the effects of the routine operations on the area surrounding the planned installation. In some countries such analyses are mandatory and the targets for which the effects need to be evaluated often include: cultural heritage, natural habitat, as well as human comfort and health. Regarding the latter issue, of main concern is the fatality risk due to airport traffic, primarily considering accidents due to landing and take-off operations. Accidents leading to crash may include fuel fires and explosions, but also trigger domino effects such as industrial accidents, possibly amplifying adverse consequences. Quantitative risk analysis for airport facilities is the topic of the study presented, where a probabilistic framework to evaluate the annual fatality risk for airports and surrounding areas is discussed. The risk metric is the individual risk (IR), and the methodology contemplates the tools and procedures to compute the annual expected number of accidents that result in fatality for each point in the area surrounding the airport. Three causes contribute to the evaluation of IR: (i) direct aircraft impact, (ii) heat radiation produced by the burning of fuel possibly released in the crash; (iii) heat radiation or intoxication because the crash involves industrial facilities storing or treating relevant amounts of hazardous materials. The risk analysis requires competencies mainly from three fields: (a) stochastic modelling for uncertainty management and probabilistic evaluation; (b) aeronautical engineering for the modeling of aircraft operations and dynamics that may result in an accident and, finally, (c) chemical engineering for the combustion modeling and for the analysis of cascading effects on industrial targets (also called domino in the following), as well as for the evaluation of health consequences. The developed method is thoroughly discussed in the paper and applied to the foreseen upgrade of the Florence (Italy) airport Amerigo Vespucci, which shows its potential effectiveness in decision making preparatory to airports' design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Official road crash cost estimates in 31 European countries were collected. • The monetary valuation of preventing a fatality varies from 0.7 to 3.0 million Euro. • Total costs of road crashes are equivalent to 0.4–4.1% of GDP. • Cost variations are mainly explained by differences in valuation methods. • Harmonization of methods is needed for using cost estimates at international level. Abstract This paper gives an overview of official monetary valuations of the prevention of road crashes, road fatalities and injuries in 31 European countries. The values have been made comparable by converting them to Euro in 2015-values, adjusted by purchasing power parities. The monetary valuation of preventing a fatality varies from 0.7 to 3.0 million Euro. The valuation of preventing a serious injury ranges from 2.5% to 34.0% of the value per fatality and the valuation of preventing a slight injury from 0.03% to 4.2% of the value of a fatality. Total costs of road crashes are equivalent to 0.4–4.1% of GDP. The method used for obtaining valuations has a major impact on values. Most countries rely on the willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach, which gives higher valuations than other methods. Additional explanations for variations in valuations are differences in the cost components included, different definitions of serious and slight injuries and different levels of underreporting. Harmonization of valuation practices is needed for making sound international comparisons of road crash costs and for cost-benefit analysis at supranational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Preventive enforcement based on learning from accident investigation and analysis help in accident reduction. • 'Fall from height' causes maximum fatality in Indian conditions. • Harsh weather conditions increase accident occurrence. • Steel industries are relatively more accident prone. • Top management leadership, peoples participation and employee accountability, prioritizing safety in day to day production activities are crucial for Vision Zero goals. Abstract Despite best efforts to minimize risk in organizations, accidents appear almost unavoidable due to various reasons. In India and other parts of the world industrial accidents are investigated to know the causes so that recurrence can be minimized by designing adequate preventive measures. However, findings of investigation are seldom used appropriately to strengthen Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). The mineral rich state of Odisha (India), known as a hub for Iron & Steel industries, witnessed frequent accidents during 2005–2009. This article based on study of 982 fatal 'factory-accidents' occurred during 2001–2016, discusses the 'turnaround-story' resulting in reduction of fatal accident from 122 in 2009 to 45 in 2016. The paper examines the type of accidents, industries and distribution of the year; role of climate and harsh weather conditions on accident causation; impact of regulatory interventions in reducing accidents. Software such as R, SQL, MS-Excel and Tableau were used for analysis of data. It is found that maximum fatality is caused due to 'fall from height' (24%) and the harsh weather conditions of summer increase chances of accidents. Further, the study suggests that enforcement of partial work-restriction around lunch time during peak summer and screening and training of employees tend to reduce accidents due to fall from height. The study indicates that preventive enforcement based on learning from experience can be considered as an effective method to improve occupational safety and minimize employment injury in the journey towards 'Vision Zero' goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Middle managers (MMs) play an important role in aviation safety. • MMs' safety-related practices involve influencing others, making decisions and managing information. • Influencing others includes regular collaboration and exchanges with stakeholders. • For their decision making, MMs tend to involve people from different horizons and background. • MMs rely on a variety of sources and types of information. Abstract Aviation today is seen as a very safe industry, yet recent accidents have shown that vulnerabilities still exist. The literature has often drawn attention to the role played by top managers/CEO in running their businesses profitably, and at the same time keeping them safe from threats. Research has also investigated the way people at the sharp-end of organisations are 'mindful' of the possible threats that can occur in their day-to-day activities, and how they can anticipate (most of) them. But what about the role played by middle managers in ensuring safety in every organisational operation? Even if researchers now agree that middle managers' actions are a valuable asset for organisations and central to pursuing key organisational outcomes, very little is known about how middle managers take safety into account in their daily operations, and the challenges they face. This paper reports on the safety-related practices and challenges of middle managers of the civil aviation industry. Within the Future Sky Safety project, over a two-year research activity, 48 middle managers from a range of aviation organisations agreed to talk about the strategies and actions they put in place on a routine basis, to embed safety in the daily operations. Methodologically, semi-structured interviews were conducted and the qualitative content analysis (QCA) method was used to make sense of the raw material, through a data-driven coding frame. The findings of this research suggest that the practices middle managers identify as central in relation to their role in the management of safety can be grouped into three high-level categories: (1) making decisions, (2) influencing key stakeholders to get the job done, and (3) managing information. This research adds knowledge in relation to the middle managers' role in the management of safety, in particular shedding light on the competency that middle managers from the civil aviation industry rely on to get the job done when it comes to contributing to safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the factors influencing safety investment decisions by the government and enterprises from an opportunity cost perspective, which consists of shortage cost due to the occurrence of accidents and excess cost due to investing more than required for accident prevention. Analytical models are built by minimizing expected total opportunity costs. The result of government decision reveals that optimal government safety investments vary positively with unit shortage cost, while they vary inversely with unit excess cost. The mandatory safety investment level established by government for enterprises, which is exactly the same as the optimal government safety investment level, can compel the enterprise to invest more in safety measures when it is higher than the optimal enterprise safety investment level without the mandatory standard. Based on the analytical models, factors influencing safety investment decisions are analyzed through consideration of a case study of China. The results of the case study indicate that the ineffective administrative accountability system, performance appraisal system of local government and officials and government–enterprise relations all contribute to the high accident frequency in China by leading to a safety investment decision with a lower safety level, which also verify that the analytical models proposed in this paper are reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of health and safety in micro-enterprises (less than 10 employees) is a critical issue due to the relatively high level of injuries in such firms. It is also an under-researched area in the international safety literature. The present paper is based on a nationwide survey with the cooperation of the relevant health and safety enforcement authority among micro-firms in several economic sectors. Micro-enterprises comprise a major percentage (95.4%) of business firms in a small economy like Cyprus. The survey examined the perceptions and work attitudes of workers and their relationship with safety performance of the particular firms. This paper presents the results related to the perceptions of employees. A previous paper presented the results focusing on employers. Information was collected on their demographic characteristics and major influencing factors of safety performance like employee participation in safety decisions and safety training. The safety performance measure, an index comprising several safety performance aspects was assessed by the health and safety (labour) inspectors, in order to overcome potential problems of common method bias when all data are obtained from the same group of respondents. The findings suggest that safety performance has a positive and statistically significant correlation with safety training provided by the firm. It has also a positive and statistically significant association with the safety information available to employees and with the perceived safety conditions. The effect of the participation of workers in safety decisions and their organizational commitment, although significantly correlated with safety performance as individual variables, are not statistically significant after controlling for the effect of the other variables mentioned above. The results show the important relationship between safety training and other good practices (like provision of information and improved safety conditions) on safety performance in micro-firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Improved text segmentation techniques can automatically and accurately generate more complete phrases. • Data pre-processing techniques that have undergone oversampling and correlation coefficient measurements enable more complete processing of sample data. • The outcomes of the accident severity prediction in distinct scenarios demonstrate the reliable performance of the feature attribute-based prediction model. • The ranking results of feature importance can adequately identify and explain the critical attribute factors of occupational accidents. Machine learning algorithms are capable of handling complex non-linear problems related to the prediction domain, but further exploration is required for automated, semi-supervised outcome prediction of occupational accidents employing unstructured textual data. It has been demonstrated that the injury severity can be predicted from the equipment, scenario and environmental attributes in the workplace, so this paper aims to enhance text data pre-processing and optimize machine learning algorithms to create an attribute factor-based occupational accident severity prediction framework, mapping characteristic attributes to accident severity categories (i.e., casualties and property damage). The reliability validation of the prediction framework and analysis of critical attribute components are performed using the collapse accidents data in construction engineering as a case study, which is the third most serious occupational problem. The findings indicate that the dataset obtained after addressing the class imbalance issue and improving the text segmentation procedure can be utilized as a training sample to accurately predict injury severity. The accuracy of the prediction model is evaluated in three simulated scenarios, and it can reach 82%, confirming the robust performance of the prediction model based on RF machine learning. Additionally, the outcomes of the measured ranking of feature importance enable the identification of critical attributes that can credibly explain the causal relationships resulting in injury severity findings, and provide managers with accident prevention strategies to minimize occupational injuries and losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Calculating the Safety Level of a system using a mathematical model. • Implementing the severity of accidents to the calculations of the Safety Level. • Assisting decision makers in maintaining safety in acceptable levels. • Utilizing a new accident causation model based on systems theory. The RealTSL methodology is based on STAMP and aims at determining the safety level of complex systems in real-time. RealTSL utilizes accident scenarios derived from STPA, together with: (a) The time durations required between system state transitions, (b) Managerial decisions regarding the sensitivity of the mathematical model, and (c) Real-time system data. This manuscript proposes an extension of the RealTSL mathematical model that allows analysts to distinguish system-level accidents according to their severity, and introduces a new expression of the safety level. In addition, this paper shows how the information contained in the graphical form of the acyclic diagram can be used as an interface so that managers can: (a) Comprehend the current systems state against possible accidents, (b) Interpret the results of the mathematical model, and (c) Help them decide whether mitigation actions are needed. The safety level of a system in time t, therefore, is defined as SL = p → w A i > p → w A j > ⋯ > p → w A m ordering, where m is the number of system accidents and p → w A i are the most detrimental to safety sequences of safety constraint violations for every accident and ordered according to the severity of their corresponding accidents. The extended mathematical model is demonstrated using a fictitious system, providing a graphic rendition of how unsafe situations progress to accidents through time. This paper aims to open a new perspective in the STAMP literature, on discussions on the problem of measuring what the actual safety level of a system is at a certain moment in time and in a certain context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Machine learning method is used to predict probable factors impacting fatal falls from height accidents. • The analysis uses 3321 fatal fall incidents from Malaysia. • This study establishes the feasibility of machine learning in the field of construction safety management. The focus of this paper is to use machine learning to create a prediction model that detects the probable factors impacting fatal falls from heights accidents at the Malaysia construction industry. The dataset used in this study was imported from the Department of Occupational Safety and Health of Malaysia's industrial accident database. The dataset details 3321 accident scenarios which include; the date, the activity, the region, the summary of the accident, the direct cause, the root cause, and the factors. Seven machine learning models were tested to determine which model fits the dataset better, and as a result, the Random Forest Classification model was selected for this work. Random Forest classification tested several contributing factors such as: site conditions, management factors, individual characteristics and agent factors separately to determine their accuracy. Management factors and individual characteristics factors recorded the highest accuracy in every other prediction model; while agent factors recorded the highest accuracy in the random forest model. Additionally, this approach created ensemble predictions based on all of the dataset's characteristics. As a result, this study establishes the feasibility of machine learning in the field of construction safety management. The provided results can aid in accident prevention by increasing awareness of potential safety hazards, quantitatively predicting fatal accidents, and implementing the findings in potential safety management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Radio frequency identification (RFID) has been leveraged to proactively prevent accidents on construction sites. • Proximity detection empowered by the RFID is highly flexible for creating various detection zones by programming the devices. • Semi-passive tags (EPC UHF Gen2) have been employed to identify and warn trespassers. • A long-range wireless communication system enabled by LoRa is able to deliver the data to a remote server. • The RFID subsystem shows 100% successful detection rate, and the wireless network can efficiently disseminate the information to the server for safety management and data analytics. In recent years, emerging sensing and detection technologies have been adopted to enhance safety in many construction sites. In this paper, we proposed to use a radio frequency identification (RFID) system, which consists of RFID readers, semi-passive tags and an Internet of Things (IoT) network, to prevent accidents on construction sites. The proposed system with multiple functions is versatile for different situations. Firstly, it can effectively detect the entry/exit activities when workers carrying tags access a site. Such a record is essential in daily project management. Secondly, the system can be programmed to flexibly create various virtual zones of different sizes and shapes. The virtual zones are usually hazardous ones that anyone cannot approach and enter. The semi-passive tag will warn an intruder if someone intentionally or accidentally intrudes the zones. A warning message is generated and sent to the remote server in real-time via the IoT network. Lastly, by adopting the advanced LoRa technology in the IoT network, the sensed data can be wirelessly transmitted over a longer distance than other wireless technologies, such as WiFi and Bluetooth, thereby reducing the number of transmission hops and improving the transmission efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prevention is a fragmented object, shared by a network of activity systems. • This network is embodied in institutions and organizations in charge of prevention. • Its development is driven by inner historical contradictions. • Contradictions emerged as symptoms of incompatibilities in the system. • Understanding contradictions provides key information about limits and challenges. This article aims to trace some of the key trends in the historical development of Occupational Accident and Disease Prevention in France. For this purpose, we have used the analytical concept of contradiction derived from the Cultural-Historical Activity Theory framework (CHAT). We consider prevention as a fragmented object shared by a network of Activity Systems (AS). We conduct a scoping review to identify contradiction hypotheses on how the French activity system of prevention of occupational accidents and diseases have evolved over time. This review includes 72 theoretical and empirical studies published between 1988 and 2019. The results obtained highlight five contradiction hypotheses related to (i) prevention and remediation, (ii) technological and occupational risks, (iii) employment and improvement of working conditions, (iv) workers' participation or social dialogue and expertise, (v) individual and collective approaches. These contradictions have arisen over time and have emerged as symptoms of incompatibilities in the network of AS that have persisted. The paper ends with a discussion on future prospects and learning challenges for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of safety cases in certification raises the question of assurance argument sufficiency and the issue of confidence (or uncertainty) in the argument’s claims. Some researchers propose to model confidence quantitatively and to calculate confidence in argument conclusions. We know of little evidence to suggest that any proposed technique would deliver trustworthy results when implemented by system safety practitioners. Proponents do not usually assess the efficacy of their techniques through controlled experiment or historical study. Instead, they present an illustrative example where the calculation delivers a plausible result. In this paper, we review current proposals, claims made about them, and evidence advanced in favor of them. We then show that proposed techniques can deliver implausible results in some cases. We conclude that quantitative confidence techniques require further validation before they should be recommended as part of the basis for deciding whether an assurance argument justifies fielding a critical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are concerned with understanding safety issues presented as complacency issues in relation to major accidents. Using insights gained through accident reports as well as theoretical analysis, we seek to understand why current practices often induce a misleading overconfidence in risk management. We argue that the main challenge lies with our ability to acknowledge complexity in practice. From this basis, we propose to define what acknowledging complexity means through seven conditions of prudent practice. These concern the incompressibility of complexity, system boundaries and behaviour, contextualisation and differentiation, understanding of uncertainty, normality of ambiguity and the importance of language. These conditions of prudent practice can improve risk management related to major accidents, and ensure a prudent approach to the prevention of major accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of risks in engineering design is, for most conventional construction projects, achieved through the use of design codes. However, relying on design based on code-compliance can lead to situations where risks are overlooked or inadequately treated; a complementary approach is needed. In this paper, a holistic risk-informed approach for the treatment of accidental hazards during the conceptual design of bridges is considered and a framework for such an approach is provided. The treatment of these design situations is incompatible with current codified approaches. Although risk assessments are commonly used in the design of large scale infrastructure projects, such approaches are rarely used for more common bridge designs. The assessment procedure, applicable for more conventional bridge projects, is described and some background information is provided that is useful for applying the proposed approach in practice. To illustrate the application of the proposed approach in practice, a case study of a bridge construction project in the west of Sweden is considered in which the approach is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For current train interval control based on Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, when the ATP outputs erroneous commands or is unable to realize fail-safety in the case of ATP equipment failure, train rear-end collision will be likely to happen. The “7.23” train accident happened in 2011 in China is a typical example. A method of parallel control of train interval by using both Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) and ATP, or simplified as CTC&ATP based interval control, is proposed. By adding some hardware and software into the existing CTC system, the CTC can monitor train following interval and give early warning. In this method CTC based interval control works together with the existing ATP, the monitoring of train interval will be doubled. This method can improve the safety of train interval control, compensate for the lack of control when the autonomic control fails, and avoid common cause failures. The geese migration theory is used in the proposed method, in which the CTC controls the train interval as the goose line, while the ATP controls the train interval as goose interval. This paper analyzes the necessity and feasibility of the proposed CTC based train interval pre-warning and control method, and explains the basic structure of the system, data acquisition, train following interval calculation, pre-warning rules and implementation of the system. The CTC based train interval calculation model was established and the warning distances under different speed were calculated. The safety and reliability of CTC&ATP train interval control system were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A review of safety climate research is provided based on data mining. • Hot topics include safety culture, safety performance, safety behavior. • The limitations of past research on safety climate are discussed. • Recommendations for future research on safety climate are provided. It is well known that safety climate (SC) has paramount significance in safety science and accident prevention. In this paper, a bibliometric data mining is conducted to systematically review the research domain of SC. Overall, 1624 documents on SC are obtained, covering 4830 authors, 473 journals, 89 countries/regions, and 1766 institutions between 1980 and 2021. SC has obtained increasing attention since the number of publications related to SC grew from 1 in 1980 to 188 in 2020. Based on the bibliometric data, network analysis was carried out to understand the relationship among different countries/regions, authors, and keywords. Safety Science, Journal of Safety Research, and Accident Analysis and Prevention are the major sources of SC publications, and the USA, Australia, and China lead scientific collaboration production on SC research. Then, text mining of publication keywords is used to identify the hot topics and the evolution of mainstream research over time in the SC domain. The dominant topics in SC research include culture, performance, safety behavior, and model. Meanwhile, the limitations of past research on SC are analyzed and the differences between SC and safety culture are discussed. Moreover, recommendations for future research on SC are also given based on the results of bibliometric analysis and existing literature reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-making under risk and uncertainty is not straightforward. This paper investigates how people make decisions when they need to choose between prevention and production investments and the decision involves risks and uncertainties that could have major negative consequences. A questionnaire was conducted among 405 students at the University of Antwerp, in Belgium. With regard to decision-making under risk, the findings reveal that the respondents behaved in a more risk-averse manner than predicted by the theory of expected values. Concerning decision-making under uncertainty, the respondents also displayed more risk-averse decision-making behaviour than anticipated, especially under circumstances of complete uncertainty. The study also shows that men are more likely to behave in a more risk-seeking manner than women are, and that people with a high intuitive thinking style are less risk-averse than people with a low intuitive thinking style. Furthermore, people with a high rational thinking style are more risk-averse than people with a low rational thinking style, and respondents with a high sensation-seeking style make decisions in a more risk-seeking way than respondents with a low sensation-seeking style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Information on accidents in facilities for processing and storage of selected agricultural products are contained in the work. • A unique accident database was created containing 195 items. • The causes, consequences and possible measures are researched and discussed in the work. • The information contained in the work can be used to increase the level of safety in the agricultural sector. Process safety in the storage and processing of agricultural products is an important aspect related not only to reducing the risk of damage to the human health or property, but is also strategical to national food safety. A special emphasis must therefore be placed on risk assessment of the operation of these facilities. One of the cornerstones of the risk assessment process is the use of knowledge of past accidents. As the agricultural industry is rather marginal in the field of safety engineering compared to other sectors of the economy, available publications dealing with this topic are rather an exception. The aim of this paper is to conduct research on the available information on accidents that have occurred in agricultural processing and storage facilities in the past. The purpose is to provide professionals and operators with a comprehensive source of information useful for activities related to the prevention of these accidents. The output of the work is then a previously unrealised representative database of systematically sorted information on accidents that have occurred in the process of treatment or storage of agricultural products. This information was subsequently analysed and evaluated. The created database consists of 195 records of accidents that occurred between 1989 and 2018. To create a unique representative database, mainly publicly available databases of industrial accidents or professional publications were used. The author's database contains information on accident locations, accident causes and accident prevention measures. A total of 21 persons died and 32 persons were injured during the accidents. The analysis shows that fires are the most frequent manifestation of accidents (86%) and accidents in material handling facilities are the most frequent (33%). According to the information available in the database, organisational factors were identified as the most frequent causative factors of accidents (47%). For a better understanding of the accident process, a description of selected accident scenarios was also provided in the work. A linear model was used for this purpose. Due to the strategic importance of the evaluated facilities for processing and storage of agricultural products, efforts are made to prevent accidents from recurring or to reduce their impact on the surrounding area. Therefore, an integral part of the work is the description of possible measures against the recurrence of similar accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased outsourcing in many industries, organizations are becoming larger and more interorganizationally complex and numerous operations now require cooperation among employees from different organizations. This paper presents a review of empirical literature addressing safety issues in complex interorganizational systems wherein the potential for major organizational accidents is present. Thematic analysis of the literature resulted in four main themes: economic pressures, disorganization, dilution of competence and organizational differences. The themes were viewed in light of different theoretical perspectives on organizational accident risk. The findings suggest that issues due to interorganizational complexity can hinder efficient safety management and thereby elevate the risk of organizational accidents. It is emphasized that further research is needed to better understand the implications of interorganizational complexity on safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The workplace is a key setting where gender issues and organizational structures may influence occupational health and safety practices. The enactment of dominant norms of masculinity in high risk occupations can be particularly problematic, as it exposes men to significant risks for injuries and fatalities. To encourage multi-disciplinary collaborations and advance knowledge in the intersecting areas of gender studies, men’s health, work and workplace health and safety, a national network of thirteen researchers and health and safety stakeholders completed a critical literature review examining the intersection between masculinities and men’s workplace health and safety in order to: (i) account for research previously undertaken in this area; (ii) identify themes that may inform our understanding of masculinity and workplace health and safety and; (iii) identify research and practice gaps in relation to men’s workplace health and safety. In this paper we present key themes from this review. Recommendations are made regarding: (i) how to define gender; (ii) how to attend to and identify how masculinities may influence workers’ identities, perceptions of occupational risks and how institutionalized practices can reinforce norms of masculinity; (iii) the importance of considering how masculinities may intersect with other variables (e.g. historical context, age, class, race, geographical location) and; (iv) the added significance of present-day labour market forces on men’s occupational health and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents at works statistics show that mining industry is one of the most dangerous. Therefore there is a need for new solutions, which will improve professional adaptation process and will simultaneously have significant impact on improvement of occupational health and safety situation, especially among the youngest employees. Using the technology of Virtual Reality (VR) allows the acquisition and practice the correct behavior by the miners in a controlled, safe environment. In the paper the results of pilot training with the participation of 21 people employed in the mining industry are presented. Each of the trainees took part in the two simulations, using different motion capture systems: Razer Hydra or vision based system. Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) with different field of view (FoV), wide (110 degrees) and relatively narrow (45 degrees), are also compared. Trainees consider used system useful and feel the positive effects of training even after three months. In almost all cases high immersive VR combined with wide FoV is assessed as the best solution for training. The results of the experiment encouraged owners of training facilities cooperating with polish mines to introduce VR training to basic training for youngest miners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is responsible for one of the highest incidences of work-related accidents in Brazil, as well as in various other countries. In spite of the dissemination of prevention programs and the proposals for developing safety design for the construction industry, construction sites remain dangerous and unhealthy places. Recently, safety has been proposed to be considered from the development phase of the design (Construction Hazards Prevention through Design), but with little effectiveness in practice. In addition to these more recent proposals, we will demonstrate that the integration between safety and production can proceed through anticipations occurring at several levels of the construction phase, not only in the design phase. Through narratives emerged through techniques of activity analysis at the construction site, it was possible to highlight and categorize 25 cases with implications for the production process development. The results show that this integration between production and safety is possible through anticipations occurring at several levels of the construction phase, from the design analysis conducted by the construction engineer to the implementation. This will allow the development of design situations for implementing safe work situations. The contribution and originality of this paper are based upon the presentation of a model in three levels of anticipation of problems during the construction phase and its effects on improving production and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safety and security research based on system dynamfics was systematically reviewed. • Three main knowledge bases were visually captured using co-citation analysis. • Three research hotspots were explored using keywords co-occurrence analysis. • The research frontiers were identified using keywords timeline view analysis. Safety and security (SS) research based on system dynamics (SD) play a greater theoretical and technical support for hazard identification and accident prevention, which meant SD has become an important method to study the system safety, also that SS research based on SD has entered the application stage. It is a relatively macroscopic understanding of the application of SD to SS research by scholars, and difficult to capture the changes and characteristics of specific topics from the understanding. To get an in-depth understanding of the current research characteristics and development in the research domain, and help researchers dig into the more information from a quantitative perspective, we retrieved 1091 documents about SS-related research based on SD published in the period 2000–2020 from the Web of Science Core Collection database in this paper, the bibliometric analysis and science mapping were carried out. The USA, China, UK, Germany and Australia were the five most contributions to the literature associated with SS research based on SD. In terms of the major sources and co-citation of SS-related research publications, IEEE Transactions on Power System , Safety Science , Energy Policy , System Dynamics Review and Reliability Engineering & System Safety are the five most active journals in this domain. The knowledge base of SS research based on SD focuses on "safety management", "risk analysis" and "network and information security". There are some significant differences between the safety and security domains while they are very similar in "risk analysis". Currently, hotspot topics include "safety management", "energy security", "resource utilization" and "industry applications". "system safety and reliability", "energy consumption and security" and "power system dynamics and stability" have become the research frontier in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• More than 100 papers are reviewed concerning onboard Decision Support Systems. • Collaboration networks of authors and countries are elaborated. • Most of Decision Support Systems remain on relatively low Technology Readiness Level. • The cooperation between academia and industry in the field of Decision Support Systems is unsatisfactory. Maritime transport faces new safety-related challenges resulting from constantly increasing traffic density, along with increasing dimensions of ships. Consequently, the number of new concepts related to Decision Support Systems (DSSs) supporting safe shipborne operations in the presence of reduced ship manning is rapidly growing, both in academia and industry. However, there is a lack of a systematic description of the state-of-the-art in this field. Moreover, there is no comprehensive overview of the level of technology readiness of proposed concepts. Therefore, this paper presents an analysis aiming at (1) increasing the understanding of the structure and contents of the academic field concerned with this topic; (2) determining and mapping scientific networks in this domain; (3) analyzing and visualizing Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of analyzed systems. Bibliometric methods are utilized to depict the domain of onboard DSSs for operations focused on safety ensurance and accident prevention. The scientific literature is reviewed in a systematic way using a comparative analysis of existing tools. The results indicate that there are relatively many developments in selected DSS categories, such as collision avoidance and ship routing. However, even in these categories some issues and gaps still remain, so further improvements are needed. The analysis indicates a relatively low level of technology readiness of tools and concepts presented in academic literature. This signifies a need to move beyond the conceptual stages toward demonstration and validation in realistic, operating environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The cyber–physical–social interdependency of the LNG terminal system is studied. • The methodology uses network theory to study interdependency. • Four significant indexes are introduced to reveal the most safety critical units. • The study provides practical recommendation to improve safety management. As city critical infrastructures, LNG port terminal system can be considered as an interdependent network, in which dependency focuses on the scenario in which the nodes in one network require support from nodes in another network. The interdependent network concept and analysis theory are introduced to describe the interaction between physical equipment networks (P-Net) of LNG terminal system, cyber networks (C-Net) and human behavior based social networks (H-Net). This paper further presents a method to systematically study the hazards and risk factors of LNG port terminal from the perspective of cyber-physical-social system based on interdependent network theory. Four significant indexes (dependent degree, weighted dependent degree, dependent betweenness centrality of the interdependent nodes and edges) are introduced, which helps to discover the most safety critical nodes and edges representing interdependent relationships in the LNG terminal system. The case study provides understanding of specific issues such as how interdependent network study can offer better help for safety management and accident prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Characterization of hazardous chemical accidents during hot season in China. • High temperature is one of the main causes of hazardous chemical accidents. • Combustibles and explosives caused most of the accidents during hot season. • Most of hazardous chemical accidents were caused by human errors during hot season. • Provision of useful information for improving chemical safety during hot season. Because high temperature is one of the main causes of hazardous chemical accidents, these accidents frequently occur in China during hot season (from June to September). Understanding the historical accidents is important for accident prevention and risk mitigation. However, presently, no statistical analysis on the characteristics of China's hazardous chemical accidents that occurred during hot season is available. Thus, by utilising data from official sources, a statistical investigation on 76 serious hazardous chemical accidents that occurred during hot season in China (1989–2019) was performed in terms of seven aspects: region where the accident occurred, type of accident, types of hazardous chemicals, links of occurrence, size of enterprises, direct cause, and period when the accident occurred. Moreover, according to the statistical results, this paper proposes some potential countermeasures and suggestions to prevent hazardous chemical accidents during hot season in China. This study can provide useful information for preventing hazardous chemical accidents and strengthening preventive measures in chemical plants during hot season in China and in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We examined current crane-related legislation in South Korea. • Analysis revealed 10 acts with crane-related provisions and 288 safety standards. • Provisions contain 3 types of problems: insufficiency, contradiction, and ambiguity. • Study proposes improvement measures for addressing these problems. This study examines crane-related current legislation in South Korea, extracting existing relevant safety standards, analyzing problems within the extracted safety standards, and proposing improvement measures for accident prevention. The present study consisted of a total of four stages: (1) relevant law collection and classification, (2) safety standards extraction, (3) problem analysis, and (4) improvement plan generation. Content analysis revealed that ten Acts contain crane-related provisions, of which 7 set out 288 safety standards. We analyzed the provisions for problems of duplication, inadequacy, and conflict and suggest ways to prevent accidents due to problems of safety standards. Problems associated with crane-related safety standards can be placed into three categories: insufficiency problems, contradiction problems, and ambiguity problems. This paper proposes three improvement measures to address these problems: (1) restoration of abolished safety standards or strengthening of relaxed spec requirements, (2) harmonization of safety standards among related government authorities to ensure consistency across standards, and (3) use of unambiguous expressions to avoid confusion. The results of this study provide a foundation for a future action plan and implementation of necessary measures to proactively prevent recurring crane accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Put forward the analysis method for the risk level division of dam break. • The evolution of dam break in three-dimensional space is simulated. • The analysis and calculation of dam break disaster parameters are realized. Analyze the spatial evolution process of the mud-sand flow and reasonably judge and estimate the mud-sand flow disaster after tailings dam-break are the premise for the construction and safety management of tailings ponds. In this paper, mainly focus on tailings dam safety monitoring and early warning by establishing three dimensional according to real terrain and the present situation of backfilling stockpiling. Take Qinglong tailing dam as example, the mud-sand flow hazard scope, extent, and spatial state after dam-broken of expanded were simulated and analyzed through a flood and debris flow numerical simulation approach, and it is concluded that the disaster area downstream village of sand flow velocity, flow depth, the influence of the impact, demonstrates the expansion of heightening the feasibility of tailings dam project, and the hazard risk grade of different spatial locations of downstream village was obtained from the simulation. The spatial simulation and analysis have provided the basis to make more reasonable engineering decision, protection measure design, downstream disaster management, emergency evacuation, emergency rescue and response for villages after the expansion of the tailing dam, and also provided the technical support for tailing dam-break accident prevention, the safety management of tailing dam and the mine production safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]