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A primary goal of rehabilitation is to produce optimal health-related quality of life outcomes, which includes returning patients to their desired level of activity. Injury-related fear, kinesiophobia, and fear-avoidance beliefs are psychological factors that negatively impact health-related quality of life and are associated with decreased levels of physical activity. Conversely, increased levels of self-efficacy have been linked to favorable rehabilitation outcomes. To promote full recovery and optimal health-related quality of life, the rehabilitation process should consider addressing self-efficacy and injury-related fear (e.g., kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance beliefs). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a theoretical framework which integrates self-efficacy theory and the Fear-Avoidance Model to mitigate injury-related fear and optimize patient outcomes following musculoskeletal injury. The intention of this theoretical framework is to provide clinicians with psychosocial interventions to improve self-efficacy and prevent the progression of injury-related fear at varying times throughout the rehabilitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swedish gymnastics has been reduced to a directory of progressive analytical movements intended to form the basis of what is known in French physical education as a global gymnastics. This article explains how Philippe Tissié was inspired by Swedish gymnastics in his development of a hybrid vision between the Swedish method of physical education and the French model that was largely derived from the works of Jean Saint-Martin Amoros and Philippe Sarremejane. The paper demonstrates how Tissié's French gymnastics was not only limited to analytical movements but also included the practice of sports. At the same time, it explains how the creation of this hybrid model meshed scientific findings from life sciences (biology and physiology) with human and social sciences (psychology and sociology). Between 1886 and 1935, Tissié's appropriation, thus, enabled him to structure his conceptions of physical education and to move from the Swedish to the Franco-Swedish method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear reporting of the counseling approach (and theoretical underpinning) applied by sport psychologists is often missing, with a tendency to focus on intervention content rather than therapeutic processes and relationship building. Well-defined psychotherapies such as motivational interviewing (MI) can help fill this void and provide an underpinning counseling approach (in an athlete-centered manner) as a framework for delivering interventions such as psychological-skills training (PST). This article describes the role of MI as a framework on which PST sport psychology interventions can be mapped and delivered. The paper presents an athlete case study to explain the role of MI at each phase of the interaction. Robust, well-defined applications of MI in sport require further research, although evidence from other psychological domains suggests that it can be successfully blended into sporting contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the need for interdisciplinary knowledge in the formation of public health models for health-promoting physical activity (PA) for people experiencing disability. PA promotion for people experiencing disability is a multifaceted endeavor and requires navigating a multitude of complicated and interactive factors. Both disability and health are multifaceted constructs and the relationship between PA and health is embedded within a complicated web of interactive influences. PA promotion must consider interacting biological and psychosocial factors within the person and in the sociopolitical environment. Models for research and practice need to evolve from value and belief systems that center on people experiencing disability without stigmatizing them. We argue that interdisciplinary research and practice is needed in navigating the intricacies of PA promotion toward improving the health of people experiencing disability and facilitating inclusion, empowerment, and dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to further existing research on fieldwork practices and experiences by focusing on issues of reflexivity (Pillow, 2003) and research ethics (Guillemin & Gillam, 2004) within "openly ideological research" (Lather, 1986) that actively renounces the objective observer in favor of the praxis-driven embodied research actor (Giardina & Newman, 2011a). This paper examines incidents from our fieldwork on the Baltimore Grand Prix and the city's 2011 mayoral election as, at a public forum, we were accused, not only of malicious intent but also of nefarious origin. As a result, this paper focuses upon the many dilemmas--moral, ethical, personal--inherent in ethnographic research (Springwood & King, 2001), with a deliberate focus upon the researcher's (in)ability to "blend in" to a research setting (Woodward, 2008). More specifically this paper examines research in public spaces conducted with the aim of stimulating potentially divisive discourse. Through our experiences, we attempt to reveal the complex layers of power and space, created by and through our presence as academic researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores issues surrounding the inclusion of impaired bodies within the Paralympic Games. To achieve this aim we use empirical data gathered from semistructured interviews held with a range of Paralympic stakeholders. The background upon which this data are analyzed is a critical analysis of the International Paralympic Committee's (IPC's) current vision and mission. Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and capital (Bourdieu, 1997, 1984) provide the theoretical foundation upon which the analysis takes place. Discussion centers on Paralympic stakeholders' articulations of issues surrounding individuals with cerebral palsy and/or severe physical impairments, emanating, in part, from a desire for aesthetically pleasing sporting performances. This paper gives Paralympic stakeholders a voice, upon which the IPC and broader sporting community may choose to reflect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's elite athletes face increasing demands to develop a new media presence in order to build their personal brand and connect with a wide variety of stakeholders. Myriad studies have focused on athletes' new media use by examining content posted online; however, few studies have examined new media usage from the athletes' perspectives. Using the theoretical framework of self-presentation theory to uncover athletes' new media perceptions, goals, and strategies, semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with six elite female athletes training for the 2016 Rio Olympics. Findings revealed that although athletes had goals for sharing their lives, developing connections, sponsorship, and self-promotion, they did not employ specific strategies to meet these goals or attempt to measure whether their goals were met. Gender-related findings included feeling pressure to post sexually suggestive images and receiving unwanted private communications from male fans. The implications are discussed within the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent brain imaging research demonstrates that the use of internal visual imagery (IVI) or kinesthetic imagery (KIN) activates common and distinct brain areas. In this paper, we argue that combining the imagery modalities (IVI and KIN) will lead to a greater cognitive representation (with more brain areas activated), and this will cause a greater slalom-based motor performance compared with using IVI alone. To examine this assertion, we randomly allocated 56 participants to one of the three groups: IVI, IVI and KIN, or a math control group. Participants performed a slalom-based driving task in a driving simulator, with average lap time used as a measure of performance. Results revealed that the IVI and KIN group achieved significantly quicker lap times than the IVI and the control groups. The discussion includes a theoretical advancement on why the combination of imagery modalities might facilitate performance, with links made to the cognitive neuroscience literature and applied practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the philanthropic landscape of professional athletes and their charitable foundations. This research also investigated factors influencing the formation of philanthropic foundations among this group of individuals. First, data were collected to identify athletes in four professional North American sport leagues who had formed charitable foundations. Then, 36 interviews were conducted with athletes, foundation directors, league and team executives and a sport agent to explore the motives and beliefs about philanthropy in professional sport. Using the theory of planned behavior, this paper identified the factors considered in the formation of charitable foundations in this unique group, primarily focusing on attitudes (altruistic and self-interested), perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, self-identity and moral obligation as antecedents to athlete philanthropic activity. The paper also discusses the unique context in which these individuals operate, some of the particular constraints they face, and identifies opportunities for athlete foundations and their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this themed issue of the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, we bring together an eclectic mix of papers focusing on how expert performers learn the skills needed to compete at the highest level in sport. In the preface, we highlight the value of adopting the expert performance approach as a systematic framework for the evaluation and development of expertise and expert performance in sport. We then place each of the empirical papers published in this issue into context and briefly outline their unique contributions to knowledge in this area. Finally, we highlight several potential avenues for future research in the hope of encouraging others to scientifically study how experts acquire the mechanisms mediating superior performance in sport and how coaches can draw on this knowledge to guide their athletes toward the most effective training activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current paper reports the initial development of a theoretically derived measure to assess the psychological responses of injured athletes. Design: The paper comprises two studies. The first examines the factorial validity of the Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory (PRSII) originally reported by Evans, Hardy, and Mullen. The second reexamines the factorial validity of the PRSII following scale refinement. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed in both studies. Setting: Sport injury clinics. Participants: Study 1 comprised repeated observations (n = 486) on 56 injured athletes. Study 2 comprised single observations on 418 injured athletes. Measure: Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory (PRSII). Results: The five factor model from the first study demonstrated variable model fit. The six factor model that emerged from the second study showed improved model fit. Conclusions: The study provides some support for the PRSII as a measure of athletes' psychological responses to injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined whether the distribution of published research papers in the field of sport psychology followed the Lotka-Price Law of scientific productivity. All authors who had published articles in five sport psychology journals from 1970 to 2000 were considered. The impact of those authors was determined by the total number of published papers in all journals. Results provided limited support for the Lotka-Price Law; however, it appeared that the field of sport psychology was less elitist than other fields. Although these findings suggest that productivity in this field is similar to that in other fields of science, more research is needed to shed light on the role of the eminent scientist and the average researcher in the advancement of knowledge in sport psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emanates from a larger project consisting of three phases related to the examination of athletic donor behavior and motivation. This paper focuses specifically on the first phase of that study. which dealt with the development of an instrument to measure athletic donor behavior and motivation using a theoretical model. The Birch and Veroff (1966) paradigm of human motivation was incorporated into a research design that sought to identify the multi- dimensional aspects of athletic donor behavior and motivation. The Athletic Contributions Questionnaire originally developed by Billing, Molt, and Smith (1985) was revised to reflect incentive motivation factors found in the Birch and Veroff model. The revised instrument was called the ACQUIRE-Il.' One hundred randomly selected participants from each of 2 donor groups from a Division 1 institution and each of 2 donor groups from a Division III institution (total N = 400) completed the ACQUIRE-LI with a 50.5% rate of response. An exploratory principal components analysis showed that over 70% of donor motivations forgiving could be explained by 6 factors: Benefits. Philanthropic. Power, Social, Success j, and Success2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present paper is to propose a model for the study of automatic cognition and affect in exercise. We have chosen a dual-system approach to social information processing to investigate the hypothesis that situated decisions between behavioral alternatives form a functional link between automatic and reflective evaluations and the time spent on exercise. A new questionnaire is introduced to operationalize this link. A reaction-time-based evaluative priming task was used to test participants' automatic evaluations. Affective and cognitive reflective evaluations, as well as exercising time, were requested via self-report. Path analyses suggest that the affective reflective (beta = .71) and the automatic evaluation (beta = .15) independently explain situated decisions, which, in turn (beta = .60) explain time spent on exercise. Our findings highlight the concept of contextualized decisions. They can serve as a starting point from which the so far seldom investigations of automatic cognition and affect in exercise can be integrated with multitudinous results from studies on reflective psychological determinants of health behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the experiences of nine AASP-certified sport psychology consultants (SPCs) working with athletes who invoke spirituality in their consulting sessions are described. After a brief review of terms and literature, consultants' own words from interview transcripts are used to illustrate four major themes. These were: (a) SPC definitions of spirituality; (b) SPC definitions of faith: (c) SPC perceived challenges; and (d) spirituality implementation within consulting session. We conclude by addressing why we believe that spirituality is a cultural competence component and why sport psychology consultants should engage with the ongoing development of cultural competency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the sociology of sport and its related disciplines, martial arts have become increasingly popular sites for research on embodiment, gender and society. While much previous work in this area has focused upon the embodied experiences of either male or female practitioners, relatively few studies have directly addressed the social significance of mixed-sex practice. In this empirically-focused paper, we draw on qualitative, semistructured interviews with both male and female long-term exponents of various different martial arts disciplines in England, exploring experiences of intersex touch within training. Within a social-constructionist, feminist framework, we suggest that heteronormative, patriarchal and paternalistic gender structures can potentially be challenged through sustained mixed-sex practice. As such, this article contributes to work on transformative sporting bodies, martial arts and gender subversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working at the intersection of sociology and psychology, the purpose of this paper was to examine people's experiences during rehabilitation of being and having an impaired body as a result of suffering a spinal cord injury (SCI) while playing sport. Interview data with men (n = 20) and observational data were collected. All data were analyzed using narrative analyses. To communicate findings in a way that can incorporate the complexity of results and reach wide audiences, the genre of ethnographic creative nonfiction was used. The ethnographic creative nonfiction extends research into issues related to disability, rehabilitation and sporting injury by 1) producing original empirical knowledge, 2) generating a theoretical account of human thought, affect and action as emerging not inside the individual but within social relations and the narratives that circulate between actors, and 3) capturing the impact of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research examining the perfectionism-burnout relationship has typically focused on the main effects of single dimensions of perfectionism. The purpose of the current study was to extend this research by examining the interactive effects of dimensions of perfectionism in predicting symptoms of athlete burnout. In doing so, the hypotheses of the recently developed 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism were tested in regards to differences between subtypes of perfectionism. One hundred sixty-seven junior male soccer players were recruited from English professional soccer clubs and completed paper-and-pencil measures of perfectionism and symptoms of athlete burnout. Moderated hierarchical regression provided support for the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model for some but not all symptoms of burnout. Overall, the findings suggest that the 2 × 2 model may offer a useful framework through which to explain the interactive effects of dimensions of perfectionism on athlete burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massage is a common therapeutic modality utilized by clinicians in a variety of settings to help treat injuries, reduce pain, and return function to patients. Massage benefits the patients both psychologically and physiologically, as patients report less pain and anxiety along with better mood and even decreased blood pressure following massage. Additionally, on the cellular level, massage has the ability to modulate the damaging inflammatory process and, in some cases, influence protein synthesis. Although massage has not been linked to a rehabilitation theory to date, this paper will propose how massage may influence fear-avoidance beliefs, or the patient's inability to cope with pain that then leads to a pain tension cycle. Pain will often result in use avoidance, which creates muscle tension that further exacerbates the pain. Massage can affect the Fear-Avoidance Model because the beneficial effects of massage can break the cycle by either relieving the patient's pain or eliminating the muscle tension. A modified Fear-Avoidance Model is presented that conceptualizes how pain and fear-avoidance lead to tension and muscle dysfunction. Massage has been incorporated into the model to demonstrate its potential for breaking the pain tension cycle. This model has the potential to be applied in clinical settings and provides an alternate treatment to patients with chronic pain who present with increased levels of fear-avoidance beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of sport spectatorship has an increasing focus on the importance of fandom beyond fan violence. Fundamental to understanding fan behavior are the meaningful rituals and emotions experienced by fans. In this paper, I use the theoretical work of Randall Collins to examine the ritualistic outcomes of collective effervescence, emotional energy, and group symbols and solidarity among sport fans. I illustrate these concepts using case study data from participant observation of fans of a U.S. football team, the Pittsburgh Steelers, and content analysis of news articles. I extend Collins' interaction ritual (IR) theory by taking the group as the unit of analysis and analyzing group solidarity beyond situational interactions and typical sport settings, including the significant life events of weddings and funerals. While critiquing Collins' (2004) a priori portrayal of sports fans, the analysis advances IR theory, improving its utility for understanding sports fan behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the influence of contextual factors and the referees' own motor experience on the quality of their perceptual judgments. The theoretical framework combined the social cognition approach with the embodied cognition, and enabled us to determine whether judgments were biased or not by using a combination of contextual and internal factors. Sixty fully-qualified and aspiring judo referees were tested in a video-based decision-making task in which they had to decide when to stop the ground contact phase. The decision task differed depending on whether one contestant dominated the other or whether they were equal in the prior phase. Results indicated that the referees' motor experience influenced perceptual judgments and interacted with contextual factors, enhancing the need for a combination of social and embodied cognition to explain biases in referees' judgments. Practical considerations were discussed in this paper, such as, whether referees need recent motor experience and how this could influence rules of governing bodies for officiating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date there has not been a comprehensive discussion in the literature of work-life balance for the sport psychology consultant. The number and complexity of roles often undertaken by consultants may lead to potential stress if roles conflict. Underpinned by Role Theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, & Rosenthal, 1964) and the Spillover Hypothesis (Staines, 1980) this paper draws on the work-life balance literature to present the potential conflicts and ethical dilemmas experienced by the sport psychology consultant as a result of conducting multiple roles. With an applied focus, ways of obtaining work-life balance are suggested through a psychological model outlining personal organizational skills, ongoing supervision/mentoring and reflective practice, and safeguarding leisure time. While certain aspects of the model are built on the UK experience, many of the suggestions will be applicable to sport psychology consultants regardless of their location. Ideas for future research directions involving exploring conflicting roles, work-life balance and coping issues for the sport psychology consultant are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aim of this paper was to discover whether athletes of different pubertal status, chronological age, and gender reported distinct coping strategies in response to stress during a competitive event in their sport. A secondary aim was to examine pubertal status group, chronological age, and gender differences in coping effectiveness. Participants were adolescent athletes (n = 527), classified as beginning-pubertal (n = 59), midpubertal (n = 189), advanced-pubertal (n = 237), and postpubertal (n = 22). Findings revealed that there were small, but significant differences in how athletes of different pubertal status and chronological age coped. There were also significant differences between how athletes of different pubertal status perceived the effectiveness of their coping strategies. Interestingly, our results suggested that the relationship between pubertal status and coping and coping effectiveness is different from the relationship between chronological age and coping and coping effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study athletes' perceptions of adhesive ankle taping. Design: A qualitative study where athletes were interviewed regarding adhesive ankle taping. Setting: The University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, ND, USA. Participants: Eleven collegiate athletes, all currently taping their ankles, representative of three groups: recent injury, past injury, and no prior injury. Results: Taping resulted in feelings of increased confidence, increased strength, and decreased anxiety for injury or reinjury. Differences were found in responses given by the participants in the three groups. Conclusions: Taping has a psychological impact on athletes. Athletic trainers should make sure they educate athletes about the uses and functions of adhesive tape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper criticizes the concept, research methodology, data analyses, and validity of the conclusions made in Hardy, Woodman, and Carrington's (2004) article published in this journal. In their repeated-measures analysis of data from the performances of 7 golfers, they did not examine changes in performance scores on successive holes. Instead, Hardy et al. used several ANOVA models to examine how performance varied with respect to somatic and cognitive anxiety level and self-confidence interaction. By doing so, their findings produced effects which we argue to be conceptually and empirically limited. We also address problems associated with dichotomization of continuous variables, measurement errors when splitting data, eradication of random significant effects, cell sizes in segmental quadrant analysis, and correlation between somatic and cognitive anxiety. We believe these difficulties prevent any reliable conclusions and/or generalizations from being made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this tutorial are three-fold: (a) to clarify the meaning of variability measurement in personality and social psychology, (b) to demonstrate the relevance of and the need for time series analysis in investigations into the dynamics of psychological phenomena, and (c) to provide specific methods to analyze time series. This paper first presents a step-by-step description of univariate Auto-Regressive-Integrated-Moving-average (ARIMA) procedures, which are useful tools for building iterative models from empirical time series. We then develop two empirical examples in detail, based on the analysis of self-esteem and behavioral data. These examples allow us to present the two most often used models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current training models appear ill equipped to support sport psychology trainees in learning the requisite humanistic skills to provide athlete-centered services (Petitpas, Giges, & Danish, 1999). The aim of this paper is to build a case for the value of reflective practice as an approach to professional training and development that can assist practitioners in effectively managing themselves in practice. In developing the case for reflective practice, we discuss the nature of professional knowledge (Schön, 1987), define reflection, and present popular models of the reflective process from "educare" professions. In addition, we consider the application of reflective practice within sport psychology practice and highlight how reflective practice can benefit the professional and personal development of practitioners. Finally, discussion on appropriate outlets for the dissemination of reflective narratives is undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on human cognition, affect, and behavior has been well documented in the psychology, sociology, and counseling literature. Sport and exercise psychology, however, has minimized the importance of these variables (Duda & Allison, 1990). The purpose of the current study was to determine how race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation have been addressed in the recent sport and exercise psychology literature. Duda and Allison's previous research was replicated and extended by analyzing the content of 982 manuscripts published in JSEP, JASP, and TSP between 1987 and 2000. Overall, 19.86% of manuscripts included references to race/ethnicity and 1.22% included references to sexual orientation. Detailed results demonstrate that, despite an increase in the number of papers that include references to race and ethnicity, there has been no systematic attempt to include the experience of marginalized groups in the literature. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to incorporate appropriate questions, reporting, and sensitivity with regard to race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation into their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes at all levels of competition mn the risk of becoming injured through their sport participation, and individuals who work closely with athletes during the rehabilitation process (e.g., coaches, athletic trainers, sport psychology consultants) may be called upon to provide mental and emotional support. One approach that seems well suited as a theoretical framework for injury support is solution-focused brief counseling (SFBC). In this paper, athletes' responses to injury are outlined, and several roles of the consultant are identified. Then the basic tenets of SFBC are discussed, and an example showing how SFBC can be used in an injury support setting is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of a 20-item instrument for assessing participants' attitudinal loyalty in the contexts of recreational sport activities. Out of 211 participants, 189 provided usable responses to the questionnaire regarding demographics, attitudes toward recreational sport participation, and intention to renew membership. An analysis revealed three factors that formed the subscales for attitudinal loyalty construct normative, affective, and investment loyalty. All scales had coefficient alpha values of .70 or above. Thus, the analyses confirmed the validity and the reliability of the questionnaire after translation of the items from English into Korean and their adaptation to recreational sport contexts. The matrix of correlations among attitudinal loyally dimensions indicates that one dimension cannot fully predict another, and that all dimensions must be simultaneously taken into account in describing the attitudinal loyalty construct. The multifaceted nature of attitudinal loyalty construct may prove useful lot segmenting the recreational sport market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes two validation studies conducted on the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire, a paper-and-pencil instrument based on M.R. Leary and R.M. Kowalski's (1990) two-component model of impression management. Assessment of impression motivation and impression construction in exercise environments; Use of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of ethical decision making for the sport administrator. A secondary purpose is to argue for changes to the pedagogical nature and process in sport administration programs so that students have the ability to make decisions with a critically conscious praxis. Four philosophical approaches to ethics and two psychological approaches to moral reasoning are briefly discussed. A synthesis of philosophical and psychological approaches is suggested as a means to understand, in a comprehensive manner, the ethical decision-making behavior of the sport administrator within what may well be a contradiction-based sport organization. Finally, some comments are made on ways that this synthesized approach might be used in a critical active pedagogy in sport administration programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adherence is a documented problem in collegiate athletics. The patient-clinician relationship is an important component of how one will receive the idea of rehabilitation and adhere to the prescribed treatment protocol. Attachment theory states that an emotional bond between two individuals usually flourishes when one individual looks for support and assurance during a time of need. Attachment theory was initially proposed to describe the parent-child relationship and has implications into adulthood. If clinicians understand and recognize the different attachment styles a given patient might portray, then the relationship between the two may flourish, and consequently lead to greater adherence. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model for improving treatment adherence by adjusting the patient-clinician relationship based on a patient's attachment style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personality trait of perfectionism has been associated with a wide range of maladaptive and adaptive correlates among competitive athletes (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). Understanding the apparently paradoxical nature of the trait represents one of the most critical research endeavors in perfectionism research (Flett & Hewitt, 2002). The sport domain has been identified as an ideal context in which to examine this issue (Flett & Hewitt, 2005). Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the maladaptive and adaptive nature of perfectionism within sport contexts through an examination of the relationship between sport-based perfectionism and competitive trait anxiety (CTA) among a sample of Canadian male intercollegiate ice hockey players (n = 181, M age = 22.36 years, SD = 1.91). In accordance with Hamachek's (1978) conceptualization of perfectionism and past CTA research (e.g., Smith, Smoll, & Weichman, 1998; Dunn, 1999), it was hypothesized that maladaptive perfectionists would have higher CTA levels than adaptive perfectionists. Athletes completed the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale 2 (Sport-MPS-2; Gotwals, Dunn, & Causgrove Dunn, 2007) and a modified version of the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS; Smith, Smoll, & Schutz, 1990). Parker's (1997) cluster-analytic protocol was used to classify athletes into groups of adaptive, maladaptive, and nonperfectionists based on their profile of scores across the six Sport-MPS-2 subscales. A MANOVA followed by univariate F tests revealed significant differences between these groups across the SAS subscales (ps < .01). Independent t tests then indicated that the maladaptive perfectionists had significantly higher mean scores across all SAS subscales than adaptive perfectionists (all ps < .05). Given that high levels of CTA are generally expected to have debilitative effects on performance in sport (Smith & Smoll, 1990), the present results reinforce the need for sport psychology researchers to consider the adaptive vs. maladaptive nature of perfectionism in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on papers related to motor ability and sport performance including "Energetics and Skilled Motor Performance," by W. A. Sparrow, "Development of a Model for the Acquisition and Retention of Expert Performance in Sport," by J. Starkes, J. Cullen, and C. MacMahon, and "Competition Stress and the Psychology of Superior Performance in Sport," by L. Hardy.

Discusses the abstract of the paper `Physical exercise in old age: An eight-year follow-up study on involvement, motives, and obstacles among persons age 65-84,' written by M. Hirvensalo, P. Lampinen, and T. Rantanen, and published in the `Journal of Aging and Physical Activity.'

Presents a summary of the paper 'Masking effects of social desirability response set on relations between psychosocial factors and sport injuries: A methodological note,' by S.A. Wiechman, R.E. Smith, F.L. Smoll and J.T. Ptacek, published in 'Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.'

Presents a summary of the paper 'The effects of exercise on mood in older adults: A meta-analytic review,' by A.M. Arent, D.M. Landers and J.L. Etnier, published in 'Journal of Aging and Physical Activity.'

Presents a summary of the paper 'Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes,' by T.M. DiLorenzo and colleagues, published in 'Preventive Medicine.'

Discusses the abstract of the paper `Coping during competitions and training sessions: Are youth swimmers consistent?,' written by P.R.E. Crocker and K. Isaak, and published in the `International Journal of Sport Psychology.'