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Through a content analysis, this paper explores the features of fake news on Spanish politics registered on the Maldita.es, Newtral, EFE Verifica and Verificat verification platforms between January 1 and March 31, 2022. These messages are spread mainly through Twitter and Facebook, using the text as support. The predominance of the ideological purpose, the high presence of stories of absolute invention, the shared role of anonymous and supplanted sources, the use of the informative style and the preponderance of left-wing formations as the object of hoaxes are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the data visualizations incorporated in the online versions of the main hybrid newspapers in Spain and the United States to find out their features and the role they play in the articles. In addition to this objective, the aim is to determine whether there are significant differences in the use of visualizations in the practice of data journalism in national and foreign newspapers. Through a content analysis, the articles published during the year 2021 in the web versions of El País, El Mundo, The New York Times and The Washington Post were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]