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Text and data mining activities—that is, the automated processing of digital materials to uncover new knowledge—have become more frequent in all areas of scientific research. Because they require a massive use of copyrighted work, there are evident conflicts with copyright legislation. Countries at the forefront of research and development have begun to address this issue. This paper presents the basic aspects of legislation applicable to text and data mining activities. It offers a detailed comparative analysis of the norms of the main jurisdictions that have regulated them to date, highlighting in each case the positive and negative aspects. An adequate knowledge of these laws is not only important for researchers but also important for the academic librarians who provide advice and support in these matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have been giving away their money, property, and time to others for millennia. What's novel about the contemporary practice of philanthropy is the availability of tax incentives to give money away. Such incentives are built into tax systems in nearly all developed and many developing democracies. In this sense, philanthropy is not an invention of the state but ought to be viewed today as an artifact of the state. This paper specifies and assesses three possible justifications for the existence of tax incentives for charitable giving, identifies a distinctive role for philanthropy in democracies, and argues for a fundamental redesign of the current legal framework governing philanthropy. Empirically, giving to assist the needy and care for strangers is an uncommon form of giving in the United States. Normatively, it is but one potential justification for philanthropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrea Lawlor's (2017) historical picaresque novel Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl tracks the ephemeral embodiments and identifications of Paul Polydoris, a gender-fluid, shape-shifting anti-hero who adapts to queer environments across the United States during 1993–1995, a time when gay hedonism, lesbian feminism, punk anti-homonormativity, and LGBTQ responses to AIDS combined to make a complex heyday of queer culture. Paul exemplifies "organic" transitioning in that his gender processes complicate the culture/nature binary, resist anthropocentrism, emphasize empathetic interrelation with other organisms, and privilege understanding of the complex involvement of biology, culture, and individual will in transition. Paul's body is an enchanted site of meaning that is created in situ and in which he is then positioned to participate in local culture, moving the concept "sense of place" from green trope to queer fantasy of limitless engendering. Approaching the novel from a queer ecological/ecofeminist perspective, this paper argues that as a magical, marginal bricoleur who assembles performative selves from biological forms and cultural references via passionate liminal engagement with queer spaces, Paul inhabits a self-directed transness that challenges conventional understandings of the "natural" and the "human," modeling a dynamic, queer topophilia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study demonstrates the application of an unsupervised topic modeling algorithm to 7,773 English-language articles published in the Library Quarterly from 1931 to 2015. The analysis of 85 years of the journal's output follows an exploratory data analysis framework to generate novel hypotheses about the history of LIS using topic modeling, a method for identifying clusters of co-occurring words within large collections of text. The paper closely examines two topics that suggest differences in gender representation in the journal to propose and support a new hypothesis regarding the historical inclusion of gendered objects of study in LIS literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, feminists within mainstream rape crisis advocacy have been working to address rape by advocating to end the DNA backlog and therefore, the expansion of DNA databases, locally and nationally. Despite criticisms from radical abolition feminists for practicing carceral feminism that incarcerates more Black and Brown people, rape crisis advocates have been continuing their entanglements with criminal justice, fully recognizing the contradictory ends of such investments. In this paper, I explore their continued carceral investments, through underlying logics and justifications based in science and law and the impacts of doing so, as it relates to the problem of racialized policing. Relying on Black feminist epistemologies and interdisciplinary methodologies, my analysis draws upon archived documents, reports, legislations, and ethnographically driven interviews and observations with and amongst state and non-state actors, who are stakeholders in DNA biosurveillance. I argue that carceral feminists continue their carceral investments through two justifications—materiality and recidivism—that results in intensification of policing in communities of color by expanding genome based racialized biosurveillance. The implications of their justifications further harm survivors of violence, and produce a multifaceted recidivism, that is unbounded spacio-temporally, deepening and furthering state reach within communities of color in perpetuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of a dedicated study area due to the transition to remote instruction during COVID-19 disproportionately affected students who had no place for academic work within the home that was free of distraction. This paper describes the creation of an online guide designed to help students re-create the library experience from home to better focus on schoolwork. It also outlines how other librarians can similarly support distance or commuter students with materials already on hand. These resources include library photographs for use as background images or screen savers on students' devices, audio that can be played as ambient noise, and stress reduction and mindfulness aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on business information literacy primarily focuses on business students. This paper instead explores business information literacy for students in liberal arts colleges: aside from career preparation, are there reasons to teach them to grapple critically with business information? This paper brings together survey findings, concepts from critical information theory, and the "Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education" developed by the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries to bear on this question. It argues that business information is a powerful genre for teaching core concepts central to both information literacy and liberal arts: critical inquiry, authority, access, incentives, rhetorical practices, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From fears of anarchist terrorists in the early twentieth century through cold war conflict and contemporary fears of extremist religious terrorists, the American library community responded to the use of libraries as a site for surveillance and source of dangerous information in an increasingly proactive and organized manner. This paper traces the evolution of privacy norms and standards within the American library profession, focusing on the lack of regard for patron confidentiality in the early twentieth century, the development of privacy norms in the American Library Association (ALA) Code of Ethics in 1938, and the increased protection of privacy rights as the profession's conceptions of privacy formed around the ALA's codes. Using Nissenbaum's (2009) "contextual integrity" framework within a broad historical analysis of ALA publications, the paper examines the role of its codes regarding privacy in establishing a normative framework around which the continued application of privacy standards in libraries has taken place despite new technological challenges and continued pressure from governments and outside organizations to exploit patron information. The paper concludes that the ALA's unambiguous stance on, and consistent advocacy for, privacy standards across the profession has enabled reactions to violations of privacy norms that have shifted with technologies and new social pressures. The ALA's historic ability to maintain and protect these professional standards serves as a compelling model for new information professions that work to set professional standards in areas that range from data-analytics to social networking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a critical bibliography which examines U.S. library history literature from 1997 through 2015 to map the current research around race, ethnicity, and racism in such literature. Seventeen years ago Wayne Wiegand (2000) examined fifty years of published research literature (1947-1997) in American library history looking for varied theoretical perspectives. He argued for the use of more critical theories, and for library historians to join with social and cultural historians to help contextualize library history within broader cultural and social forces in the United States. The paper examines the progress of histories around race, racism, and people of color in libraries since Wiegand's call, and discovered that theoretical perspectives around library histories have broadened into the areas of race and ethnicity, but that there is still much research to be done. Many topics and time periods are still underresearched. For example, the paper found few or no articles that focus on race or ethnicity in the histories of U.S. private libraries, the predecessor to the public library, special libraries, or library education; it also found many articles in ethnic studies journals rather than LIS journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an investigation into whether institutional repositories at member libraries of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) provide publicly available metadata documentation via the repositories' websites. The study compares the results of a September 2017 survey with findings from a review of ARL institutional repository websites. Slightly more than half of ARL institutional repositories do provide metadata documentation. Implications of the results are discussed, including specific research questions for moving forward. A call to reimagine documentation as a tool of transparency is delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on American Revolution for the revolting U.S. and faithful to the past and useful to fragile democracy. It mentions determination to incarnate a nation from the biographies of exemplary men made a virtue of necessity and broader social structures nascent and perishable. It also mentions American manufacturers sold images of his apotheosis, printed on paper, textiles, and ceramics.

My paper takes as its starting point the persistence and prevalence of Islamophobia in relation to racism, particularly differential racisms in America. There is abundant rhetoric about Islam and Muslims in the public sphere, in popular culture, and in academic settings. Some of the discussions are thoughtful and complex, while others are simplistic and superficial. However, the overall impression of Islam and Muslims is dominated by hatred and dangerous misunderstanding. I explore the construction of anti-Muslim racism in the United States in order to examine how such negative sentiments get shaped and circulated and where the possibilities lie for breaking the hold of deeply hostile preconceptions in the public sphere about Islam and Muslims. I examine two texts—Ta-Nehisi Coates's "Between the World and Me" and Mohsin Hamid's "The Reluctant Fundamentalist"—to consider issues of power, representation, and belonging in the encounters and interactions between people of color / Muslims and the wider US population. I discuss Muslim / African American identities through a reading of these two texts and explore, through my students' responses to them in a course on Gender in Global Context, both the challenges and potential to engage diverse racialization experiences in meaningful and productive ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public policies to reduce the extent of obesity in the United States have generated considerable public controversy. The paper examines the implications of proposed policies for the principles of justice and autonomy and key assumptions underlying the major contending positions with respect to the relative weight that should be assigned to them in balancing their respective claims. The analysis traces the crux of the debate regarding the ethical warrant for policies to restrict access to calorie-dense foodstuffs to two key issues: the appeal to different and conflicting theories of justice, and the conflation of autonomy with negative liberty in public debates. After clarifying the ethically relevant characteristics of autonomy that merit defense, the paper concludes with a description of how the capabilities approach to justice may offer a more coherent ethical framework for developing and evaluating policies to address the current obesity epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

abstract Zines have begun to gain a place in higher education as pedagogical tools studied or made by students, and many academic libraries maintain zine collections. The library literature reveals little about how nonlibrarian faculty use zines in their classrooms. This paper describes the results of a survey of faculty from a range of academic disciplines and professions who teach with zines and other booklet forms. Survey results reveal the extent to which faculty zine pedagogies include collaboration with librarians and use of library collections. Faculty describe instructional activities and attitudes that many library professionals, including reference and instruction librarians, directors or deans, catalogers, acquisition and special collections librarians, and archivists, may find useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassroots campus groups played an important, yet often neglected role in the larger fight to name and combat sexual harassment. In this paper, we seek to restore the nearly forgotten history of one such group, Women Organized Against Sexual Harassment (WOASH), at University of California, Berkeley, 1978–1980. Our method is one of collaborative conversation across feminist generations, using archival data, retrospective observations, and informal interviews with former members to examine the group's mobilizing around the university's failure to act on multiple complaints of sexual harassment against a faculty member. By demanding formal procedures, WOASH raised awareness of sexual harassment as an institutional problem at a time when Title IX's prohibition of sex discrimination in education was still new. Yet, like many in the women's liberation branch of the second-wave, WOASH was a largely white, middle-class group. We argue, nonetheless, that the group grappled with divides over racial and feminist politics and, with other women's liberation groups, contributed to intersectional thinking. The history of small, short-lived groups like WOASH warrants our attention for their cumulative impact on public awareness of sexual harassment, but also for the lessons such second-wave feminisms contribute to thinking about current challenges and strengthening bridges between generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistently negative stereotypes of college students' parents are biased toward parents from privileged backgrounds and reflect privileged practices that operate from a color-blind and class-blind ideology. This scholarly paper argues for a conceptual shift from parent involvement to family engagement, establishes the need for a more inclusive lens to engage diverse families, and situates the family as a larger collective. We propose a "Model of Parent and Family Characteristics, Engagement, & Support" that contains a more inclusive understanding of the pre-college and college contributions that students' families offer and the broader community and institutional contexts in which they are situated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism is presented of the 1852 nonfiction fiction essay series titled "The Heads of Colored People," by James McCune Smith, or Communipaw, published in the newspaper "Frederick Douglass Paper." An overview of the abolitionist Frederick Douglass's criticism of Smith's work and perspective on African American Americans is provided. Smith's depiction of anti-heroism in his essays, contrasting it with the portrayal of heroism in the book "The Heroic Slave," by Douglass is discussed.

Despite nearly universal health-care coverage for older Americans, the quality of care for the sickest and frailest remains sub-optimal. Understanding why requires analysis of the medical ecosystem. This paper considers the role of four of the principal actors in this system: physicians, hospitals, drug companies, and Medicare. Physicians spend more time in the office addressing diabetes and hypertension than they do evaluating falls and impaired cognition because of their training and their interests. Hospital administrators affect the hospital experience by investing in procedural specialties at the expense of low-tech, high-touch care. Pharmaceutical companies affect the medications older patients take by direct-to-consumer advertising and marketing to physicians. Medicare affects the patient's experience by prospective payment for hospitals, resulting in the burgeoning of post-acute care to accommodate early hospital discharges. Determining how to improve the quality of care for older people requires identifying a lever that affects the entire system. Medicare is uniquely positioned to serve this role. Reforming Medicare by introducing cost-effectiveness criteria for reimbursement of expensive devices, by instituting requirements that medical resident training programs include exposure to multidisciplinary team care, and by introducing a new benefit package for the frail elderly could improve American geriatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist scholars and activists engage in meaningful, contentious debates about the relationships among sex, gender, power, and society. One of the most recent iterations of these arguments reinscribes the pleasure of sex positivity and danger of patriarchal exploitation onto new subjects: sex work and human trafficking. This paper brings together two separate empirically based research projects, one working with sex workers and the other working with members of the anti-trafficking community. As scholars working across these topics, we provide new normative propositions that may bridge these different approaches to resilience, survival, danger, and risk. We find that the real threat identified by our participants was the wide reach of the carceral state onto migrating, working, and trafficked bodies. Our projects find unexpected commonality in shared perceptions of pleasure, agency, and danger among sex workers, human trafficking survivors, and service providers working with trafficked persons. Current debates ignore the lived experiences of our participants, who attempt to find pleasure in context-specific agency and survival, and who locate danger in the looming forces of the security state, criminality, and structural inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes past preservation efforts with agricultural literature in the United States, as well as current projects, challenges, and trends. Starting in the early 1990s, preservation of U.S. historical agricultural publications experienced a period of coordinated scholarly evaluation and funding. In 1993 the combined efforts of the United States Agricultural Information Network and librarians at Cornell University's Albert R. Mann Library produced the National Preservation Program for Agricultural Literature. It was an ambitious effort to save the nation's historical print-agricultural literature from deterioration. This effort ranged from nationally significant scholarly works, such as the Core Historical Literature of Agriculture, to significant state and local literature. A multiphase project on state and local literature was funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Later, in the wake of the nation's financial crisis of 2008, NEH-sponsored funding ended and staffing levels in many libraries declined as the large-scale digitization of library collections was being undertaken by Microsoft and Google. With the advent of HathiTrust Digital Library and other collaborative efforts, the challenges and opportunities for preserving and accessing the nation's agricultural literature have evolved and changed dramatically. Today, new partnerships and initiatives around the country, such as the Center for Research Libraries-sponsored Project Ceres, are continuing and refocusing earlier efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than thirty years the United States Agricultural Information Network (USAIN) has been a major player in the dissemination and preservation of agricultural information. Beginning as a network of institutions, USAIN early on restructured to an individual-based organization. As a community of practice, USAIN members conduct work through committees and interest groups and maintain close communication through a variety of outlets. Biennial conferences offer face-to-face networking opportunities, and conference scholarships have been successful in engaging potential new members directly in organizational activities. The results of a survey of scholarship winners provide insights into perceptions of the organization and the benefits of membership. Through the years, USAIN also has initiated and supported projects that have helped build a more efficient and effective agricultural information system to inform and educate a broad range of audiences involved in the areas of agriculture, food, and nutrition. These include a national preservation program, a national text-digitizing project, the AGRICOLA database, and the Agriculture Network Information Collaborative (AgNIC). This paper chronicles the history of the organization and the impact it has had on agricultural information professionals and national agricultural information initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a feminist perspective, in theory and practice, of "Stories on the Skin: Tattoo Culture at FAU," a multidisciplinary research and creative project at a South Florida public university. That project has explored and presented tattoos as a shared cultural experience, rather than as a symptom, or a fad. Considering relevant scholarship in various disciplines, tattoo emerges as a repository of memories and a site of affirmations, but also a significant form of creative, embodied self-expression, beyond temporary fashion. Conversely, the practice invites negative stereotyping and diagnostic models of interpretation, and women are especially targeted by these. Proposing a positive value to connecting mind and body, story and skin, through the creative process, the project offers a model of feminist engagement with body politics, and a site for empowerment in the current "war on women". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on his career and his work in the field of American Jewish history. Topics covered include his publication of the paper "Antisemitism in the United States, 1778-1945" which introduced him to the literature of American Jewish history, his opportunity to work at the American Jewish Historical Society and the difficulty encountered in training in the field.

Librarians in many types of libraries frequently find themselves positioned as instructors in formal and informal educational settings. Librarians can help ensure that learner needs are better defined and addressed by gaining basic competency in instructional design (ID), an intentional process used to create effective, efficient educational and training programs. Additionally, instructional design skills have the potential to benefit librarians in nonteaching roles. This paper examines existing library literature to determine how librarians can benefit from ID skills and to identify core ID competencies for the profession, and suggests opportunities to investigate how librarians might best acquire these skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dedication to service is often cited as a hallmark of a profession. Service is included as one of eleven Core Values in the American Library Association's "Core Values of Librarianship" (2004). For librarians, service includes helping people find information resources to meet their educational, recreational, and work needs. Reporting findings from a larger study into the professional identity of librarians, this paper explores the centrality of service, with specific attention to how librarians advocate for their services and, ultimately, for librarianship. Using a discourse analysis approach, this study examines the roles that Service as a Core Value and advocacy play in the construction of professional identity. Three different data sources were used: professional journals, e-mail discussion lists, and research interviews. The data were analyzed for the discourses librarians use when describing librarians, librarianship, and professionalism and their connection to advocacy. When librarians advocate for the services they offer, they are in fact advocating for the value of the profession. Discursively, speaking or writing about advocacy positioned librarians as active participants in their own identity formation. By making advocacy a central activity of the profession, librarians not only challenged others' perception of librarianship, they challenged their own understanding as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented concerning the founding of the U.S. Supreme Court and the legacy of former U.S. Supreme Court chief justice John Jay. The author argues that Jay missed an opportunity to establish a legacy of judicial greatness that was achieved by subsequent chief justice John Marshall. The article examines Jay's political philosophy as demonstrated in the publication "The Federalist Papers," Jay's view of being a judge on the U.S. federal circuit, and the significance of the cases known as Hayburn's Case and U.S. v. Yale Todd in Jay's view of separation of power and judicial review.

Traditionally libraries, including and perhaps especially Bulgarian ones, are very conservative institutions. Libraries indeed have many reasons to be conservative, but this does not mean that they have been inactive. They have to find the proper modus operandi in order to act appropriately, responsibly, and for the greater good of society. Through funds, grants, and projects, Bulgarian libraries have began recovering. This is not to say, however, that they do not have more work ahead of them. The National Academic Library and Information System (NALIS) and the American Bulgarian Library Exchange (ABLE) projects helped pull libraries in Bulgaria out of the ashes and brought them into the twenty-first century. The aim of this paper is to briefly trace the development of Bulgarian libraries over the course of the last twenty-five years. Throughout this period, there were two decisive factors influencing library development: the rapid expansion of information technologies, and, at the same time, the acute social and economic crisis besetting the country that impeded its modernization of library science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since about 2003, the notion of threshold concepts—the central ideas in any field that change how learners think about other ideas—have become difficult to escape at library conferences and in general information literacy discourse. Their visibility will likely only increase because threshold concepts figure prominently in the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education, still under development by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL). Nevertheless, few scholars have critically considered the wider intellectual ramifications of certain assumptions fundamental to threshold concepts in library and information literacy instruction. This paper is an initial attempt to promote such discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Building on the theoretical proposals of Kevin Guthrie and others concerning the transition from print books to e-books in academic and health sciences libraries, this paper presents data collected using the MINES for Libraries® e-resource survey methodology. Approximately 6,000 e-book uses were analyzed from a sample of e-resource usage at thirteen academic and health sciences research libraries between July 2009 and June 2013. The authors report on findings about e-book usage and propose explanations regarding how the adoption path from print books to e-books differs from the growth in use of e-journals and the associated decline in print journals usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]