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Silicon incorporated titania (Si–TiO2) films were prepared on titanium substrates by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) using filtered Ti and Si cathodic arc sources in oxygen atmosphere. The as-deposited films were further annealed at 400°C, 600°C and 800°C for 2h in air. The microstructure and phase composition of the films were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The hydrophilicity of the film was illustrated using water contact angle measurement and the in vitro bioactivity was evaluated by simulated body fluid immersion test. Pure titania (TiO2) film was also parallelly studied for comparison. The results show that the grain size of TiO2 and Si–TiO2 films increases and their hydrophilicity is enhanced with the increase of annealing temperature, while the Si–TiO2 film exhibits smaller grain and better hydrophilicity than TiO2 film. The bioactivity of the Si–TiO2 film is also better than that of TiO2 film. Moreover, the 600°C-annealed Si–TiO2 film possesses best bioactivity, which is thought to result from the existence of anatase phase and nanoscale grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the interface effects between human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and the titanium substrate for soft tissue sealing, zinc (Zn) was incorporated into titanium by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) in the work, and the durations of 30, 60 and 90 min were adopted for serials of Zn content on titanium to identify the possible dose-effect relationship. Results showed that the implanted Zn formed metallic Zn and zinc oxide on the surface, and the Zn content increased with the extension of implantation time. The release of Zn ions occurred in the saline solution, but the amounts of released ions were inconsistent with the Zn content of implanted samples and their corrosion behaviors, indicating the different reaction activities among the sample surfaces. Moreover, in vitro studies disclosed that the incorporated samples were beneficial to the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of HGFs with appropriate dose of released Zn ions as well as the surface activities, as the fact it was not a directly proportional dose-effect relationship between released Zn ions and the behaviors of cells. It was suggested that Zn-PIII provided an approach to improve the soft tissue sealing of titanium through interfacial activities of implanted samples to regulate the behaviors of HGFs and the usage of Zn ions followed a synergistic manner. The interface effects of Zn-PIII titanium on the behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts relied on the implanted time. Unlabelled Image • Zn implanted titanium regulated the behaviors of HGFs through interface effects. • The surface activities of Zn-PIII samples were affected by the implantation time. • HGFs behaviors were not in a proportional dose-effect relation with released ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]